(© setten Staci trates No pert of tia pubtonson mary be photocopied of ethene reproduced wlineit he por permiason a werng of St ee RS Dratt for, Develepinent: Projet & développer "* Evaluation de la résistance des trongons de méts et poteaux en treilis Code de bonne pratique ~ Vornorm ‘#2 : Leitfaden aur Profung der Féstigkeit von Bauteilen von Gittermasten +. “British Standards InstitutionContent: Foreword Committses responsible Back cover Code of practice 1 Scope 3 2 Definitions 3 3. Axes of members 3 4 Mansymbols 4 5 Structural configurations and buckling length 4 5.1 General 4 52 Legmembars 4 53 Brazing patterns 4 6 Calculation of ultimate member stress " 6.1_ Gereral " 62° Calculation of reference stress n 63 Calculation of slenderness parameter " 64 Ultimate member stress 12 65 Selection of buckling curves for angles 12 5.8 Compound membars as bracing 2 6.7. Selection of buckling curve for tubular meribers 13 7 Secondary members 1B 8 Calculation of ultimate strength of memberin tension 13 9 Bolted connections 14 9.1 Ange boited connections 14 9.2 Tubularbolted connections 14 This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard. It is being ssued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature because itis based on the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork Manual on Stability of Steel Structures’, Chapter 9.2 which provides recommendations for the design of latice towers and is not formally recognized as 3 standard. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so that information and experience of its practical application may be obiained, A review of this Draft for Development will be carried out not later than two years after its publication. Notification Of the startof the review period, with a request for the bathiibe Page Appendices . A Calculation of v 18 B Typical values'of 3 21 Tables 1 ‘ffective length facter,& for herizontal of K brace (without plan bracing) 8 2 Applied force as percentage of lag load, F 13 3 Values of 18 4 Typical values of o, for stool of 355 N/mm? yield and a/T < 13,79 2 5 Typical values ofa, for steel of 355 N/mm? yieldanda/T=15 23 & —Typicaivalies ofa, fer steel of 255 N/mm? vield and 8/T-< 16.27 25 Figures 1 Axesof members 3 2° Symmotrical and staggered bracing tolegs 5 3. Cruciform angle sections 5 4 Types of lattice bracing 6 5 Typical plan bracing? 8 8, Kbracinghorizontals without plan bracing 10 7” Granked K bracing H 10 8 Portal 10 8. Locati . 14 10. _ Strut civas 1,3 an 18 n i 7 ission of comments from users of this Oraft for Development will be made in an announcementin the appropriate issue of BS/ News. Observations which itis /e attention before the official call for According to the raplies received, the responsible 3S! Committee will judge whether the Draft for Development canbe converted into a British Standard or what other action should be taken, Ithas bees assumed in the crafting of this Oraft for Development that the execution of its provisions will be entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people,This Draft for Development has bean prepared uncer the on of the Civil Engingering and Building Structures Standards Committe . During the dratting of 8S 8100 : Part 1 (which covers the. loading of lattice towers and masts], calibration exercises ‘ware undertakan to assess the reliability of the various factors propesed in the new British Standard, This Ocaft for Development was used as a means of assessing member strength and is therefore compatible with the partial safety factors given in 8S 8100: Part 1. jon is a Draft for Development and is therefore not to be regarded as a British Standard, See page 1.1 Scope ‘This Oraft for Development provides a basis fer assessing the strength of members and connections for towars ofattca construction consisting of bolted iveted or welded steel angle (or tubular sections. The recommendations givan are valid for both equal end unequal angies, either rolled or cold formed, compound members fabricated from thase sec tubular members. The strengths given are characteristic (95 % probability) values for use with BS 8100: Part 1. For all other aspects of the design, rafarance should be made to BS 8S50: Part } or BS 5400; Part 10. Connection eccentricities assumed in his Oraft for Development are those that ara ractionally applied to lattes towers in the UK. NOTE. Tae ttlas ofthe publications rafared to inthis raft for Development are listed on page 28 2 Definition: For the purposes of this Draft fer Developme the fcllewing fritions apply 21 leg members. Mambars forming the main loadbearing chords of the structura. 22 bracing members. Members other than legs carrying the shear force dus to imposed loads on tha structura. 23 redundant members Members used to reduce the effective length of the manilegs and somatimes that of the bracing. They are nominelly unstressed and ara only loaded due to deformation of the structure. NOTE. Redundant mambers are so secondary members: ss oforrad to 23 3 Axes of members For thie purposes of this Draft for Development the axes of members areas shown in fgura t.. Figure 1. Axes of members Tohohehne ava Rovannatd Seven dea ‘This publication is a Draft for Development and Is therefore not to be regarded as'a British Standard. See page 1.4 Main symbols For tne purposes ofthis Draft for Development the following main symbols apply. Where possible, the symbols sre based fon those given in 85 8100: Paz 1 butithas not been possible to folow those conventions in al cases. cross-sectional area of bolt shank in shear plane {in em’ 8 ——_leglength of angle, ie. breadth © length of individual angle between stitch boits 2 boltortube diameter E modulus of elasticity of steel F k leg load effective length factor for horizontal of K brace with no plan bracing Length NN ratioof the ultimate strength of a member toits tefecence stress compressive force in horizontal of K brace tensile force in horizontal of K brace P2 Q, ultimate strength of bolt fe radius of gyration about w, xx and vy axes, fs respectively T” thickness of angle leg ' thickness of tube wall x distance from centre line of bolt to end of member y distance from centre line of bolt to edge of member 2 spacing between bolts & maximum 8/Tratio for which g,= oy Perry factor (non-dimensional) 7 slenderness ratio, ie. effective length divided by radius of gyration ‘A non-dimensional slendesness parameter A affective non-dimensional slenderness parameter 54 specified minimum yield strength of bolt stee! ©, specified minimum ultimate tensile strength of bolt steel oy specified minimum yield strength of steel member o, reference stress of member (obtained from 6.2) %, ultimate orlimit strength of member ‘This publication is 2 Oraft for Development and is therefore not to be regarde 5 Structural configurations and buckling length 6.1 General ec “Thera area numberof cferinteanfiguacns whith are commeniy used in ates towers and each requis saparsto consideration. 52 Lag members 521 Single members. Single angles oe tubular sacons may ‘be usad for leg sactions. The capacity of the leg wil be epardent on tha type of bracogd used io sabia he fog. For logs or chords with anal compresiio ad bracod symmetically in Swo neal planes the offacsve dondemess ratio should be determined from the length Between, nodes, Le. intersections of bracings, nid the ac .wv axis for angle sections and about the xx axis for tubular sections (see figure 2 (a) and fo) When the bracings staggered in two normal lanes, the effective length should be taken as the length between nodes ‘on one face and the radius of gyration about the rectangular ‘shuld ba used 0 calult the slender rata [s00 figure 2c) and Where angle members are used, to compensata fer the simultaneous deflections of theleg about the vy andzz axes (see figure 1) alower buclng load shouldbe obtained forthe case shown in figure 2 (¢) by the use ofa ctferent Suckling curve givinin 653. 522 Compound members, Compound members for legs may be buit up with two angles in enicform seétion and then taken as fly composite weldéd éenthivcusly (sco figure 3 al). When bolted {soe figure 3 (5) the possible addtional dafermations due té shear shouldbe taken into account by modifying the slandamess raion accerdance with the following: Bede ds? / where \ Agis the slandemess ratio of the full mamber, . 1s the slandamess rato of one component anga= C/ryy NOTE. Itis good practice have ig > Ay and'dy < 40%0 50. 53. Bracing patterns 5.21 Single latice. A single latcg is commonly used where the loads are light and the lengths relatively shor. as for instance near the top of latice towers (s8e figure <(a). The slendemess ratio should be taken a3 Legg for angi = Urq for tubes. 4Angles Tubes LL dali de Vig @ bay ha tex 6 Figure 2. Symmetrical and staggered bracing tolegs. da lng ha We (a ‘a Figure 3. Cruciform angle sections tandard. Ses page 1.British Standard Seepage 1. 4 Types of lattice bracing t to ba regarded asa@ . Figure 4. (concluded) ‘This publication is a Draft for Development and is therefore not to be'ragarded as a British Standard. See page 15.32 Single lanice with redundant members. A single letice tundant members should be used where itis sary to provide intermeciare restraints te one chord but 20 tothe other, a8 forins:ance in cross arm designs [see figure 4 [b). The redundant membars, in addition to stabilizing the chord, provide a cesraint in one plane to the bracinglattice ac the aointof attachment For single angle bracing this restraint may be assumed to be such that the bueKling on the minimum axis (vvl will only take place over the length L,, Buckling over the whole length!» ‘may take place on the appropriate rectangular axis box or yr) for angles and the xx axis for tubes. When additional loads are introduced to the bracing at the intermedite suppor, buckling (on the minimum axis should be calculated by taking the ‘maximum load in the bracing over the appropriate short length: buckling on the rectangular axis isthe buckling ofa strut with @ variable load and may be approximated by taking the sum of 0.75 x the heavier load and 0.25x the lighter oad as being the effective load acting for buckling over the whole length of La on the rectangular axis, The slenderness ratio should be taken as: Ay ls /eyy Ot da =La/hyy for angles; Az=La/tey fortubes. 5.33 Cross bracing. Provided the loadis equally spit into tension and compression and provided also that both members are continuous (see figure ¢(c), the cantre of the cross may be considered as a point of restraint both transverse to andin the plane of the bracing and the eritical buckling length becomes length L an the minimum axis. The slendemess ratio should be taken as: 2) = Ls/hy for angles: Jy =L1/ eqn for tubes. When the load is not equally split nto tension and compression and provided bath members are continuous the ‘compression members should be checked in the same way for the worst compressive load, In addition, it should be checked that the sum ofthe load carrying capacities of bth members in compression is st least equal to the algebraicsum of the loads in the two members. For the calculation of te load carrying capacities, the buckling length isthe whole length Lz and the radius of gyrations that about the rectangular axis parallel tothe plane of the bracing. ‘The slenderess ratio should be taken as: Ag =hal rg OF La/tyy for angles: dq =La/ ty, for tubes. 53.4 Cross bracing with redundant members. Where redundant members are inserted to stabilize the legs (see figure 4 (dl), they also reduce the buckling length on the ‘minimum axis 10.5, The slenderness ratio should be taker a. Jg= Lahey for angles: a/ ay for tubes. with Buckling should be checked ever length £) on axis for Suckling wensversa to Uve bracing and then over long: 4; forthe algetraic sum of the loads {sea 53.3), 53.5 Discontinuous cross bracing with continucus horzental at ‘centre intersection, The horizontal member should be sutficienty stif in the transverse direction te provide restraints forthe load cases where the compression in one membar exceeds the tension in the other or both members are in compression (see figura 4 (a). This exterion should ba satisfied by ensuring that the horizontal member ‘ill withstand (as a strut over its full length on the rectangular axis) the algebraic sum of the loadin the two members of the cross brace resolved in the horizontal czection, 5.3.6 Cross bracing with diagonal corner stays. In some types of cross bracing where the lengthis ratherlonger than desirable, a corner stay is inserved to reduce the buckling length transverse to the plane of bracing (see figure'4 (f). A similar procedure to that used for 5.3.3 may be used o determine whether this will provide a satisfactory restraint. In this case five stability checks should be carried out. (a). Stability of member against the maximum load over length £ on the minimum axis, (b) Stability of member against the maximum load over length £2 on the transverse rectangular axis. {c) Stability of wo members in cross brace against the algebraic sum of loads in crass brace over langths on the transverse axis, (4) Stability of wo members (ona in each of two adjacent faces) against the algebraic sum ofloads in two members connected by diagerial corner brace over length Laon the transverse axis: {e) Stability of four members {each member of cross brace in two adjacent faces) against the algebraic sum of loads in all four members over length Lon the wansverse axis. a 53.7 Multiple lattice bracing. The angle bracing members of a multiple latice configuration should be designed as redundant members on & buckling length from leg to leg with the appropriate radius of gyration fxg Or fy (see figura 4 (gl). For the stability ofthe panel rzx/hy should be greater than 1.50 (rq the rads of gyration about the axis parallel to the plane of the lattice) and the overall slendernass ratio L/r4, should be less than 360. Furthermore the stability of the member should be checked under the applied load on the eritcal buckling langth dg for the slenderass ratio Lo/ rye 5.38 K bracing (see figure 4 (hi). 53.8.1 Diagonal members. The critical buckling length is Gon the miniruim aiia and the slendarness ratio should bo taken as: Ay =L4/ryy for angle Ay = Ly/t for tubes. ‘This publication is a Oraft for Development and is therefore not to be regarded aga British Standard. See page 1. aBuckling over length L on the ractangulat axis should also bbe checked if ro hip bracing has been provided, thus the slenderness ratio should be takan asi Ags bal ten OF Lad ty \Whare triangulated hip bracing has been provided, then the appropriate length between such hip members, ie. Ls, should be used for buckling on the rectangular axis, thus the slenderess ratio should be taken as: Ag = Lg / hex 9F L/h yy 8.3.82 Horizontal members with plan bracing. Where the length of the horizontal edge members becomes large, its normal to intraduce plan bracing to provide transverse stability. ‘The effective length of the horizontal memaeris the distance between intersection points of the plan bracing for buckling transverse to the frame, and the distance between suppor's in plane for buckling in the plane of the: frame. Care is needed in the choice of the vv orxxaxes for single angle members, and the vv axis should be sed unless suitable restraint by bracing is provided at or about the mid-point of the buckling length, Selection of the buckling curve should be based on the tend conditions of the length of member under consideration in accordance with clause 6. Where the plan is not fully triangulated, adcitional allowance should be made for the bending stresses induced in the edge members by loads, @.g. wind, transverse to the frame (see figure 5) 5.3.8.3 Horizontal members without plan bracing. For small widths of towers, plan bracing may sometimes be omitted. As the horizontal members usually have compression in ‘one half oftheir length and tension in tha other, the effective length AL of tha horizontal transverse to che frame should be daterminad fram table 1 depending on the ratio of the compression foad, py, to the tension load, pa. ‘The ractangular radius of gyration should be used for buckling transverse to the frame except that for single angle members, restraint by bracing at intervals along the length should be provided. f such bracing is nat provided then the radius of gyration about the vv axis should be used (see figure 6)) For the selection of buckling curve the member should be considered as discontinuous. Table 1; Effective length factor, kfor horizontal of K braca (without plan bracing) Effective length Ratio?,/P, fectork 20 0.73 0.2 7 0.67 04 0.62 06 087 08 053. 10 0.50 Additional aliowane should be mada for the bending ‘stresses induced in the edge members by loads, e.g. wind, transverse ta the fram oH + Folly triangulated Not fuliy Figure 8. Typical plan bracing This publication is a Draft for Development and is therefore not tobe regarded as a British Standard. See page 1.Q 6 133: 1886 As kL/ryx for tubo: | | | Dekh / ray A=kL/ryy for angles Figure 6. K bracing horizontals without plan bracing ae 5.38.4 CronkedK braving. Forlarge tower widths, a crank 53.8.5 Portalframe, Ahorizontal members ometimes. orbend may be introduced into the main diagonals see introduced atthe bend totum the panel into portal frame igure 7) Thishas the effect of reducing the length and _ (see figure 8) The main disadvantage of hs is tho lack of size of tha redundant mambers but produces high articulation present in the K brace, This system is stressesin the members mesting atthe bend and Sensitive to foundation settlement or movement snd necessitates transverse support the joint. Diagonals special consideration should be given to this possibilty. nc herzontals should be designed as for K bracing, tHfective lengths of ciagonals baing related tothe lengths ta tre knee joint -~ Figure 7. Cranked K bracing This publication is a Draft for Development and Is therefore not to be regarded as a British Standard. See page 1. 106 Calculation of ultimate member stress 61 General In order tocsiculae the uate strss ofthe member, the reference sess, 2, and slendemess parameter, should bo catarmines 62 Caleulaion of reference sess The reference siess, 0, retired to derive theultimate stress ofa member shouldbe calelated as follows. (al Hovilled angle sections @, ~a,it8/T 4/30 where ay isthe specified minimum yield strass of raterial of member, 8 isthe leg length of angle llargerlength for unequal angles and the bolted length for compound angles); T isthe thickness of angle leg; ss7y/(E), E isthe modulus of elastic (b) Hot lect tubular sections WitO/t e Dh where Gy isthe specitied minimum yield stress of material of member, D isthe diameter of tubulér section; {isthe wall thickness of tubular section; « =nor6y/(£): E is she modulus of elasticity, (c) Cola formed angle sections 2, =Hyit B/T 3/20 where 4g, is the specified minimum yield strass of material of member after forming: 2 isthe length of angle (larger length for unequal angles and the bolted langth for compound angles); 7 isthe thickness ange 2 soy(F) ) E isthe modulus of aasticity. 8.3 Calculation of slenderess parameter In order to calculate the capacity of members in compression a non-dimensional slandarness parameter, A, should be calculated as fellows, {a) Angle members v6 wher 2 is the slenderess fatio of membar about the appropriata axis forwhich strength is raquired, as given inclause 5; 4 tsobtaed trom 62! £ isthe modulus of etsy of test, (o) Tube members Aw (2) Pa Avs «where : 42. is the slondernass ratio of member about appropriate axis for which strength is required, a3,gvenin clause 5 4 is obtained from 6.2; £ is the modulus of lestcity of steot; Kis taken from one of ha following: tubeleg with balted bracings tube lag with welded bracings tube bracing with flattoned ands either bolted or welded continuous tubs Bracing Wo Dyis the diameter of ths bracing Dois the diameter of the lag member. Ifthe walded bracingis attached to meribers of different diameters at each end, K should be calculated for both ands and the mean value of ised, ‘This publication is a Draft for Development and is therefore not to ¢ regarded as a British Standard. See page 1. "4 Ultimate member stress re ultimate member stress of a member z, should be Jeulated as: =o, where N_may be obtained from appendix A (see figures 10nd 11 or table 3, as sppropriate for the member type and Its configuration defines 6.5 10 6.7 and corresponding to the slenderness parameter A calculated in accordance with 6.3 |; @, iS obtained From 6.2. pical values of a, for steels of various quality and angle "Tatios ara given in appendix 8. 5. Selection of buckling curves for angles 15.1. General, The basic buckling curve for lag members ‘cresponds tothe case of an axially loaded strut, ‘entinuous through a number of panels, modified where spplicable for staggered supports The end connections of bracing members usuelly however produce eccentricities and restraints, both of which affect ine carrying capacity of the members. As the slenderness ratio increases, so the effect of the JFfereciy diminishes and the beef fac ofthe and nity increases, £0 that for calculation purposes it should be assumed that these affects will cancel each other out fa slenderness parameter value = V2. Rilower slenderness ratios, the capacity of single bolted snambersis normally governed by the capacity of the eonnection for higher slendemness ratios, the beneficial effect of end festraints becomes more important then the negative one ‘Ove tothe eccentricity of the connection, thus enabling a letter curve to be used where suitable end fixity exists {pall cases buckling lengths are the geometrical ones, i distance between centr line intersections 85.2 Legor bracing members: continuous et both ends wi s}iihetric bracing. When the bracing to the member ig symmetcicin two normal planes, the following curves should be used: {a} forbueking about vy an% figure 2 (a) or2 (I: where d is less than V2: curve 4 where Ais greater than v2: {b) forbuckling about xx axis (figure 2 (el curve (1) G53 Leg or bracing members:continuous at both ends toh unsyrmetrie bracing. When the bracing is staggered 5 in figure 2 (4), buckling will ccur on the xx axis only And the following curves shouldbe used curve 2 where Ais ess than V2; curve 8 where Ais greater than v2. his publication is a Oraft for Development and is therefore not to be regarded as 8.5.4 All members with continuity at one end anly. When members are continuous at one end and connected to adjoining members at the cther end, tha following curves, should be used, (1) forbuckting about ww axis curve 3 where isles than v2: uve & where 4s greater than v2; (2) for buckling about xx or vy axis curve 4 (b) With single bolts atthe connected end: (1) for buckling about vw axis: curve 3 where's lass than y: curv t where ds greater than 2; (2) for buckling absuitxx ory axis: curve 4 where 4s ess than ¥ curd 1 where is greater than v2. 6.555 Allmembers discontinuous at ath ends. Whin members consist ofa single span with connections at both ends to agjining members, th following curves shouldbe use {2) With minimum of two bolts at each enc: (1) forbuckting about vv axis: curves: (2) forbuckling about xx or vy axis! curve 5. (b) With single bolts at each end: (1) for buckling about vv axis: curve 4 where dis less than V2." curve 1 where dis grater than V2; (2) for buckling about xx or yy axis: curve 5 where d is less than V2; curve 6 where Ais greater than v2. 16.5 Compound members as bracing 6.5.1 General. Compound members cdisistng of two angles back to beck forming a1) separated bya small distance and connected et intervals by pacers end stitch bolts may beused for bracing. They should be checked for buckling about both rectangular axes es follows. (a) For bucingabous the xx a0 (g00 igure 1h-The wo angles should be assumed to aet composite forthe purpose ofealeulating stifness end radius of gyration. ‘The selection of bucklig cuive thould be made accordance with 85. (b) For buckling about-the yy axis-(s ‘The additional dafortation due to shear should bs taken into account by:modifying the slenderess ratio in accordance with the following: a Belge? igure.t)so0- = j British Standard. See page 1. 12sderness ratio of the full composite 4y is the slenderness of one component angle 2/0 In order to keep the affect of this interaction to @ minimum, the spacing between stitch bolts should be limited to give a maximum value 1; of $0 oF 0.75 1, whicheveris the smaller, Stitch bolts do not provide full composite act the gap between the angles exceeds 1.5.x the thickness of the angle, and the pro calculated assuming 3 gap equal to the true figure or 1.5 x he thickness, whichaveris the lessar.Itis, permissible for the properties corresponding to the full gap to be taken if batten plates are used in addition to stitch bolts. For the selection of buckling curve, itis permissible for the member to be considered axially loaded, but 2s, there is usually no significant end restraint about the axis of symmetry the beneficial effects of two bolts should be ignored, Consequently curve 1 should be used forall tenderness ratios irrespective of the umber of bolts in the end connection. 6.7 Selection of buckling curve for tubular members ‘The carryieg capacity of tubular members in compression is influenced by the dagree of end fixity which is taken into account andin the calculation of the slenderness parameter in 63. In this case curve 1 should be used for all values of A forall tubular members, 7 Secondary members Incrderto design secondary members itis necessary to introduce 2 hypothetical force acting transverse to the, member beiig stabilized at the node point of the attachment of the secondary member. This force varies with the slendemess ratio of the member being stabilzed andis expressed as a percentage of the leg load, For other member it ota leg). Values ofthis percentage for various values of tha slendemess rato ofthe leg should be taken from table 2 This slendemess ratio is usually: eww where Lis the length between nodes; fev _ is the minimum radius af gyration. This force should be applied at each node in plane of the bracing. ‘The bracing should also be checked separately for 25 % of leg load shared equally between all the nada points along the length of the leg a @ panel, excluding the frst and last allthes@ im andin the [ Table2 Apslieg force az percsntaga of ieg load, F Slanderets | Appliadlovce | saat Pe Wereanage ot) % Oto 40 1.02 45 118 50. 128 55 1.42 60 1.52 65 1.60 70 1.65 75 1.70 80 1.75 as 1.80 80 1.85 95 1.92 100 2.00 loads acting together and in the same direction ie. at right “angles to the leg and in the plane of the bracing. [NOTE 1. Those loads are not adctive to tha existing forces on Ifthe main member is eccentically loaded or the angle between the main diagonal of@ K brace and the leg is less than 25° then this figure maybe unsafe and a mors refined value should be cbtaired by taking into account the eccentricity moment and secondary stresses arising from leg deformation. NOTE 2. Common design practioa confirmed by test experience is to design ransverse braces Yor % to 25% of the maximums compression load of tha colurnn nd tolimit the slendermess ‘ati. In general if the bracing strength requirements ara met, the stiffness requirements should be sfficiant. ‘Where the direction of bucklingcan bein the plane of the bracing because of the symmety of the leg section, a. solid ‘or hollow rodnd séctions, theritha figures should be muttipied by afactor of v2. . 8 Calculation of ultimate strength of member in tension ‘Tho uldmate standin ints th product of “ the yield strength and the nett sactional area. ‘Tha nett sectional area of an angle connected through ons leg ‘should be taken 2s the nett aregof the connected leg Le. gross {area minus holes, plus half the area of the unconnacted leg. The hnatt sectional area’ of an angle’ suitably connectéd through both legs should be taken as tha sum of the nett areas of both legs. ie. gross area minus holes ‘This publication is a Draft for De slopmant and is therefore not to.b s Fegarded as a British Standard, Sea page 1. 139 Boited connections 2.1 Angie bolted conneesions ctions shaule be designed in accordance wth Part 1 but with xe mocification thatthe ulti: rovic be the least of te folowir srengih ot abelt Q, igure 3} to the ultimate ens srerge bole s 0,20.85 6,4, or 0.95 ap, whichever is the (6) Ltvimace beering strength The utimate bearing tress is ‘normally related tothe acceptable amount of deformason in the hole and whilst values up to three times yield can be used without failure, tis recommended thatthe stress is leit to twice the veld strength ofthe member steel 0 ceduce the deformation to acceptable iis ie 0,=200To,. (e) Endl eistance of bat (x) 1.33 047 ferx > 1.50 Oa (x — 0/2) Ttorxs 150 (6) Centres of bits fr mutate bok connections O20 (2-0/2 (e) Edge distance of bot 022.87 ay fy = 0/2)T (see -srengzn. For ultimate loads this i rated nd the yield strength cf she orl an vltimata baring trangth of 2007, Dandy 31250 anes > 250. This's Sher ailowance Aas bean mad fooling tolerances in as 92 Tubular bolted connections: ‘Where flattened ends or gusset plates are used. tha ‘connecrions should be designed in accordance with BS S950: rt ‘Where round flange joints are used in tubular members, the following design recommendations should be folewed. (a) Forsing fange joins, the fanga thickness should not be less than three times the tube thickness. ib) Forbisnk fange joints, the Range thickness should not bbe less than twice tha tube thickness. (c) The pitch circle diameter of the bolts should be as small as possible, (¢) The tension capacity of the bolts should be 20 % higher than the design tension lead in the member. {8} The ‘edge’ distance between the Hange edge and pitch Circle diameter should not normally be less than 1.25 dimes the bolt diameter. (f) The flange thickness quoted here assumas the use of the same grade of material as the tube. Where different grades of steel are used, the minimum thickness can be varied in accordance with the ratio of their respective yield strengths. NOTE. tts (a) t (a) iat tothe Srangih of tha ange adie may ‘ba ncesary to increas tha minimum thickness to componsat for ‘welding cstorson particulary inthe casa of bank Manges Figure 9. Location of bolts This publication is a Oraft for Development ani is therafora not to be regarded aia British Standard. See page 1.Calculation of V Ais obtained from 3 by one the following equations appropriate ta the member type and configuration as given in - clause & ‘The releton becween W and dis: (98211 Meat AeA curve? from which can be obtained as felows: H=0.03+1.128.4 curve? 4 =026+082324 curved SI aR eae ar %=050+068644 cured 420707 +084844 curves 4 =040+086384 curved Values of W for various values of 4 for these cases are shown infigures 10 and 11 and givsn in able 3, This publication Is a Draft for Development and is therefore not to be regarded az a British Standard. See page 1.or as. ul a os: N 04: 03: T ary ox +r T + a os 10 15 20 25 30 Non-dimansional slendemess ratio A Figuee 10, Strut curves 1.3 and 4 This publication is» Draft for Development and is therefora not to be regarded ax a British Standard. See page'1.08: 07 06 os: 16, y oe 03 02: os i | é 05 10 15 20 as 30 | [Non-dimensional slondemess ratio A ; Figure 11. Strut curves 2 Sand 6 ‘This publication is a Draft for Development and Is therefore not to be regarded as a British Standard. See page 1. 7Table 3. Value o! cos | Fa [ooo [oor foce [acs [oos [aos laos | oor eo [sat cones-eauoond = 4 ; ; 1 1 83 | asees Goes | Gseos | osro: | sve, | are: | Gane | Sons j oz | Gens taser | asses | asess | aacoe’| oases [came | cut os | 09531 os46a | osss6 | 0.9423 | age00 | 09376 | 09352 | 09327 | a6 0.9301 99219 | 09190 | a9160 | 09129 | os097, 0.9030 1 oe | Gaaes Geez: | sees | S209 | oauer | cevas .| Genre |(GIM | asose ge | Geers Ges Jasse asses | oasie | aves. | acres | Sti | Sabee 33 | Secon Stars |essor [assy | azeer | Gress’ | anaes [Gras | coe 193 | abeee Gines | azoea | oaser | casts | acess | acrse | score | Sosa Lad | Saase Gases: | Gases fossa | oeise | caoso | asses | ossio | aces j 3d | Ssree aaa Jassco fascs oscio |oase | Scare | Sezos | S82 [33 | Séore asst | cscs [acess [aces .| eras .| acest | Gets | Giese jas | Ger aia |ecsrs [asses Jassie losis ase | sss | cay [us 0.3969 0.3876 | 03831 | 03786 | 03742 | 03699 | 0.3657 | 03615 | 0.3573 (3S) | esess Gas |Gaeis | asary | oause | casos |O30ee | cases | Sats 1 | Gates aoe: | Gaoco | o3cay | oases | cases | Gzese | zor | Gaon ta | Saae ares [aves | zrzy | casas [ase | zee | cuore | S303 1 | eases Gait |Gacee | ozcea | azeue | ezezo .|o2507 | nse | azn 133 | ase azaa | cases | azaa | oases | casas | Gaver | Sites | Sits | leans Gaace | czas [axe | zoe | eaori | arses ore | Sie | 22 0.1942 0.1908 | 01692 | 0.1876 | 0.1860 | 0.1864 | 1828 | 01813 | a1798 Pa era ives Jase Jerse | orrio /aress | atees | ciecs | cress [eas iors [areas atar rare |evese [Giese [aise | aiess [aise Giese [oues fore [are [Guss |orse |ese | ors [atc tase [Gisve |eraee |orass [aise | ore (arse | ory BSS Glass [Gtaes [Gio [rast (anise | Sues] cise | ary 3 | Glee Guar [Stes |eues [ai [ares |ener [aus | crs Bois cuz [ais {roe |etioo [atess |igse | aio | sions 22 - | alos dios [Goss fotos [eros: [aise |eioie [ror | eroce Bt Cane 2 eqn = 008 + 1.12614 oz |ossar |assi2 | asess | ose | asses | osess | assz2 | oseis ames 22 | ates | Gener [Gane |cano | sess oan (acess | anne prt 82. |Gaste | Asene foscze [esse asus lessee | asus" | osecs sas 83 |Ssszo | Ssesr | asser /ecazeo |asier |oores | Gots | oaose one | os 08977 | 0.8935 | 0.8892 | 0.8848 | 0.8801 | 0.8753 | 0.8704 | 0.8652 08543 Gf | Gseas |Gerzr | Geoce | ass [Gene [ogi |astor | oacao Gtass | a | SSeoe | Sotze | Giese | Sraer [Sos fanor |asar. | azar orose 83 | Sasso | Sees | arse [cares | caore | ceao [aca | oases ares 83 |Samne | Seorz | asoss | osece | asses [accor |esoor | assee one 12 |gemur | gemiz | asee | Ssoes acess [ase | ccese | avo ass? 1 /SS82 /Qie [Sues | Seats [Siste | estes [aus | exe iets 12 [QEESE | SSser | SSess | deer | ESier [Sra | caeoe | a3eer: | exeoe | azeee 1 [esse | esses ‘This publication is a Draft for Development and is therefore not to be regarded as.a British Standard. Sea page 1. 18Table 3 fecntinved) 4 [eco [oor |oce [ocr foo |oos {acs [oor |oce . | aca {c} Curved equation F = 025 + 082324 02 | ossea |oss74 | oaseo | ose | ose: | aseis | asso: | osses | ossca | ossss o3 | oss37 | oss20 | assoa | ostas | osssa | asaso | osss2 | o9e3 | asass | asa7e a4 | oasss | os2a3 | ag312 | 08200 | osz6a | osz4s | 09222 | osise | osi74 | asia os | aai2« | ascs7 | oso70 | ososs | osore | oases | 0895s | oss24 | oases | oseso oe | 03827 | og7ea | os7s7 | oa7z1 | ossas | ose | oaso7 | oese7 | asszs | osses 07 | asesr | 08397 | oe351 | 0830s | 08257 | aszos | ostss | asios | o0s7 | oscos oe |ares: | o7ess | a7sar | o77es | 07727 | area |areio | 07580 | a7aso | 07429 os }a7ser | 07305 | 07243 | oro | a7118 |.07052 | asses | ossze | assco | o87s6 10 | 08731 | 06867 | asso2 | o8ss8 | oss7s | assto | sass | 06282 | aszia | osise a1 | aace4--] 06032 | 05970 | oss09 | assets | os7ea |as728 | osssa | assr0 | osss2 12 | osesa | osaa7 |osza1 | asazs |aszes |oszts | asist | asto7 | asosa | ascoz 33 | 04950 | osess | oseaa | a47aa | o47s0 | os7o1 | o4s53 | oa6os | ossss | aasia va [oser | oaazz | ~ (4) Curve equation 7 = 0.50 + 0.84844 02 | 08221 | asz0z | ostes j.asiss | asias |ost24 | astos | osc | asoso | os0s9 03 | asois | 08993 | 02970 | oesss | 09922 | 08997 | 08872 | ceeds | o8ezo | 08793 o4 | asves | 08737 | 08708 | 08679 | assso | assis | oss | ossss | ossze | oess1 os |asss7 | oss23 |ossse |osss2 |asste |.asz7s | osze1 | osz03 | asiss | osize os | asoss | 08043 | osoo2 |a796¢0 }.07917 | 07874 | a7e30 | o77es |a7741 | o7695 07 | o7ea9 | 07603 | 07558 | a7509 | 07481 | o7si3 | arses | 07316 | 07267 | 07217 os joree | aria | 0706s | o70r8 | osss7 | ass17 |asass | osais | as76s | os7i5 os | assse | ossi3 | osses | ossi2 | assez | aser2 | assez | assiz | oszez | 06212 xo oes |asita |ososs | osote | ossea | oss20 | asa72 | osaze | 08777 | 05730 aa | osses fasea7 | osss1 |ossas |ossor | ossse | assi1 | osze7 | 08323 | 05260 12. | 08237 |asiss | osisz |astio | ascsa | 06027 | ossas | o4e4s | o«s0s | ocaes xa. | aazs | 04787 | 04743 .| 4711 | 04673 | o4635 | o4ssa | o4ser | 04825 | acces oasis | oases | 0449 | oss | 04281 |osze7 | oe2ia [aster | osias 1a 15 oaosa | 04053 | 04022 | o3991 | a3s60 [03930 | 03800 | 03870 | asset 1s o37a3_aa7ss | o3727 | 03699 | 03671 | o2es4 | 03617 | 03530 | asses W o3si1 joasss | o3ee0 | oases |ozsio | oases | ozer |oa227 | oss 13 326s | 03243 [03220 | o3ts7 | 0317s |a31s3 | 03130 | asic | o2087 19 | oa6s | 03044 | 03023 | 03003 | 02982 | 02962 | 02982 | 02922 | 02902 | o28s2 20 | oz63 |o2es | oza25 | 02608 | 02787 | 02768 | 02750 | 02732 | a2714 | a2es6 21 | 02879 | 02681 | 02644 | 02627 | 02610 | 02593 | 02576 | 02560 | o2s42 | 02527 22 | 02511 | oz4s6 | ozeso | aze6¢ | azess | 02433 | o2418 | o2403 | 02308 | 02374 23 | ozsa | ozs |a2330 | 02316 | 02302 | o2zae | 02274 | 02260 | 02246 | 02233 24 | 02220 | 02206 | oz1sa | a21e0 | 02167 | o215¢ | o2142 | 02129 | 02117 | 02104 25 | 02092 | 02080 | 02063 | 02056 | 02044 | 02032 | 02020 | 02009 | o19s7 | otses 26 |ors7s |atses |otsss j aise |o1ss1 |.ats20 | o1s03 | o1sss | o1sea | 1879 27 | 0167 | aras7 | ores7 | orea7 | o1e27 | arst7 | oreo7 |oi7s7 | or7er | a1778 axes |01753 | ares | 01740 [01731 |oiz21 |ar2 | 01703 | o1@s¢ | ateas 29 | o1s7 | arses |aress | orsso | ore42 | 01633 | or625 | arsie | o1608 | 1600 30 | arssz | arses | 01876 | arsea | ors6o | orssz |orsée | orsss | otsza | 01521 ‘This publication is a Oraft for Development and is therafore not to be regarded as a British Standard. See page 1. 19