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‌‌Differential‌‌Pulse‌‌Code‌‌Modulation‌  ‌
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Differential‌‌pulse‌‌code‌‌modulation‌‌(DPCM)‌‌is‌‌a‌‌procedure‌‌of‌‌converting‌‌an‌‌  
analog‌‌into‌‌a‌‌digital‌‌signal‌‌in‌‌which‌‌an‌‌analog‌‌signal‌‌is‌‌sampled‌‌and‌‌then‌‌  
the‌‌difference‌‌between‌‌the‌‌actual‌‌sample‌‌value‌‌and‌‌its‌‌predicted‌‌value‌‌  
(predicted‌‌value‌‌is‌‌based‌‌on‌‌previous‌‌sample‌‌or‌‌samples)‌‌is‌‌quantized‌‌and‌‌  
then‌‌encoded‌‌forming‌‌a‌‌digital‌‌value.‌  ‌
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DPCM‌‌codewords‌‌represent‌‌differences‌‌between‌‌samples,‌‌unlike‌‌PCM‌‌  
where‌‌codewords‌‌represented‌‌a‌‌sample‌‌value.‌  ‌
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The‌‌samples‌‌that‌‌are‌‌highly‌‌correlated,‌‌when‌‌encoded‌‌by‌‌the‌‌PCM‌‌  
technique,‌‌leave‌‌redundant‌‌information‌‌behind.‌‌To‌‌process‌‌this‌‌redundant‌‌  
information‌‌and‌‌to‌‌have‌‌a‌‌better‌‌output,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌a‌‌wise‌‌decision‌‌to‌‌take‌‌a ‌‌
predicted‌‌sampled‌‌value,‌‌assumed‌‌from‌‌its‌‌previous‌‌output‌‌and‌‌  
summarize‌‌them‌‌with‌‌the‌‌quantized‌‌values.‌‌Such‌‌a‌‌process‌‌is‌‌called‌‌  
Differential‌‌PCM‌  ‌ ‌
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DPCM‌‌compression‌‌depends‌‌on‌‌the‌‌prediction‌‌technique,‌‌well-conducted‌‌  
prediction‌‌techniques‌‌lead‌‌to‌‌good‌‌compression‌‌rates,‌‌in‌‌other‌‌cases,‌‌
 
DPCM‌‌could‌‌mean‌‌expansion‌‌compared‌‌to‌‌regular‌‌PCM‌‌encoding.‌  ‌
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fewer‌‌bits‌‌are‌‌required‌‌to‌‌represent‌‌the‌‌difference‌‌signals‌ ‌than‌‌in‌‌
 
case‌‌of‌‌PCM‌‌for‌‌the‌‌same‌‌sampling‌‌rate‌  ‌
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It‌‌reduces‌‌the‌‌bit‌‌rate‌‌requirements‌‌from‌‌64kbps‌‌to‌‌56kbps.‌  ‌
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D
‌ PCM‌T
‌ RANSMITTER:‌  ‌
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The‌‌DPCM‌‌Transmitter‌‌consists‌‌of‌‌Quantizer‌‌and‌‌Predictor‌‌with‌‌two‌‌
 
summer‌‌circuits‌ ‌

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‌x(nT‌s)‌ ‌ →
‌ ‌‌ ‌it‌‌is‌‌the‌‌input‌‌sample‌  ‌
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x‌ ˆ(nT‌s)‌ ‌→
‌ ‌ ‌it‌‌is‌‌the‌ ‌predicted‌‌sample‌  ‌
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‌e(nT‌s)‌ ‌ →
‌ ‌‌ ‌it‌‌is‌‌the‌‌difference‌‌between‌‌the‌‌input‌‌sample‌‌and‌‌    ‌
‌Predicted‌‌sample.it‌‌is‌‌called‌‌prediction‌‌error‌  ‌
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‌v(nT‌s)‌ ‌→
‌ ‌‌ ‌it‌‌is‌‌quantized‌‌output‌  ‌
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‌ ‌‌ i‌s‌‌the‌‌predictor‌‌input‌‌which‌‌is‌‌actually‌‌the‌‌summer‌‌output‌‌of‌‌
‌u(nT‌s)‌ ‌→    ‌
‌the‌ ‌predictor‌ ‌output‌‌and‌‌the‌‌quantizer‌‌output‌  ‌
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‌u(nT‌s)‌ =‌‌‌x(nT‌s)‌ +q(nT‌s)‌  ‌ ‌
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DPCM‌‌RECEIVER:‌  ‌ ‌
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DPCM‌‌Receiver‌‌consists‌‌of‌‌a‌‌decoder,‌‌a‌‌predictor,‌‌and‌‌a‌‌summer‌‌circuit.‌  ‌
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In‌‌the‌‌absence‌‌of‌‌noise,‌‌the‌‌encoded‌‌receiver‌‌input‌‌will‌‌be‌‌the‌‌same‌‌as‌‌the‌‌encoded‌‌
 
transmitter‌‌output.‌  ‌
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Merits‌  ‌
Bandwidth‌‌required‌‌for‌‌DPCM‌‌is‌‌less‌‌compared‌‌to‌‌PCM‌  ‌
Quantization‌‌error‌‌is‌‌reduced‌‌due‌‌to‌‌the‌‌prediction‌‌filter‌  ‌
No‌‌of‌‌bits‌‌used‌‌to‌‌represent‌‌one‌‌sample‌‌is‌‌also‌‌reduced‌‌compared‌‌to‌‌PCM‌  ‌
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Demerits‌  ‌
When‌‌an‌‌error‌‌occurs‌‌in‌‌a‌‌delta‌‌value‌‌(difference‌‌value)‌‌it‌‌will‌‌propagate‌‌through‌‌the‌‌rest‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
 
delta‌‌values‌‌and‌‌introduce‌‌error‌‌in‌‌the‌‌rest‌‌of‌‌the‌‌sampled‌‌data.‌ ‌If‌‌the‌‌correlation‌‌coefficient‌‌
 
between‌‌adjacent‌‌samples‌‌is‌‌small‌‌(i.e.‌‌correlation‌‌coefficient‌‌in‌‌between‌‌zero‌‌and‌‌0.5),‌‌yields‌‌a ‌‌
large‌‌variance‌‌between‌‌adjacent‌‌samples‌‌which‌‌leads‌‌to‌‌degrade‌‌the‌‌SQNR[4].‌  ‌
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‌ADAPTIVE‌‌DIFFERENTIAL‌‌PULSE‌‌CODE‌‌MODULATION‌  ‌
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The‌‌combination‌‌of‌‌ADM‌‌and‌‌DPCM‌‌is‌‌ADPCM‌ 
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Reduction‌‌in‌‌the‌‌no‌‌of‌‌bits‌‌per‌‌sample‌‌from‌‌8‌‌to‌‌4‌‌involves‌‌the‌‌combination‌‌of‌‌
 
adaptive‌‌quantization‌‌and‌‌adaptive‌‌prediction.‌  ‌
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The‌‌digital‌‌coding‌‌scheme‌‌that‌‌uses‌‌both‌‌adaptive‌‌quantization‌‌and‌‌the‌‌adaptive‌‌
 
prediction‌‌is‌‌adaptive‌‌differential‌‌pulse‌‌code‌‌modulation‌  ‌
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The‌‌term‌‌“adaptive‌‌Quantisation”‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌quantiser‌‌that‌‌operates‌‌with‌‌time‌‌varying‌‌
 
step‌‌size△(nTs)‌‌where‌‌Ts‌‌is‌‌sampling‌‌period‌  ‌
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Two‌‌adaptive‌‌Quantisation‌‌schemes‌‌are‌‌referred‌‌to‌‌as‌‌Adaptive‌‌quantization‌‌with‌‌  
forward‌‌estimation‌‌and‌ ‌Adaptive‌‌quantization‌‌with‌‌backward‌‌estimation‌  ‌
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Step‌‌size‌‌obtained‌‌by‌‌AQF‌‌is‌‌more‌‌reliable‌‌than‌‌AQB‌  ‌
Adaptive‌‌quantization‌‌with‌‌forward‌‌estimation‌  ‌

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Adaptive‌‌quantization‌‌with‌‌backward‌‌estimation‌  ‌

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‌Adaptive‌‌prediction‌‌with‌‌forward‌‌estimation‌  ‌
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‌Adaptive‌‌prediction‌‌with‌‌backward‌‌estimation‌  ‌
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‌ ‌Delta‌‌Modulation‌‌
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I‌n‌‌DPCM‌‌,‌t‌he‌‌error‌‌signal‌‌is‌‌quantized‌‌and‌‌coded‌‌based‌‌on‌‌quantized‌‌output,‌‌  
the‌‌length‌‌of‌e‌ ncoded‌‌bits‌‌for‌‌each‌‌sample‌‌will‌‌differ‌  ‌
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To‌‌reduce‌‌the‌t‌ransmitted‌‌bits,‌‌a‌‌1-bit‌‌quantizer‌‌is‌‌used‌‌in‌‌Delta‌‌Modulation‌  ‌
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