An Investigation of the Efficacy and Effectiveness of Using Bilingualism as a Medium of

Instruction in Different Educational levels

A Capstone Research Submitted to the

Faculty of College of Education

Bulacan State University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

The Teacher and the Community, School

Culture, and Organizational Leadership

Martin A. Agustin

2021
 Table of Contents

Chapter I: Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 1

A. Statement of the Problem/Opportunity (Research Question)….…..………………….2

B. Background and Significance of Study

…………………………………..…………2-3

C. Project Researcher Identification …………………………….…………………….3-4

Chapter II: Literature Review…………………….………………….….……………….….…5-7

Chapter III: Methods …………………………………………………………………………...8

A. Subjects/Participants ………………………………………………………………….8

B. Data Collection

Approaches/Strategies…………………….………………….………9

1. Advantage of

Strategy…………………….………………….….…………………9-10

2. Limitation of Strategy…………………….………………….….………………..10-12

3. Potential Risk…………………….………………….….……………….….………..12

4. Ethical Issues about Collection upon the Subjects/Participants……………….…13-14

C. Data Analysis Method…………………….………………………………….……...14

Chapter IV: Results……………………………….…………………………………………14-17

Chapter V: Recommendation, Application, and

Conclusion…………………………...……17-18

1
Chapter VI: Reference ……………………………….……………………..…………….…19

2
 CHAPTER I the official languages of instruction in

schools, but the issue on what language

INTRODUCTION

As stated in the 1987 Constitution of the

Philippines, there are laws and provisions should be used more in classroom teaching

regarding the use and improvement of has long been argued in education.

Filipino language which also inclined to

teaching of and usage of Filipino as medium

As the objectives of the policy of
of instruction in every school. Our country
bilingual education there should be an equal
is most likely under influence of both
attainment of knowledge and skills in using
governmental and educational system of the
both English and Filipino by setting these
colonizers which resulting to many changes
language as the medium of learning and
in our own personality. It is proven by the
instruction in teaching all levels of education
language we used to communicate and
such as elementary, secondary and tertiary. It
socialize with others.
is also added that regional language may be
Nowadays, the Philippines’ Educational
taught and be helpful in lower years of
System uses various language to teach
studying. With the introduction of the new
different subjects and level of students. But
K-12 curriculum, the Department of
most of the teachers used bilingualism
Education passed Order No. 74 Series 2009
without even actually realizing that they are
entitled Institutionalizing Mother
using it. In addition, Filipino and English are
Tongue-Based Multilingual Education

(MLE).

1
This research aims to determine the efficacy Background of the Study

and effectiveness of using Bilingualism as a

The Bilingual Education Program of
strategic teaching and medium of instruction
the Philippines (BEP), where English is the
among all levels of education.
medium of instruction in Science and

Statement of the Problem Mathematics and Pilipino or Filipino, the

national language, in all other subjects, has

“Bilingual education” is the use of two
been recognized as one of the earliest
languages as media of instruction for a child
comprehensive bilingual
or a group of children in part or all of the
education experiments in the world. What
school curriculum (Cohen 1975, p. 18). This
we know today about building cognitive
type of education was greatly affects by two
reserves in terms of staying healthy for
languages which is Filipino and English.
longer, having good quality life, we know
Moreover this research focuses to answer
that learning another language is on the top
the following questions.
of the list of activities that you can do to
1. What are the Subjects that Teachers
enhance your cognitive potential, and to
often use bilingualism in teaching ?
enhance your cognitive functioning

2. How do Bilingualism in education throughout your lifetime.

affects the knowledge acquisition of

But most Filipino students face educational
elementary students ?
barriers, and one of them is the use of

3. Is Bilingual mode of teaching at all language schools not fully understood

levels of education really effective and (DepEd 2011). Such a situation has an

shows efficacy in teaching ? emotional impact on the student, resulting in

2
low grades or worse (Alexander 2000, and self-confidence, as well as more

Bowden 2002). excellent motivation in learning and living.

(UNESCO 2006).
Global interdependence and mass

communication often require the ability to Significance of the Study

function in more than one language. But

Education as well is very important
according to the EFA study on education
and the very factor in teaching it is the
quality, there is a substantial disparity in the
language being use by facilitators. And so,
number of school graduates, with some
this research will be beneficial for the
failing to achieve the minimum standard of
following :
literacy. That is why as part of bilingual
For students, to determine the feasibility of
process of education Mother tongue-based
the effect and efficacy of bilingual language
multilingual education is being introduced in
on their educational practices and teaching.
all public schools, specifically in Grade I, as

part of the K-12 curriculum, according to For teachers, to improve strategical ways on

Department of Education Order No. 16 s., how to use effectively bilingual languages.

dated February 17, 2012. The vocabulary For future researchers, this research can
that students use in their homes would be provide an idea and help for future studies.
used in the classroom as well.

Each teacher's test for the

Research Identification Project
Department of Education's new curriculum
This research entitled : An
contributes to students' learning. It has many
Investigation of the Efficacy and
advantages, including increased self-esteem

3
Effectiveness of Using Bilingualism as a Bilingual language as a medium of

Medium of Instruction in Different instruction. By administering the test to two

Educational levels focuses on the research subjects, it has multiple impacts on

effectiveness and efficacy of using the understanding and contact with others. One

Bilingual language as a medium of pair of students was taught in Filipino, while

instruction in students' learning and excludes the other was taught in English. Following

any other variables that may influence that, the participants were given a

students' learning. Merely learners from questionnaire, and their scores would be

primary, intermediate, and tertiary used to assess their comprehension of the

institutions will be surveyed. According to lesson.The thesis sought to assess the

this study, English and Filipino are efficacy and effectiveness of using

the prevalent language in academic  Bilingual language as a means of

institutions in which there are subjects that instruction by comparing the students'

is meant for English language only and grades. The study also wants to back up

subjects that are easy to teach using Filipino students' prior comments about the results of

language. As a result, students become the mentioned problem by having them

more productive even some of the students participate in and test sample.

find it more challenging to understand the

medium, which leads to lower

CHAPTER 2
comprehension. The method of the study or

research was quasi-experimental; this is REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

appropriate to better prove the validity of the Related Literature

4
 Arao (2010), a professor in the instruction. According to the “English bill”

Department of Journalism of the College of authored by Rep. Eduardo Gullas, the

Mass Communication at the University of education system is wrong, and it

the Philippines, reported that students are supposedly requires a dynamic language like

more comfortable using their mother tongue, English.

communicating with parents and siblings. ,

Related Studies
playmate, and other acquaintances; this is
According to Nolasco (2010) of the
because being Filipino is in the blood, and
Linguistics Department of the University of
the Filipino language is a natural part of the
the Philippines, in the cognitive aspect of
personality of every Filipino. Filipino is the
children's mental development, learning in
mother tongue, and it is also the tool of daily
English becomes more difficult. For
communication, so it is not insignificant that
example, a student in Manila who was
the students are more proficient in using this
probably raised in Tagalog will be confused
language. They understand better if their
about studying English. This made it even
language is used and not the foreign
more difficult for the non-Tagalog child to
language.
learn the first language; it is difficult for a
In 2003, former President Gloria
student to combine Filipino and English if
Arroyo released the E.O. 210, which aims to
they grew up in a regional dialect (such as
strengthen the English language as the
Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Maranao, or others) at
second language of the Filipino; this is also
home.
perhaps why in recent years, a legislator has

promoted English as the only medium of

5
 Only last year, the actual use of Teachers also do not have difficulty

Multilingual Education (MLE) was teaching, so they were named "Best School

approved nationwide under Department for Kalinga" and "Model of Multilingual

Order #74 of DepEd, but Lubuagan Education in the Philippines." The results of

residents in Kalinga province have long used the studies are even clearer in the sunshine:

it. For the past ten years, the 4th class to achieve the student's proficiency in

municipality of Lubuagan has been the English or Filipino, the most effective

country's model when it comes to method of instruction is the first language

Multi-lingual Education. Two decades ago, the child has learned. If France, Germany,

they were among the Top 10 non-performing China, Japan, and others can use their

schools in the entire Philippines. Only language in schools, we will surely be able

Libuagen language (a variety of Kalingan to do the same in the Philippines. 'Even

dialects) is used at Lubuagan Elementary though they are not that good at English,

School from Grade 1 to 3, so it has become they have a deeper understanding of the

easier to understand subjects such as world around them.

Mathematics, Science, and learning Filipino

The Bilingual Education Policy's aim
and English. In two decades of vernacular
is to help students learn in both English and
use, the school has a zero drop rate. In 2006,
Spanish. At all levels of education, to gain
Lubuagan district achieved the highest score
equal proficiency in the use of Filipino and
in the National Achievement Test in the
English at the national level by teaching
Grade 3 reading test in English and Filipino
both languages and using them as a medium
with mean scores of 76.55% and 76.45%.
of instruction. In the first grades of

6
elementary school, regional languages will less dominant language are more likely to

be used as an auxiliary language. stay in school and less likely to repeat the

grade of schooling; and according to

Foreign Literature
Bialystok (2001), Cummins (2000), King &
According to Arnold, Bartlett,
Mackey (2007), children in multilingual
Gowani, and Merali (2006), many
education are more developed in thinking
educational systems worldwide insist on the
skills compared to monolinguals.
exclusive use of one or several privileged
Foreign Studies
languages ​, even if it means the absence of

another language that children are According to the National Education

accustomed to speaking. The educational Support Strategy of the United Nations

system focuses on the use and sharpening of Educational, Scientific and Cultural

one or more languages ​without considering Organization (UNESCO), the low quality of

the students' comprehension. elementary education in the Philippines

based on achievement rates is very

UNESCO has encouraged the use of
worrying. Only twenty-six percent (26%) of
mother-tongue instruction in primary
sixth-grade students have mastery of English
education since 1953 because from the
(mastery means 75% or more marks
beginning, and it has had educational
obtained). Thirty - (31%) have a mastery of
benefits: According to Kosonen (2005),
Mathematics, and 15% have a mastery of
children will be more productive in school;
Science. High School statistics also state the
Based on Hovens (2002) and UNESCO

Bangkok (2005) children in provinces with

7
same: 7% English proficiency, 16% in participants. The study also aims to back up

Mathematics, and 2% in Science. students' previous claims about the results of

the aforementioned problem.

The study employs a quantitative

CHAPTER 3
research design that stresses analytical data
METHODS
calculation and interpretation. A analysis

The study's nature was with this nature demonstrates and validates

quasi-experimental; this is sufficient to the relationship between the independent

demonstrate the validity of the Bilingual and non-independent variables. Using

language as a means of instruction. By "causal-comparative" quantitative analysis,

administering the test to two research also known as "quasi-experimental"

subjects, it has multiple impacts on experiments, to determine the cause-effect

understanding and contact with others. One relationship between these factors.

pair of students was taught in Filipino, while

Subject/Participants
the other was taught in English. Following
As respondents for this study, high
that, the participants were given a
school students were chosen. They are from
questionnaire, and their scores would be
a grade of 40 students, or the amount (19%)
used to assess their comprehension of the
of the overall population of existing
lesson. The thesis sought to assess the
students. The researchers can only choose
efficacy of using the Bilingual language as a
them as study participants because they are
means of instruction by comparing the
the focus of the Department of Education's
students' grades.Every test group's

8
new curriculum and the professions related awareness of the lesson's topic and to see

to this research are under their strand. how the two classes can be matched.

Respondents were 16-18 years old were Following the lesson, the same test was

either on or off the honor roll when they provided to the participants as a posttest to

took part in the study. assess their knowledge and evaluate their

grades.

Advantage of Strategy
Data Collection Approaches/Strategies

The most notable advantage of

The researcher obtained information
quasi-experimental experiments over
from published local and international
individual randomized controlled trials
studies, as well as literature from university
(RCTs) or randomized cluster trials is that
libraries and the internet. The primary
they are less expensive and use less
source of study data was the results of the
resources. Despite the fact that students are
assessments provided to participants in the
attracted to information outlets that enable
same group. The two classes were taught the
them to complete their homework in the
same class and given identical exams, but
"simplest, least painful way," a significant
the teaching mediums were different.Prior to
percentage of students are still encouraged
the study's administration, all classes were
to learn about using their current library
given a pretest. The experimental group
resources, according to this report.With a
completed the task in Filipino, while the
seven-to-one tendency among students
control group completed it in English. This
against using the internet as their main
is done to determine their previous
research method, library teaching should be

9
regarded as a critical way of exposing more capable and assured about what they

students to print services of the library in can do in given circumstances, as well as

addition to the internet. Numerous studies more informed in how to do so.

have shown that after library teaching,

Limitation of Strategy
students' research abilities and
This study has focused on my
understanding of the library and its services
experiences of Using Bilingualism as a
improve. This research also attempted to
method of instruction in schools. Although
point to a component of the library about
this provides both practical and analytical
which it could teach its visitors by providing
contributions to critical language instruction
guidance about how to become an accurate
and curriculum, it is not without limits. One
searcher and use the correct information at
of the drawbacks of this work is that it only
the right time.The Internet has quickly
works on improving my educational practice
become one of the most powerful global
within the classroom and does not apply to
sources of a vast variety of content, offering
efforts that explicitly disrupt certain aspects
numerous opportunities for effective and
of discrimination or injustice in the world.
limitless information distribution. It has

helped to improve quest success, and has The allure in using QEDs stems from

given students a psychological boost and their ability and promise in predicting

problem-solving skill. The newly gained internally true, impartial causal results of a

trust as a result of readily available broad variety of instructional strategies and

knowledge services has improved their policies. However, the quality of the

learning methods. Students have grown findings of studies focused on these

10
prototypes is inextricably linked to the treatment of interest. RD designs, including

underlying concepts and their strength. For higher-order polynomials of the running

example, the parallel trends assumption variable to capture nonlinearity, have been a

inherent in DID designs is central to the common practice. Recently, however,

validity of the estimated effects (see Wing et statisticians have shown how those terms

al., 2018) for reviewing the robustness might introduce other biases to the estimates

checks necessary to defend these (Gelman & Imbens, 2019).

assumptions vigorously). New research also

Although these are not
indicates additional analyses. Sensitivity
straightforward critiques of QED practices,
checks are needed for DID designs when
they must be taken into account as we begin
treatment varies over time (as often happens
to adapt QEDs in educational policy and
when states and districts implement new
practice. Given the comparatively short time
policies; Goodman-Bacon, 2018).
span in which QEDs have been built and

Additionally, other policy changes or implemented in the social sciences,

interventions that co-occur as the treatment methodologists and methodological

under study can confound the estimated researchers are still learning about the

effect in a DID design. Because researchers underlying assumptions in these designs and

rely on observational data for DID (and the influence those assumptions have on

other quasi-experimental analyses), there is predicting valid causal effects. If we want to

always the possibility that other unobserved develop a high-quality data base on "what

changes that coincide could drive works" and consider the expected and

differences in outcomes rather than the unintentional effects of instructional policy

11
and programs, school analysts who want to discovered in quasi-experiments satisfy a

use these approaches must keep up to date crucial criterion of causality. Another

with methodological developments. requirement is that the product be

objectively seen to differ with the

Second, a methodological limitation often
intervention. Unfortunately, statistical
raised against QED's (as well as RCTs) is
correlation does not mean causation,
that while the studies can estimate valid
especially when the analysis is poorly
causal effects when identifying assumptions
constructed. As a result, in many
are met, they cannot unpack the mechanisms
quasi-experiments, one is frequently left
underlying the overall treatment
asking: “Are there any other reasons for the
effects—that is, how the changes in
obvious causal relationship?” If these
outcomes occur. Good descriptive studies
possible theories are credible, the probability
and in-depth qualitative studies have a clear
of causation seems less compelling. These
role in this regard (Loeb et al., 2017). In the
competing hypotheses, or alternate
following segment, we will address the
interpretations, stem from epidemiologic
importance of high-quality descriptive
research design concepts.
studies.

Information sources are available in

Potential Risk
various forms such as journal articles,
The main flaw of the quasi-experimental
research papers, books, magazines, film, and
sample style is the lack of random
audio/video recording, plus the data stored
assignment. Since the action precedes the
in the computer and compact disks. As
evaluation of the result, associations
growth in literature, its volume, variety, and

12
complexity have severely constrained the At the same time, they were reassured that

user's search for their needed information. their answers were treated as confidential

The complexity of electronic resources also and used only for academic purposes and

led to the tedious search for every only for the particular research. Except from

unsatisfactory search, which further the above, participants were not harmed or

discouraged the students from using library abused, both physically and psychologically,

resources. during the conduction of the research. In

contrast, the researcher attempted to create

Ethical Issues about Collection upon the
and maintain a climate of comfort.
Subjects/Participants

The ethical consideration here has

The current study was subject to
presented insight into a range of
certain ethical issues. As mentioned earlier,
methodologies and methods available to
all participants reported their written
researchers, along with detailed examples of
acceptance regarding their participation in
its practice. However, the importance of
the research, through a signed Consent and
selecting an appropriate research
Briefing Letter. At the same time, sample
methodology and techniques is the
members were asked to sign a Debriefing
importance of the ethical considerations
and Withdrawal Letter. Both letters aimed to
around conducting the research. In this
reassure participants that their participation
Special Issue, Fleming (2018) highlights
in the research is voluntary and free to
some ethical dilemmas commonly
withdraw from it at any point and for any
encountered as an ‘insider researcher,’
reason. Next to this, participants were fully
including the power differential and ongoing
informed regarding the study's objectives.

13
relationships with participants. It is, been obtained. Permission must be gained

however, important to further consider the before the commencement of data gathering

fundamentals of ethical research involving from human participants because human

human participants. research ethics committees cannot grant

authorization for research after the data

Most research involves human
collection has begun (with three
participants; therefore, it is fundamentally
expectations; data was collected for non-
vital that human research ethics approval has

research purposes is now proposed to was already publically available, e.g., already

be used for analysis, data was gathered published).

through a ‘chance encounter,’ and if the data

Data Analysis Method gives the ability to researchers to structure the

qualitative data collected to satisfy the

Content analysis was used to analyze
accomplishment of research objectives.
the data, which was gathered from personal
However, human error is highly involved in
interviews. According to Moore & McCabe
content analysis since researchers risk
(2005), this is the type of research whereby
researchers misinterpreting the data gathered,
data gathered is categorized in themes and
thereby generating false and unreliable
sub-themes to be comparable. A primary
conclusions (Krippendorff & Bock, 2008).
advantage of content analysis is that it helps

in data collected being reduced and simplified CHAPTER IV

while at the same time producing results that

It will display data gathered from
may then measure using quantitative
fourth-grade students about The Filipino
techniques. Moreover, the content analysis

14
Language Classroom: Towards Critical (Buxton & Lee, 2014; Msimanga & Lelliott,

Pedagogy and Curriculum. 2014) is making use of students’ minority

language. Studies in this area have

Result
predominately been conducted in classes
1. What are the Subjects that Teachers
where teachers and students share the same
often use bilingualism in teaching ?
minority language (e.g. Goldberg, Enyedy,

According to the data gathered from sources, Welsh & Galiani, 2009; Salleh, Venville &

it was sujectively stated that English, Treagust, 2007; Reyes, 2009). However, class

Mathematics, and Science are the subjects composition in many countries or

which often used bilingualism as a mode of geographical areas are not bilingual, but

instruction. rather multilingual.

English, Educators used both English and Teaching Mathematics requires a great deal of

Filipino in teaching the subject even though it challenge to teachers in all levels of

is clearly and English Language Subject but education. Abstract ideas in Mathematics

for the students to comprehend and absorb the expressed in English as another abstract

knowledge they tend to used both. language, are hard to push in the minds of

Science, emergent bilingual students in students. All learners need skilful and

multilingual classes have rarely been sympathetic teachers. Many unhappy children

concerned in research about science are being taught by unhappy teachers. This

education. One major approach proposed to implies that the teaching of mathematics can

support both linguistic development be and should be made simple and appealing

(Cummins, 2005) and science learning to students. Hence, this study attempted to

2
verify and explore that multilingual (1986), for example, indicates that

instruction can catch the interest of students children’s bilingualism positively affects

and improve their performance. The use of their increasing ability to solve problems

Filipino language as a medium in teaching involving high levels of control of

Mathematics has significantly improved linguistic processing

students‟ performance
The students in the context of this study

2. How do Bilingualism in education have Filipini as a first language and attend

affects the knowledge acquisition of a bilingual school, learning English as a

elementary students ? second language, for its added social

value. Through the classroom observation,

There have been some disputes among
it was apparent that the second language
researchers on the effects of bilingualism
was developing and the first language was
and various studies show divergent
also in a developmental stage. English
results. Many studies (e.g., Federman,
was somehow given to the students as a
2000; Lopez, 2003; Mora, 2000) find
second language rather than skilled and
insignificant or negative effects of
developed; as a result, the students did not
bilingual programs on labour-market
have a full understanding of the reach of
outcomes such as educational attainment
using English proficiently. A higher
and earnings whereas a lot more research
vocabulary range is another benefit of
on the relationship between learning a
bilingualism that plays into literacy
second language early in life and
development.[6] Bilingual students are
cognitive ability reveals more positive
usually exposed to more words in both
effects whereas other studies. Bialystok

3
 languages than children who only speak proven that even sometime Filipino is

their native language. For this reason, more effective, yet both English and

they’re more likely to learn the equivalent Filipino meets the right Efficacy and

of any word they pick up in the opposite Effectiveness dealing with various types

language. Because they’re already of subjects ensuring the knowledge being

familiar with more of their vocabulary taught among the students.

words, spelling words and learning the

CHAPTER V
alphabet comes more naturally. Plus,
Recommendation
they’ll be predisposed to spelling more

complex vocabulary words in later grades. In accordance with our hypotheses and

previous studies in the literature (e.g. August

3. Is Bilingual mode of teaching at all
et al., 2008), the results of this study show
levels of education really effective and shows
that the bilingual condition is more effective
efficacy in teaching ?
than the monolingual teaching method when it
Yes, the data gathered from the students
comes to teaching a new language. This
which is 40 respondents. Accroding to the,
current study showed that even though the
a monolingual teacher is not very
two groups’ performances were not
effeective int teaching such subjects like
significantly different, the participants under
Mathemathics, English and Science. For
the bilingual condition were more interactive
them the use of Bilingual Mode of
and preferred the teaching method
Teachng serves as a way in order to full
significantly to the monolingual instructional
understand concept , theoretical context
method. The monolingual instruction group
and unfamiliar terminilogies. And so, it is

4
also responded negatively to the opinion of educators who experienced the students’ point

using only the target language in second of view of learning a new language.

language instruction. As Tomita (2011)

Application
mentioned, students were more willing to
Bilingual language will be used in
interact each other in student-centered
various places and regions for particular
instruction as they could use both Filipino and
teaching and learning purposes. These
English. This result indicates that the role of
approaches are applicable to topics ranging
L1 or common language of learners can play a
from elementary to tertiary, and even graduate
crucial role in bilingual education. Using L1
school.
or common language as a resource can

enhance the motivation and engagement of Combine sufficient and practical

language learners and impact their experience with theoretical principles. Take

performance on language tests. In addition to note of the force dynamics at work in

that, other non-verbal support could help information development. Be mindful that

second language learners, including English learners have differing perspectives on each

language learners in the Philippines to meet other and the skills being learned. Recognize

their goals. Teachers and future educators the imbalance of authority between the

should reconsider the challenges of ELLs and teacher/facilitator and the pupils. Determine

language minority students in mainstream each stakeholder's role in the educational

classrooms. This study raised an awareness of program. Consider the degree of inclusiveness

the importance of bilingual education and and backgrounds involved in the educational

more effective teaching approach to future activity. Consider how curriculum decisions,

5
whether indirectly or directly, lead to the (MTB-MLE) for its 47,000 schools. As

challenge of formal power relations. Adopt embodied in the DECS Order No. Late-Exit

emancipatory instructional methods. or Developmental Bilingual Education. Those

Recognize how implicit action leads to the Against: Evidence that all English immersion

challenge or reproduction of unjust power programs are better than bilingual education.

relations. To build a democratic classroom,

The Philippines has a vibrant and diverse
create a society that values both transparency
education system, with the government,
and academic rigor.
assisted by the private sector, providing a

Conclusion wide range of education from early years up

to college and university across the

Though most studies of the impact of
archipelago. This type of bilingual education
bilingual education indicate very positive
is designed to help students learning a new
findings, I am of the opinion that success is
language pick it quicker and make the
still constrained by limitations in program
transition to begin learning math, science, and
implementation. Bilingual education appears
other subjects in English. Prompted by the
to be the most effective way to teach students
National Board of Education’s (NBE)
whose dominant, or native, language isn't
inclination to promote bilingualism in
English. The private sector includes
schools, the then Department of Education
kindergartens, international schools and
Culture and Sports (DECS) instituted the
religious schools.Beginning in 2009, the
policy on bilingual education in 1974. A
Philippine government has been
‘new’ politics of language in the Philippines:
institutionalizing a program called Mother

Tongue Based Multilingual Education

6
bilingual education and the new challenge of being implemented at the time, namely

the mother tongues. English Language Policy, Revised Philippine

Education Program, Bilingual Education

Not only do non-English speakers benefit
Policy, and Mother Tongue-Based
from these programs, but English speakers do
Multilingual Education.
as well. The success of bilingual programs in

this country would soar if attention were paid

to problems in implementation. notably, each

stage corresponds to the language policy

DepED (2011) MOTHER TONGUE-BASED

LEARNING MAKES LESSONSMORE

CHAPTER 6
INTERACTIVE AND EASIER FOR
REFERENCE
STUDENTS.

https://www.deped.gov.ph/2016/10/24/mothe

Bilingual Education: Effective r-tongue-based-learning-makes-lessonsmore

Programming for Language-Minority -interactive-and-easier-for-students/

Students (DepEd Order No. 74, s...2009)

Institutionalizing Mother Tongue-Based

Multilingual Education (MLE)

http://www.ascd.org/publications/curricul
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