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Bio Kertas 2 - Skema
Bio Kertas 2 - Skema
1 Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 show the movement of substances across plasma
membrane.
Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan pergerakan bahan merentas membran
plasma.
(a) (ii) Name the methods of movement of substances A and B through the
plasma membrane.
Namakan cara pergerakan bahan A dan B merentasi membran plasma.
D1- methods of movement shown in Diagram 1.1 Substance moves down its
concentration gradient whereas in Diagram 1.2 Substance moves against its
concentration gradient
Cara pergerakan bahan yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.1 Bahan
bergerak menuruni kecerunan kepekatan manakal Rajah 1.2. bahan
bergerak menentang kecerunan kepekatan
Or
Methods of movement shown in Diagram 1.1 Methods of movement shown in Diagram 1.2.
Cara pergerakan bahan yang ditunjukkan Cara pergerakan bahan yang ditunjukkan
dalam Rajah 1.1. dalam Rajah 1.2.
Substance moves down its concentration Substance moves against its concentration
gradient gradient
Bahan bergerak menuruni kecerunan kepekatan Bahan bergerak menentang kecerunan
kepekatan
Energy is not required Energy is required
Tenaga tidak diperlukan Tenaga diperlukan
This process continues until a dynamic This process results in either accumulation or
equilibrium is reached elimination of sunstances.
Proses ini terus berlaku sehingga satu Proses ini mengakibatkan pengumpulan atau
keseimbangan dinamik tercapai. penyingkiran bahan
Any 2 / Mana-mana 2
[2 Marks / markah]
(b) (i) Diagram 1.3 shows the condition of a plant cell which has been
immersed in distilled water for an hour.
Rajah 1.3 menunjukkan keadaan satu sel tumbuhan yang telah direndam
di dalam air suling selama satu jam.
Diagram 1.3 / Rajah 1.3
The plant cell is taken out of the distilled water and immersed in
concentrated salt solution for another hour. What happen to the plant cell
and explain your answer.
Sel tumbuhan itu dikeluarkan daripada air suling dan direndam di
dalam larutan garam berkepekatan tinggi selama satu jam berikutnya.
Apa yang berlaku kepada sel tumbuhan dan terangkan jawapan anda.
F1 : Plasmolysis occurs / Plasmosis berlaku
P1: Concentrated salt solution is hypertonic compare to cell sap of plant
cell.
Larutan garam berkepekatan tinggi hipertonik berbanding sap sel,
sel tumbuhan.
P2 : Water (molecules) diffuses out of the plant cell by osmosis (into
surrounding solution).
Air meresap keluar daripada sel tumbuhan secara osmosis ke
larutan sekeliling
P3 : Cytoplasm / vacuole shrinks
Sitoplasma / vakuol mengecut
P4 : Plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall
Membran plasma tertarik menjauhi dinding sel
Diagram 2 / Rajah 2
(a)(i) What is organ P?
Apakah organ P?
[2 marks/ markah]
3 Diagram 3 shows two cells taken from different parts of a flowering plant.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan dua sel yang diambil daripada bahagian yang berbeza
dalam tumbuhan berbunga.
Diagram 3 / Rajah 3
Cell P is taken from the anther while cell Q is taken from the root tip.
Sel P diambil daripada anter sementara sel Q diambil daripada hujung akar.
(i) Cell / Sel P :Anaphase I / anafasa I (ii) Cell / Sel Q : Anaphase / anafasa
[2 marks/ markah]
(c) Explain chromosomal behaviour during this phase of cell division at cell P
and cell Q.
Jelaskan perlakuan kromosom semasa fasa pembahagian sel pada sel P dan
sel Q.
(i) Cell / Sel P : the paired homologous chromosomes separate and move to
opposite poles
Pasangan kromosom homolog berpisah dan bergerak ke
kutub bertentangan.
(ii) Cell / Sel Q : the chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to
opposite poles
Kromatid setiap kromosom berpisah dan bergerak ke
kutub bertentangan..
[2 marks/ markah]
P : Thyroxine / Tiroksina
Q : ADH // FSH // LH // TSH // ACTH // GH // Oxytocin
Antidiuresis // hormon perangsang folikel // hormon peluteinan //
hormon perangsang tiroid // adrenokortikotrof // hormon
Pertumbuhan // oksitosin
[2 marks/markah]
(a) (ii) In diagram 4, name the gland label with letter R, S and T.
Di dalam rajah 4, namakan kelenjar yang labelkan dengan huruf R, S
dan T.
R: Pancreas / pankreas
S : Adrenal gland / kelenjar adrenal
T : Ovary / ovari
[3 mark/markah]
(b) Some people have the symptom their gland P grows two or three times its
size.
Kadang-kadang terdapat manusia yang mempunyai simptom kelenjar P yang
membesar sehingga dua atau tiga kali saiz sebenar.
(i) Name the condition mentioned above.
Namakan keadaan yang dinyatakan di atas.
Hyperthyroidism / hipertiroidisme
[1 mark/markah]
(ii) Explain why this above problem occur?
Terangkan mengapa masalah diatas berlaku?
Too much thyroxine is secreted / rembesan tiroksina terlalu banyak
[1 mark/markah]
5 Diagram 5 shows human muscles and bones involve in bending the arm.
Rajah 5 menunjukkan otot dan tulang manusia yang terlibat semasa
pembengkokan lengan.
Diagram 5 / Rajah 5
(a)(ii) Explain what will happen to the movement of arm if tissue X is torn off?
Terangkan apakah yang akan berlaku kepada pergerakan lengan jika
tisu X mengalami kecederaan dan terkoyak?
P1- (When tissue X is torn off), pulling force from contraction of
muscle cannot be transmitted to the bone
(Apabila tisu X koyak), daya tarikan daripada pengecutan otot tidak
dapat dipindahkan ke tulang.
P2 – Causing the arm cannot be bend
Menyebabkan Lengan tidak dapat dibengkokan
Any one / mana-mana satu
[1 marks / markah]
(b) Explain the action of muscle which cause the movement of forearm in
Diagram 5
Terangkan tindakan otot-otot yang menyebabkan pergerakan lengan seperti
dalam Rajah 5
P1 – the action of muscles is antagonistic
Otot bertindak secara berantagonis
P2 – When the biceps muscle contract, the triceps muscle relax
Bila otot bisep mengecut, otot trisep mengendur
P3 – The radius is pulled upwards, .
Tulang radius ditarik ke atas
P4 – Causing the arm to bend
Menyebabkan Lengan dibengkokan
[4 marks / markah]
Diagram 6 / Rajah 6
(a) Structure X is connected to the foetus via the umbilical cord.
Struktur X dihubungkan kepada fetus melalui tali pusat.
F3 : Forms a selective barrier between the mother’s blood and the foetal
blood.
Membentuk penghalang selektif diantara darah ibu dan darah fetus
P4: prevent certain toxic substances/ pathogen in the mother’s blood from
entering the foetal blood.
Menghalang beberapa bahan bertoksik / patogen dalam darah ibu
daripada masuk ke daran fetus.
[ 2 marks/ markah ]
(c) Puan Lisa who is Rhesus negative is pregnant. During her first pregnancy, she
carries a foetus which is Rhesus positive . The development of the first foetus was
not affected. However during her second pregnancy , if the foetus is Rhesus
positive, the foetus will be harmed. Puan Lisa should seek medical advice to
prevent this condition .
Puan Lisa mempunyai Rhesus negatif telah hamil. Semasa kehamilan pertama ,
dia mempunyai fetus Rhesus positif. Perkembangan fetus pertamanya tidak
terjejas. Walaubagaimanapun, untuk kehamilan kedua, jika fetus mempunyai
Rhesus positif, kesan yang membahayakan akan berlaku ke atas fetus. Puan Lisa
harus mendapatkan nasihat perubatan untuk mencegah keadaan tersebut
berlaku.
(i) Explain the condition that occur during Puan Lisa’s second pregnancy.
Terangkan keadaan yang berlaku semasa kehamilan kali kedua Puan Lisa.
(ii)
P1- (During Puan Lisa’s second pregnancy), the foetus will experience
erythroblastosis fetalis.
(Semasa kehamilan kali kedua Puan Lisa), fetus akan mengalami
erythroblastosis fetalis.
P2- The anti-D antibodies in the mother’s blood cross the placenta and
destroy the red blood cells of that foetus.
Antibodi anti-D dalam darah ibu akan merentas plasenta dan
memusnahkan sel darah merah fetus tersebut.
P2- The foetus may suffer from severe anaemia/ jaundice/ damage to the
heart/ liver /brain /may die.
Fetus mungkin menderita anemia yang teruk / jaundis / kemusnahan
jantung / hati / otak / mungkin mati
Any two P’s / mana-mana 2P
[2 marks/ markah ]
P2- to destroy and prevent the formation of the anti-Rh antibodies in her
future pregnancies.
Untuk memusnahkan dan menghalang pembentukan antibodi
anti-Rhesus dalam kehamilan akan datang.
[ 2 marks/markah ]
(d) A woman who is a heavy smoker is pregnant. Explain why she should stop
smoking.
Seorang perempuan yang kuat merokok disahkan hamil. Terangkan mengapa
beliau mesti berhenti merokok.
F1 : chemical such as nicotine from cigarette smoke can diffuse through
placenta to the foetus
Bahan kimia seperti nikotin daripada asap rokok boleh meresap melalui
plasenta ke fetus
P1 : the growth of foetus will be retarded/ decrease
Pertumbuhan fetus akan terbantut / berkurang
F2 : Carbon monoxide can diffuse through placenta.
Karbon moksida boleh meresap melalui plasenta
P2 : body tissue will lack of oxygen and reduce its growth / miscarriage.
Tisu badan akan kekurangan oksigen dan berkurangan tumbuseran /
keguguran
[ any 1F + 1P]
Note : Any suitable correct answer also accepted
Mana2 jawapan yang sesuai yang betul boleh juga diterima
[2 marks/markah]