Microprocessor LAB Format

Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Experiment No. : 1
AIM: Study of “DEBUG” Software on DOS.
THEORY: DEBUG is a command in DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows (only in 32bit) which runs
the program debug.exe (or DEBUG.COM in older versions of DOS). Debug can act as an assembler,
disassembler, or hex dump program allowing users to interactively examine memory contents (in
assembly language, hexadecimal or ASCII), make changes, and selectively execute COM, EXE and other
file types. It also has several subcommands which are used to access specific disk sectors, I/O ports and
memory addresses.
Debugging functions.
1) Assemble short programs

2) View a program's source code along with its machine code
3) View the CPU registers and flags
4) Trace or execute a program, watching variables for changes
5) Enter new values into memory
6) Search for binary or ASCII values in memory
7) Move a block of memory from one location to another
8) Fill a block of memory
9) Load and write disk files and sectors
DEBUG COMMAND:-
Debug commands may be divided into four categories: program creation/debugging,memory
manipulation, miscellaneous, and input-output:
Program Creation and Debugging

A = Assemble a program using instruction mnemonics
G = Execute the program currently in memory
R = Display the contents of registers and flags
P = Proceed past an instruction, procedure, or loop
T = Trace a single instruction
U = Disassemble memory into assembler mnemonics
Memory Manipulation
C= Compare one memory range with another
D= Dump (display) the contents of memory
E= Enter bytes into memory
F= Fill a memory range with a single value
M= Move bytes from one memory range to another
S= Search a memory range for specific value(s)
EC-501 MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS APPLICATION
Student Sign:…………………………… Teacher’s Sign:………………………

Miscellaneous
H =Perform hexadecimal addition and subtraction
Q =Quit Debug and return to DOS
Input-Output
I= Input a byte from a port
L= Load data from disk
O= Send a byte to a port
N= Create a filename for use by the L and W commands
W= Write data from memory to disk

Experiment No. 2
AIM: write a program in assembly language to enter two values in register and perform
addition
TOOLS REQUIRED: PC with debug utility or Nvis Microprocessor trainer.

ALGORITHM:
1. Initialize G.P. register
2. Transfer data 03 in AX register
3. Transfer data 02 in BX register
4. Add the data
5. Stop
FLOWCHART
START
Initialize G.P. register
Move to AX
Move BX to AX
Move to AX
Add AX to BX
STOP
Snap shot of the Code:

Snap shot of the Input:
Snap shot of the Result:
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
S.No Memory Hex Code Mnemonics Comments/Flags

Location
1 0B1D:0100 B80220 MOV AX,03 NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
2 0B1D:0103 BB0220 MOV BX,02 NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
3 0B1D:0106 01D8 ADD AX,BX NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
4 0B1D:0108 F4 HLT NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PE NC
Conclusion:
Hence the program was successfully executed.

Experiment No. 3
subtraction.
ALGORITHM:
1. Initialize G.P. register
2. Transfer data 05 in AX
3. Transfer data in 04 BX
4. subtract the data
5. Stop
FLOWCHART
START
Initialize g.p.register
Move data in AX
Move data in BX
SUB AX FROM BX
STOP


OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Location
PO NC
PO NC
3 0B1D:0106 29D8 SUB AX,BX NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
PO NC
Conclusion:

Experiment No. 4
multiplication.
ALGORITHM:
1. Initialize AX register
2. Initialize BX register
3. multiply the data
4. Stop
FLOWCHART
START
Initialize g.p. register
Move 05 in AX
Move 02 in BX
Multiplication of AX and BX
STOP

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Location
PO NC
PO NC
3 0B1D:0106 F7E3 ADD AX,BX NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
PE NC
Conclusion:

Experiment No. 5
division.
ALGORITHM:
1. Initialize AX register
2. Initialize BX register
3. divide the data AX from BX register
4. Stop
FLOWCHART
START
Initialize G.P. register
Move to AX
Move to BX
DIV AX AND BX
STOP

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Location
PO NC
PO NC
3 0B1D:0106 F7E3 ADD AX,BX NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
PE NC
Conclusion:

Experiment No. 6
AIM: Write a program to add a data byte located at offset 0500H in 2000H segment to
another data byte available at 0600H in same segment and store the resulting 0700H in same
segment.
ALGORITHM:
1) Initialise segment register
2) Get contain in 0500H in G.P. register
3) Perform addition
4) store result in 0700H
FLOWCHART
START
Initialise segment register
Get content of 0500H in G.P.

Register
Perform Addition
Store result in 0700H
STOP


OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Location
1 0B27:0100 B80020 MOV AX,2000 NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
2 0B27:0103 8ED8 MOV DS,AX NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
3 0B27:0105 A10005 MOV AX, NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
[0500]
4 0B27:0108 03060006 ADD AX, NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
[0600]
5 0B27:010C A30007 MOV NV UP EI PL NZ AC
PE NC
[0700],AX
6 0B27:010F F4 HLT NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PE NC
Conclusion:

Experiment No. 7
AIM: Write a program to find out the largest number from an unordered array of sixteen 8-
bit numbers stored sequentially in the memory location starting at offset 0500H in the
segment 2000H.
ALGORITHM:
1) Initialize counter for number of iterations.
2) Intialize data segment
3) Initialize source index
4) Take first number in AX
5) Increment source index
6) Compare next number with previous
7) If the next number is larger
8) Replace the previous one with the next
9) Repeat the procedure 5 times.
FLOWCHART
START
Initialise the counter and data pointer
First number in AX register
Compare the next with the first
No Next
no.>1
st ?
?
yes
Replace the first number by the next number
Update index and loop back (counter times)

n
EC-501 MICROPROCESSOR
STOP AND ITS APPLICATION


OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Location
1 0B27:0100 B90500 MOV CX,05 NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
2 0B27:0103 B80020 MOV AX,2000 NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
PO NC
4 0B27:0108 BE0005 MOV SI,0500 NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
5 0B27:010B 8B04 MOV AX,[SI] NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
6 0B27:010D 46 INC SI NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
7 0B27:010E 3B04 CMP AX ,[SI] NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC

8 0B27:0110 7302 JNC NV UP EI PL NZ AC

PE NC
0B27:0114
9 0B27:0112 8B04 MOV AX,[SI] NV UP EI PL NZ AC
PE NC
10 0B27:0114 E2F7 LOOP NV UP EI PL NZ AC
PE NC
0B27:010D
11 0B27:0116 F4 HLT NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PE NC
Conclusion:

Experiment No. 8
AIM: Write a program to move a byte string, 16 bytes long, from the offset 0200H to
0300H in the segment 7000H.
ALGORITHM:
1) Data segment initialization
2) Initialize source pointer
3) Initialize destination pointer
4) Initialize counter for number of iteration
5) Take a source byte in AX
6) Move it to destination
7) Increment source pointer
8) Increment destination pointer
9) Decrement counter by 1
10) Continue if count is not 0
11) Stop if the count is 0
FLOWCHART
START
Initialisation of segment register, counters and pointer
Move a byte from from source to destination
Update pointer,decrement counter
NO
Counter=0
?
yes
STOP






OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Location
1 0B27:0100 B80070 MOV NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
AX,7000
PO NC
3 0B27:0105 BE0002 MOV SI,0200 NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
4 0B27:0108 BF0003 MOV NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
DI,0300
5 0B27:010B B90500 MOV CX,05 NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
6 0B27:010E 8B04 MOV AX, NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
[SI]
7 0B27:0110 8905 MOV NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
[DI],AX
8 0B27:0112 46 INC SI NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
9 0B27:0113 47 INC DI NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
10 0B27:0114 49 DEC CX NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
11 0B27:0115 75F7 JNZ NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
0B27:010E
12 0B27:0117 F4 HLT NV UP EI PL ZR NA
PE NC
Conclusion:
Experiment No. 9

AIM: write a program to find out the number of even and odd number from a given series of
16 bit hexadecimal numbers.
ALGORITHM:
1. Clear BX and DX
2. Initialize data segment
3. Initialize counter for number of iteration
4. Initialize source pointer
5. Take first number in AX
6. Rotate the AX register by one bit
7. If carry flag is set increment of BX
8. If carry flag is not set increment of DX
9. Repeat this procedure till counter=0
FLOWCHART
START
Initialize data segment, pointer and counter
Load the data in AX register
Rotate the data in AX register
Yes Increment of BX
Carry?
No
Increment of DX
No
CX=0
?
Yes
STOP






OBSERVATION TABLE:-
S.No Memory Hex Mnemonics Comments/Flags

Location Code
1 0B27:0100 31DB XOR BX,BX NV UP EI PL ZR NA
PE NC
2 0B27:0102 31D2 XOR DX,DX NV UP EI PL ZR NA
PE NC
3 0B27:0104 B80020 MOV AX,2000 NV UP EI PL ZR NA
PE NC
4 0B27:0107 8ED8 MOV DS,AX NV UP EI PL ZR NA
PE NC
5 0B27:0109 B90500 MOV CX,0005 NV UP EI PL ZR NA
PE NC
6 0B27:010C BE0005 MOV SI,0500 NV UP EI PL ZR NA
PE NC
7 0B27:010F 8B04 MOV AX,[SI] NV UP EI PL ZR NA
PE NC

8 0B27:0111 D1C8 ROR AX,1 NV UP EI PL ZR NA

PE NC
9 0B27:0113 7203 JB 0118 NV UP EI PL ZR NA
PE NC
10 0B27:0115 43 INC BX NV UP EI PL ZR NA
PE NC
11 0B27:0116 EB01 JMP 0119 NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
12 0B27:0118 42 INC DX OV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO CY
13 0B27:0119 83C602 ADD SI,+02 NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO CY
14 0B27:011C FEC9 DEC CL NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
15 0B27:011E 75EF JNZ 010F NV UP EI PL NZ NA
PO NC
16 0B27:0120 F4 HLT NV UP EI PL ZR NA
PE NC
Conclusion:

Experiment No. 10
AIM: Study of 8086 kit.
THEORY:
The Intel 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor intended to be used as the CPU in a
Microcomputer. This is one step above 8085 (8-bit) microprocessor. The term '16-bit"
means that its arithmetic logic unit, internal registers, and most of its instructions are
designed to work with 16-bit binary words. The 8086 has a 16-bit data bus, so it can
read data from or write data to memory and ports either 16 bits or 8 bits at a time. As
its address bus is 20-bit wide, it can address memory upto 1,048,576 locations. Each
of the 1 MB locations represents bite-wide. Therefore it is necessary to study
by experimentation how an 8086 microprocessor responds for various conditions.
Microprocessor trainer Model MPT-86, is an 8086 trainer. Using this trainer, students
studying in, electronics, electrical, instrumentation, mechanical, chemical
engineering subjects, B.Sc. (electronics, computers, and physics) laboratory, and
polytechnics can learn programming an 8086 Microprocessor. This can be used to
some extent for designing prototypes.
SPECIFICATIONS:
HARDWARE FEATURES:
CPU 8086 with 6. 144MHz crystal working in maximum/minimum mode.
Memory: 32K EPROM : 32K RAM
Keys: 24 Software programmable keys.
Display: 7 numbers of high bright 7 segment displays for Data and address.
I/O port: One 8255 programmable peripheral interface port
Software: Enter, Alter, Increment! Decrement address, Move, Fill, POS etc.
Built-in Power supply
Memory: 16 KB Monitor ROM organized as 8KB x 2 ROM 16 KB RAM organized
as 8KB X 2 RAM.
50 pin flat cable termination for 24 parallel port lines using 8255
SOFTWARE FEATURES:
Program Entry

Address field is 5 digits wide for the 20-bit address of 8086.

Address set and verifies ROM locations, verify / alter the contents of RAM
location automatic address set to start of RAM at 00400h
Data is set / altered in memory immediately for each hex key entry.
Increment/ decrement the address and display / alter the contents.
PROGRAM EXECUTION:
Program could be executed from the current user CS: IP contents.
Set a new CS: IP value through GO key. The code segment and instruction pointer
values are automatically decoded by the system from the 5 digit address .
Single step execution in RAM / ROM.Break set facility. The break set could be cleared
only through break clear function, Break clear.
Facility for register display / alter the contents in REG mode or in STEP/execution with
break.
DIAGRAM:

Experiment No. 11
AIM: Study the working of assembler software.
THEORY:
An assembler is a program that creates object code by translating combinations of
mnemonics and syntax for operations and addressing modes into their numerical
equivalents. This representation typically includes an operation code ("opcode") as well as
other control bits.[2] The assembler also calculates constant expressions and resolves
symbolic names for memory locations and other entities.[3] The use of symbolic references is
a key feature of assemblers, saving tedious calculations and manual address updates after
program modifications. Most assemblers also include macro facilities for performing textual
substitution – e.g., to generate common short sequences of instructions as inline, instead of
called subroutines.
Some assemblers may also be able to perform some simple types of
instruction set-specific optimizations. One concrete example of this may be the ubiquitous
x86 assemblers from various vendors. Most of them are able to perform jump-instruction
replacements (long jumps replaced by short or relative jumps) in any number of passes, on
request. Others may even do simple rearrangement or insertion of instructions, such as some
assemblers for RISC architectures that can help optimize a sensible instruction scheduling to
exploit the CPU pipeline as efficiently as possible.
There may be several assemblers with different syntax for a particular CPU or
instruction set architecture. For instance, an instruction to add memory data to a register in a
x86-family processor might be add eax,[ebx], in original Intel syntax, whereas this would
be written addl (%ebx),%eax in the AT&T syntax used by the GNU Assembler. Despite
different appearances, different syntactic forms generally generate the same numeric
machine code, see further below. A single assembler may also have different modes in order

to support variations in syntactic forms as well as their exact semantic interpretations (such
as FASM-syntax, TASM-syntax, ideal mode etc., in the special case of x86 assembly
programming).
RESULT: The working of assembler software is studied.

Microprocessor LAB Format

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Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

AIM: Study of “DEBUG” Software on DOS.

1) Assemble short programs

Program Creation and Debugging

EC-501 MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS APPLICATION

Student Sign:…………………………… Teacher’s Sign:………………………

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

EC-501 MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS APPLICATION

Student Sign:…………………………… Teacher’s Sign:………………………

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

TOOLS REQUIRED: PC with debug utility or Nvis Microprocessor trainer.

Initialize G.P. register

Snap shot of the Code:

EC-501 MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS APPLICATION

Student Sign:…………………………… Teacher’s Sign:………………………

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Snap shot of the Input:

Snap shot of the Result:

S.No Memory Hex Code Mnemonics Comments/Flags

EC-501 MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS APPLICATION

Student Sign:…………………………… Teacher’s Sign:………………………

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

TOOLS REQUIRED: PC with debug utility or Nvis Microprocessor trainer.

Snap shot of the Code:

Student Sign:…………………………… Teacher’s Sign:………………………

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Snap shot of the Input:

Snap shot of the Result:

S.No Memory Hex Code Mnemonics Comments/Flags

Hence the program was successfully executed.

EC-501 MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS APPLICATION

Student Sign:…………………………… Teacher’s Sign:………………………

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

TOOLS REQUIRED: PC with debug utility or Nvis Microprocessor trainer.

Initialize g.p. register

EC-501 MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS APPLICATION

Student Sign:…………………………… Teacher’s Sign:………………………

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Snap shot of the Code:

Snap shot of the Input:

Snap shot of the Result:

S.No Memory Hex Code Mnemonics Comments/Flags

EC-501 MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS APPLICATION

Student Sign:…………………………… Teacher’s Sign:………………………

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

TOOLS REQUIRED: PC with debug utility or Nvis Microprocessor trainer.

Initialize G.P. register

EC-501 MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS APPLICATION

Student Sign:…………………………… Teacher’s Sign:………………………

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Snap shot of the Code:

Snap shot of the Input:

Snap shot of the Result:

S.No Memory Hex Code Mnemonics Comments/Flags

Hence the program was successfully executed.

EC-501 MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS APPLICATION

Student Sign:…………………………… Teacher’s Sign:………………………

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

TOOLS REQUIRED: PC with debug utility or Nvis Microprocessor trainer.

Initialise segment register

Get content of 0500H in G.P.