Energy: Topic 1: 1.1 Energy and Chemistry

Topic 1: Energy
1.1 Energy and Chemistry
A. Defining Energy
B. Transformation
and
Conservation of
Energy
C. Heat Capacity
and Calorimetry
Learning Outcomes
1.1.1 Define energy, distinguish different forms
of energy and carry out conversions of energy
units
1.1.2 Determine energy transformation
1.1.3 Define Work and heat using the standard
sign conventions
1.1.4 Define calorimetry
1.1.5 Calculate heat capacity and specific heat
A. Defining Energy
References:
Brown, et al. 2018. Chemistry: The Central Science. Pearson.
Brown, et al. 2018. Chemistry for Engineering students. Cengage Learning
Energy - the capacity to do work or transfer

heat
Categories of Energy
Potential energy is associated with the
relative position of an object (a “stored”
energy).
Kinetic energy is associated with motion.
Forms of Energy
References:
Internal energy is the combined kinetic and

potential energies of the atoms and molecules
that make up an object.
Chemical energy is associated in most

chemical reactions (a form of potential energy);
the energy released when bonds are broken in
the reactants and new bonds are formed in the
products.
Forms of Energy
References:
Radiant energy is associated with light or

electromagnetic radiation.
Mechanical energy is associated with the

movement of macroscopic objects.
Thermal energy arises from the temperature of

an object and can be associated with the
molecular level motion of atoms and molecules.
Forms of Energy
References:
Electrical energy results from moving

charge—usually electrons in a metal.
Nuclear energy, which can be released

in nuclear fusion and fission processes, is
a form of potential energy associated with
the arrangement of protons and neutrons
in atomic nuclei.
Units of Energy
References:
The SI unit of energy is the joule ( J).

1 J = 1 kg m2/s2
British thermal unit (Btu) - the amount of
energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb
of water by 1°F
calorie (cal) - the amount of energy required to
heat 1 g of water from 14.5 to 15.5°C.
Conversion Factors
References:
1 cal = 4.184 J
1 Btu = 1055 J
1 Calorie (Cal) = 1 kcal
1 Cal=1000 cal
1 Cal = 4184 J = 4.184 kJ
1 kJ=1000 J
Determining Significant Figures
In any measurement that is properly reported, all nonzero digits are significant. Because
zeros can be used either as part of the measured value or merely to locate the decimal
point, they may or may not be significant:
1. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant—1005 kg (four significant
figures); 7.03 cm (three significant figures).
2. Zeros at the beginning of a number are never significant; they merely indicate
the position of the decimal point—0.02 g (one significant figure); 0.0026 cm (two
significant figures).
3. Zeros at the end of a number are significant if the number contains a decimal
point—0.0200 g (three significant figures); 3.0 cm (two significant figures).
Significant Figures in Calculation
B. Transformation
and Conservation of Energy
References:
The first law of thermodynamics states that

energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can
be transformed from one form to another (that
is, energy is conserved).
Click here for

video link.
Energy Conversion Processes
References:
Device Energy Conversion

Electric heater Electrical –> thermal
Hair drier Electrical –> thermal
Electric generator Mechanical –> electrical
Electric motor Electrical –> mechanical
Battery Chemical –> electrical
Steam boiler Chemical –> thermal
References:

Home gas furnace Chemical –> thermal
Home oil furnace Chemical –> thermal
Home coal furnace Chemical –> thermal
Steam turbine thermal –> mechanical
Gas turbine chemical –> mechanical
Automobile engine chemical –> mechanical
References:

Fluorescent lamp Electrical –> light
Silicon solar cell Solar –> electrical
Steam locomotive Chemical –> mechanical
Incandescent lamp Electrical –> light
System and Surroundings
References:
System - the part of the universe that is being

considered or the portion singled out for study
Surroundings - everything else or the
remainder of the universe
The system plus the surroundings must equal
the universe.
The system and the surroundings are separated
by a boundary.
Types of Systems
References:
Systems may be open, closed, or isolated.

An open system is one in which matter and
energy can be exchanged with the
surroundings. An uncovered pot of boiling water
on a stove, is an open system. Heat comes into
the system from the stove, and water is
released to the surroundings as steam.
Types of Systems
References:
The systems we can most readily study in

thermochemistry are called closed
systems—systems that can exchange energy
but not matter with their surroundings.
For example, consider a mixture of hydrogen gas, H2, and oxygen gas, O2,
in a cylinder fitted with a piston. Although the chemical form of the hydrogen
and oxygen atoms in the system is changed by this reaction, the system has
not lost or gained mass, which means it has not exchanged any matter with
its surroundings. However, it can exchange energy with its surroundings in
the form of work and heat.
Types of Systems
References:
An isolated system is one in which neither

energy nor matter can be exchanged with the
surroundings.
An insulated thermos containing hot coffee
approximates an isolated system. We know,
however, that the coffee eventually cools, so it is
not perfectly isolated.
Forms of Energy Transfer
References:
Heat is the flow of energy between two objects,

from the warmer one to the cooler one, because
of a difference in their temperatures.
Work is the transfer of energy accomplished by

a force moving a mass some distance against
resistance.
Change in Energy
References:
The internal energy ∆E of a system changes in

magnitude as heat is added to or removed from
the system or as work is done on or by the
system.
Heat is commonly designated as q and work as
w.
The first law of thermodynamics
References:
∆E = q + w
Sign Convention
Quantity Positive (+) Negative (-)
q Heat added to the system Heat removed from the system
w Work done on system Work done by system
∆E Net gain of energy by system Net loss of energy by system

Endothermic and Exothermic
Processes
References:
When a process occurs in which the system

absorbs heat, the process is called endothermic
(endo- means “into”).
During an endothermic process, such as the
melting of ice, heat flows into the system from its
surroundings. If we, as part of the surroundings,
touch a container in which ice is melting, the
container feels cold to us because heat has
passed from our hand to the container.
Endothermic and Exothermic
Processes
References:
A process in which the system loses heat is

called exothermic (exo- means “out of”).
During an exothermic process, such as the

combustion of gasoline, heat exits or flows out
of the system into the surroundings [Figure
5.8(b)].
Sample Problem 1.1
References:
If 515 J of heat is added to a gas that does 218

J of work as a result, what is the change in the
energy of the system?
Solution:
Heat is added TO the system (gas), so q = +515 J.
Work is done BY the system, so w = –218 J.
∆E = q + w = 515 J + (–218 J) = +297 J
(“+” sign may be omitted)
C. Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
References:
The measurement of heat flow is calorimetry; a

device used to measure heat flow is a
calorimeter.
The heat capacity, C, of an object is the amount of heat
required to raise its temperature by 1 K (or 1 °C).
The greater the heat capacity, the greater the heat required to
produce a given increase in temperature.
q = C∆T
C. Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
References:
The heat capacity of one mole of a substance is

called its molar heat capacity, Cp (at constant
pressure).
q = nCp∆T
The heat capacity of one gram of a substance is called its

specific heat capacity, or merely its specific heat, c.
q = mc∆T
Sample Problem 1.2
References:
Heating a 24.0-g aluminum can raises its

temperature by 15.0°C. Find the value of q for
the can. Specific heat of aluminum is 0.900
J/gºC.
Solution:
q = mc∆T = (24.0 g)(0.900 J/gºC)(15.0°C) = 324 J
Sample Problem 1.3
References:
The molar heat capacity of liquid water is 75.3

J/mol°C. If 37.5 g of water is cooled from 42.0
to 7.0°C, what is q for the water? Molecular
Solution: mass of water is 18 g/mol
∆T = Tf – Ti = 7.0°C – 42.0°C = -35.0°C
n = (37.5 g)(1 mol/18.0 g) = 2.08 mol
q = nCp∆T = (2.08 mol)(75.3 J/mol°C)(-35.0°C)
q = -5.49 x 103 J = -5.49 kJ

Energy: Topic 1: 1.1 Energy and Chemistry

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Energy: Topic 1: 1.1 Energy and Chemistry

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Topic 1: Energy

1.1 Energy and Chemistry

Energy - the capacity to do work or transfer

Internal energy is the combined kinetic and

Chemical energy is associated in most

Radiant energy is associated with light or

Mechanical energy is associated with the

Thermal energy arises from the temperature of

Electrical energy results from moving

Nuclear energy, which can be released

The SI unit of energy is the joule ( J).

The first law of thermodynamics states that

Click here for

Device Energy Conversion

Device Energy Conversion

Device Energy Conversion

System - the part of the universe that is being

Systems may be open, closed, or isolated.

The systems we can most readily study in

An isolated system is one in which neither

Heat is the flow of energy between two objects,

Work is the transfer of energy accomplished by

The internal energy ∆E of a system changes in

q Heat added to the system Heat removed from the system

w Work done on system Work done by system

∆E Net gain of energy by system Net loss of energy by system

When a process occurs in which the system

A process in which the system loses heat is

During an exothermic process, such as the

If 515 J of heat is added to a gas that does 218

The measurement of heat flow is calorimetry; a

The heat capacity of one mole of a substance is

The heat capacity of one gram of a substance is called its

Heating a 24.0-g aluminum can raises its

The molar heat capacity of liquid water is 75.3

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