Paper Anatomy of the Muscle System in Humans

CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background to the Problem

In life, there are several parts that can help between organs one with
other organs, for example muscles. Muscles can be attached to the bones that
function to move actively. In addition, muscle is a tissue in the body of an animal
characterized by being able to contract, activity is usually influenced by stimuli
from the nervous system. The basic unit of all types of muscles is miofibril, a very
small filament structure composed of complex proteins, namely actin filaments
and myosin
When the muscles contract, these interlocking filaments get energy from
the mitochondria around myofibrils. Therefore, many types of muscles are
interconnected even though the type of muscle consists of striated muscle, heart
muscle, and skeletal muscle. All three have different functions and goals.
Muscle is an organ that is very important for our body, because with the
muscles our body can stand up. Muscle is an organ or device that allows our body
to move. Muscle is an active tool, this is an important characteristic for organisms.
Most of the body's muscles are attached to the skeleton which causes it to move
actively so that it can move parts of the skeleton in a certain location.
In our body consists of various types of muscles and has the properties and ways
of working individually, to cross each other so that we can move.
1.2 Problem Formulation
a. Explain the meaning of muscles
b. Mention the types of muscles
c. what type of muscle fibers
d. What is the function of muscles in the human body

1.3 Purpose of Writing

a. So that students are able to explain understanding of muscles
b. So that students can mention the types of muscles
c. So that students know what type of muscle fibers are
d. So that students understand about the function of muscles in the human
body
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Understanding of Muscles

Muscle is an organ or device that can move this is an important part of
the organism. Cell movements occur because the cytoplasm changes shape. In
cytoplasmic cells these are long fine threads called miofibril. If the muscle cells
that get the strain, the myofibrils will shorten, in other words the muscle cells will
push themselves towards a certain direction.
Muscle is a tissue in the body of an animal characterized by being able
to contract, activity is usually influenced by stimuli from the nervous system. The
basic unit of all types of muscle is miofibril, a very small filament structure
composed of complex proteins, namely actin filaments and myosin. When
contracting, these filaments are interlocked that get energy from mitochondriads
around miofibil.
There are also different types of muscles in vertebrates. The first is the
heart muscle, which is the muscle that makes up the heart wall. Plain muscle is
found on the walls of all organs in the hole (except the heart). Smooth muscle
contractions are generally uncontrolled, reducing the size of these hollow
structures. Blood vessels, intestines, bladder and uterus are some examples of
structures whose walls consist mostly of muscle poos.
So that smooth muscle contractions carry out various tasks such as
forwarding our food from the mouth to the digestive tract, removing urine, and
sending babies to the world. The skeletal muscle, as the name suggests, is the
muscle that attaches to the skeleton.
This muscle is controlled intentionally. The contraction allows for
deliberate actions such as running, swimming, working on tools, and playing ball.
However, if the heart muscle, smooth muscle, or skeletal or striated muscle gives
a characteristic, then the muscle is a tool that uses chemical and food energy to do
the mechanism work.
2.2 Types of Muscles
In the outline of muscle cells can be divided into 3 (three) groups,
namely:
2.2.1 Plain Muscles
Plain muscle consists of smooth muscle cells. These muscle cells are
shaped like spindles, the largest middle part and the two ends are tapered.
Plain muscle has fibers that are in the same direction in the direction of the
cell myofibrils. Myofilament fibers and each mifilament are composed of
muscle proteins namely actin and myosin. Plain muscle moves regularly,
and does not get tired quickly. Even though sleeping. Muscles are still able
to work. Plain muscle is found in the inner wall tools, for example in the
intestinal wall, blood vessel walls, lymph vessels, digestive tract walls,
takea, throat branches, in the ciliary muscle of the eye, smooth muscles in
the skin, genital tract and excretory ducts

The characteristics of smooth muscles are as follows:

1. Spindle shaped
2. One cell in each cell.
3. Does not have transverse lines.
4. Works outside our consciousness, so-called unconscious brain.

How smooth muscles work:

When smooth muscles contract, the middle part enlarges and the
muscles become short. Wrinkles occur slowly, if the muscle gets a
stimulus, then the reaction comes from the unconscious nervous system
(involuntary muscle), therefore smooth muscle is not under the will. So it
works outside our consciousness.
2.2.2 Striated Muscles
Striated muscle cells are cylindrical or tube-like and have
many nuclei, located on the edge, 2.5 cm long and 50 microns in
diameter. The cell ends of the lurik muscle does not show clear
boundaries and the myofibrils are not homogeneous as a result of the
appearance of latitude fibers. Lurik muscle is divided into 3 types,
namely: skeletal muscle, striated muscle, and circumference muscles.
Skeletal muscles have a relationship with bones and function to move
bones. When this muscle is seen under a microscope, it appears that the
arrangement of long fibers that contain many cell nuclei, and the
presence of bright lines visible across the dark transverse. Skin muscles
such as those found in the facial features including the striated muscles
are under our will. The attachment to bone and skin, but there is also a
whole skin. Muscles which are circles in a circular muscle, for example
the muscles that surround the mouth and eyes

This muscle has several characteristics including:

1. Striated muscle cells are cylindrical, elongated and have cell
nuclei. Visible alternating lines when viewed with a microscope.
2. This muscle works in the control of the mind and clarity of
consciousness. Therefore this muscle is called the conscious
muscle.

How the lurik muscles work

When the lurik muscles contract, they become short and each
fiber joins by contracting. These muscle muscles only contract when
stimulated by conscious nerve stimulation (valunter muscle). Lurik
muscle work is conscious, because it is called conscious muscle,
meaning it works according to will, because it is called conscious
muscle, meaning it works according to the will or command of the brain.
 The lurik muscle's working reaction to stimulants is fast but cannot bear
fatigue.

2.2.3 Heart muscle

The heart muscle is a "special" muscle. This muscle looks like
a striated muscle, the difference being that the fibers branch off and join
together. Characteristic red and cannot be controlled. Contractions are not
affected by nerves, nerve function is only to accelerate or slow
contractions because it is called unconscious muscles. Heart muscle is
found only in jangtung (cor), has a special ability to carry out automatic
contractions and movements without depending on the presence or
absence of nerve stimulation. The workings of the heart muscle are called
myogenic, which distinguishes them from neurogonics.
This muscle is only found in the heart muscle. These muscles
are grouped separately because of the different nature of the other two
groups. Judging from its cross-sectional structure, the heart muscle is
similar to the striated muscle due to the bright dark color along the muscle.
However, unlike the striated muscle, the heart muscle has the same
characteristics as smooth muscle, namely: working out of consciousness
and control in our mind.

2.3 Types of Muscle Fibers

a. Red muscle
 Small nerve size
 Small diameter
 Slow motor nerves
 Low glycogen deposits
 High triglyceride deposits
 Low contraction strength
 Time of slow contraction
  Low power production
 High energy efficiency
 High durability

b. White muscle
 Large motor nerve size big
 Large diameter
 Fast motor nerves
 High glycogen deposits
 Medium triglyceride deposits
 High contraction strength
 Time of rapid contraction
 Fast relaxation time
 High power production
 Low energy efficiency
 Low durability
 Many contain protein

Difference between Red Muscles and White Muscles

a. Red muscle
1. Red muscle does not get tired quickly because of the wider system of
blood vessels and capillaries to provide extra oxygen, which is used in
oxidative metabolism as a muscle energy source which means combining
oxygen with various cellular food ingredients to free ATP, half of this
energy can come from glycogen and also in red muscle there is a great
increase in the number of mitochondria which will help in high levels of
oxidative metabolism so that in this case oxygen is always present in the
oxidative metabolic process so that the muscles do not get tired quickly.
2. Red muscle slow contracting because it has the dominance of small slow
fibers, also because the muscles are slow to work (contraction is much
 longer) so that in energy recovery at the time of contraction, the muscle
must pass several energy recovery mechanisms including oxidative
metabolism which continues.
3. Red muscles can oxidize because there are large numbers of mitochondria,
capillaries and myoglobin.
b. White muscle
1. White muscles get tired because of the opposite of red muscles that do not
use oxygen to release ATP so that the metabolism results in a greater
amount of lactic acid which blocks the function of the muscles so the
muscles get tired quickly
2. White muscle quickly contracts because it has a lot of fast fiber in the form
of large fibers for large contraction strengths, also because of the large
seroclasmic reticulum that can easily release Ca ions that initiate muscle
contraction
3. White muscle is not able to oxidize because white muscle is used to
release energy quickly and strongly so it does not have the ability to
oxidize

2.4 What is the Function of Muscles in the Human Body

The muscles in the human body perform several important functions.
Their main function is movement, both intentionally and unintentionally, and they
also support the body, helping to maintain posture. Healthy, strong muscles also
stabilize the body of many joints and determine overall body strength. An
additional function is to produce heat as a by-product of other processes.
The most obvious function of muscle is movement. Voluntary
movements involve conscious effort on the part of the individual, and examples
include walking, bending, twisting, and lifting. This also includes motor
movements, such as writing or playing a musical instrument. The type of muscle
usually responsible for voluntary movements is called skeletal, it is a striated
muscle that has a bandaged or striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal
muscle that attaches to the bone and produces motion with contractions, or
tightening, and relaxation.
Other types of movements are not intentional, and they occur
automatically. Examples include breathing, food movements through the digestive
system, and heart rate. This movement occurs without effort from individuals, and
many of them survive and continue if someone is sleeping or unconscious.
Various signals control intentional actions, and the muscles that carry out these
movements are often innocent in nature, except for the striated heart muscle.
Another function of the muscles in the human body is support. Skeletal
muscles continue to work to support the body and help maintain posture, whether
someone is sitting or standing. These muscles also support, stabilize, and
strengthen the joints by holding the bone in the right position, especially in areas
where the joints do not fit together tightly, such as the shoulders and hips. Skeletal
muscle is also very important in determining overall body strength and ability to
perform various physical tasks. Maintaining strong muscles is very helpful for
general health and well-being.
Muscles are also important for maintaining proper body temperature.
When muscles consume nutrients to provide energy for movement, some energy
creates heat — it is estimated that as much as 75% of the energy produced passes
this way. Considering that skeletal muscle consists of a large percentage of total
body mass, the amount of heat produced is significant and plays an important role
in maintaining a healthy temperature.
 CHAPTER III

COVER

3.1 Conclusions
Muscle is an organ or device that allows the body to move. This is an
important trait for organisms. Cell movements occur because the cytoplasm
changes shape (see how the amoeba moves). In cells, this cytoplasm is long fine
threads called miofibril. If muscle cells get stimulated, miofibril will shorten. In
other words the muscle cell will shorten itself in a certain direction (contracting).
The mechanism of action of the muscle basically involves a change in the relative
state of the actin and myosin filaments. During muscle contraction, thin actin
filaments are bound to two lines that move to Ribbon A, although the filament
does not multiply. However, the shifting movement results in changes in the
appearance of the sarcomere, ie partial or complete removal of the H line, besides
the myosin filament is located very close to the Z lines and the A bands and
sarcomere width are reduced so that contractions occur. Contractions occur in the
interaction between actin myosin to form an actin-myosin complex.

3.2 Suggestions
1. Hopefully this paper is useful for readers in general.
2. Hopefully the material in this paper can support learning and discussion in
the classroom.
3. The author of the paper expects constructive criticism and suggestions for
the smoothness and perfection of the preparation of the next paper
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.sorana-id.com/2012/10/makalah-sistem-otot-manusia.html
http://www.sridianti.com/apa-fungsi-otot-dalam-tubuh-manusia.html