Analysis of Beam-Ecs 416

ECS 448- CHAPTER 3 - ANALYSIS OF BEAM
ECS 448
CHAPTER 3.0 ANALYSIS OF BEAM
Prepared by
OH CHAI LIAN
T1-A13-2A
Faculty of Civil Engineering

Uitm Shah Alam
Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

LEARNING OUTCOME (Week 4):
By completing this chapter, students shall be able to:
1.0 Determine the reactions of statically determinate

beams.
2.0 Find out shear and moment values at specific points

in statically determinate beams.
3.0 Illustrate the shear and moment of a statically

determinate beam with interior hinge in graphically
diagram.

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE BEAM
 Definition: Beams are slender component, I.e. span

length much larger than the cross sectional dimension.
 Function: Beams carried applied loads by developing
axial and shear stresses (forces per unit area).
 Method: Internal load at a specified point in a member
can be determined by using the “method of sections”.
 Internal Forces: Generally, one beam section consist
of a normal force, N, shear force V, and bending
moment, M.

Sign convention
Figure 1
Positive Axial Negative Axial
+ -

Shear & Moment Direction in Cut Section

When you cut section through a beam, you will get the right side’s
and left side’s shear V & moment M in the direction given in below
sections.
P kN
b’
A B b’ C
Vb
b’
Cut at the right side;
b’
Vb Mb
Mb b’
Cut at the left side;

b’
Figure 2
Procedure For Analysis:
1. Draw a general Free-Body Diagram with support

condition to obtain support reaction.
2. Solve for the internal forces using Equations of
Equilibrium.
3. Draw shear diagram compatible with the support
reactions and loading in equilibrium of Fy.
4. Draw moment diagram from shear area in the shear
diagram.

Shear & Moment Diagram

 Shear diagram and moment diagram = graph of variations
of V and M in functions of x.
Consider beam AD in Fig 3. Consider the free-body
diagram for segment of the beam having a length x, Fig 3(b)
Figure 3

 Segment chosen at a distance of x that away from
concentrated load and couple.
Replace the distributed load with concentrated force of w(x)x
Figure 3
 Apply the eqn of equilibrium;

w(x)x    Fy  0;
x
V  w( x)x  (V  V )  0
M V M+M
V  w( x)x
With anti - clockwise moments as  ve : +
x V+V  M o  0;
Figure 3b
 Vx  M  w( x)x (x)  ( M  M )  0
M  Vx  w( x) (x) 2

Dividing by x by taking the limit as x  0, these eqn. become
dV
 w( x) eqn
Eqn4.1
3.1
dx
dM
V Eqn4.2
eqn 3.2
dx
By integrated, we have
V  w(x)dx Eqn
eqn 3.3
4.3

M  V (x)dx eqn 4.4
Eqn 3.4
Table 3-1 Relationship between Loading, shear and Moment

LOADING SHEAR DIAGRAM MOMENT DIAGRAM REMARKS
(dV/dx = w) (dM/dx = V)
0 SLOPE = VR
P Zero slope in shear diagram
ML SLOPE = VL
MR VL reflects positive constant
0 MR slopes.
Zero slope ML
VR
VL VR
0
No imposed loading reflects on
ML
ML M’ MR 0 0 zero shear and zero slope for
moment.
Zero slope Zero slope MR
Slope = VR Uniform loading reflects

ML w0 -w0
MR constant shear and flatten of
Slope = VL
ML MR moment slope.
Constant slope
Positive decreasing slope
w2 -w1 Slope = VR
ML w1 Increasing loading reflects a
MR
VL -w2 Slope = VL sharper shear at the higher
VL VR
VR ML MR intensity loads side but
Negative increasing slope Positive decreasing slope opposite for moment slope.
w1 -w1 Slope = VR
Decreasing loading reflects a
ML w2 -w2
MR VL Slope = VL sharper shear at the higher
VR ML MR intensity loads side but
VL Negative decreasing slope
VR
Positive decreasing slope opposite for moment slope.
Shear & Moment Diagrams for Each of the Beams
Diagram 1

Example 1:
Determine the internal shear and moment acting in the
cantilever beam shown in Figure 4(a) at sections
passing through points C and D.
Figure 4

By considering segment CB in Fig. (b):

+  Fy = 0
Vc – 5 – 5 – 5 = 0  Vc = 15kN
With moments in anti-clockwise as positive,
+  Mc = 0
-Mc – 5(1) – 5(2) – 5(3) – 30 = 0  Mc = - 60kNm
By considering
segment DB in Fig.
(b):
+  Fy = 0
VD – 5 – 5 – 5 – 5 =
0  Vc = 20kN

+  MD = 0
-MD – 5(1) – 5(2) – 5(3) – 30 = 0  MD = - 60kNm
Conclusion:
Varies Shear Force at either side of the concentrated
load, while moment remains.
Example 2:
Draw shear and moment diagram for beam at Figure 5(a).
Figure 5

By considering overall
Ax structure in Fig. (a):
+  Fx = 0
Ay By
Ax = 0 kN

+  Ma = 0
9By - 0.5(20)(9)(2/3)(9) = 0  By = 60kNm
+  Fy = 0
-Ay – 60 + 0.5(20)(9)= 0  Ay = 30kN
V 0
0kN
1   x 
   Fy  0  30  20  x  0
2   9 
x  5.20m
30kN 60kN
V = y = -1.111 x2 +30
By Method of Section;
Anticlockwise moment as - ve :
Ms  0
1   5.20   5.20 
 30(5.20)  20  5.20 M  0
2   9   3 
M  104kNm

0kN
30kN 60kN
M (kNm)
104
+
_
+
x (m)
5.2m
Shear diagram Moment diagram

By using Area Method:

y = -1.111x2 + 30 n
y = kx + c h
+
Area = { 1/(n+1)} . b . h
*n = power of the equation
H =30
Shear diagram A1
A2
By using Integrated Method: B=5.2

5.2
Area =  -1.1111x2 + 30 dx
0 We need to find A2:
5.2
= (-1.111x3 /3) +30 x  0
A1 = { 1/(2+1)} x 5.2 x 30 = 52m2
= (-1.11(5.2)3 /3) +30 (5.2) A2 = Rectangle Area – A1
= 104m2 (5.2 x 30) - 52 = 104m2
Example 3:
Draw shear and moment diagram for beam at Figure 6.
40kN/m
30kNm
30kNm
Figure 6
3m 5m 3m

320kN Superposition from distributed load to point load =

40kN/m 0.5x(11+5)(40) = 320kN at center of AB because of the
symmetry beam span and loading.
30kNm 30kNm
+  Fx = 0
A B
3m 5m 3m Ax = 0 kN
Ay By
Step 1: Find Reaction by 3 Eqns. Equilibrium:

+  Ma = 0
5By – 320(2.5) = 0  By = 160kN
+  Fy = 0
Ay + By - 320 = 0  Ay = 160kN
40kN/m
30kNm 30kNm +  Fy = 0
A 160kN
-V - x/2(13.33x) = 0
160kN B
3m 5m 3m V = -6.667x2
x=0  V = 0 kN
Step 2: Find the Shear and Moment at
0<x<3 By Method of Section x=3  V = -60kN
With moments in anti-clockwise as +ve,
40kN/m
 Ma = 0
y
+
M x
M + 30 + 0.5(13.33x)((1/3)(x)2 = 0 30kNm
A
Y=40 ; x = 3
V
x = 0m  M = -30 kNm
y/x = 40/3
x
y = 13.33x
x = 3  M = -90 kNm At 0<x<3

40kN/m +  Fy = 0
30kNm 30kNm
-V + 160 – 0.5(3)(40)-
A 160kN (40x) = 0
160kN B
3m 5m
V=0  x = 2.5m
3m
x=0  V = 100kN
Step 3: Find the Shear and Moment
between A-B By Method of Section x=5  V = -100kN
40kN/m
With moments in anti-clockwise as +ve,
M
+  Mc = 0
30kNm C
C
0.5(40)(3)(0.33 x 3+x) + 40(x)(x/2) + M – 160kN A
V
160(x) +30 = 0 x = 2.5m  M = 35 kN 3m x
The analysis stop  symmetrical of beam. Between A-B

40kN/m
30kNm 30kNm
A 160kN 160kN B
3m 5m 3m
Step 4: Illustrate the Shear Diagram & Moment diagram from the values
obtained in Step 2&3
At 0m, V = 0kN ; M = 0kNm

At 3m, V = -60kN & 100kN
M = -90kNm
At 3+2.5m, V = 0
-
M = 35kNm
At 3+5m, V = 100kN & 60kN
M = -90kNm
At 11m, V = 0kN ; M = 0kNm

40kN/m
30kNm 30kNm
A 160kN 160kN B
3m 5m 3m
Tips 1: By Integrated Method:
From V = -6.667 x2 at 0<x<3;

B y = -6.667 x2
A A = 30 -6.667x2 dx = -6.667x3/3 |30
= -6.667 (3)3/3 = -60m2
B = 0.5(100)(2.5) = 125m2
M0 = -30kNm ; M3 = -30-60 = -90kNm
M5.5 = -90+125 = 35kNm
The graph is in symmetrical form.

40kN/m
30kNm 30kNm
A 160kN 160kN B
3m 5m 3m
Tips 2: By Area Method:
From V = -6.667 x2 at 0<x<3;

B y = 6.667 x2
A A = 1/(2+1) x 3 x 60 = 60m2
B = 0.5(100)(2.5) = 125m2
M0 = -30kNm ; M3 = -30-60 = -90kNm
M5.5 = -90+125 = 35kNm
The graph is in symmetrical form.

Statically determinate beam with Interior Hinge
hinge
A B C
By By
Bx
A B B C

Example 4:
Draw shear and moment diagram for the determinate
beam with interior hinge as in Figure 7.
5kN/m
A B
Ax C D
Ay Cy Dy
2m 1m 1m
Figure 7

Revision:
Degree of static indeterminacy (d)
Is the excess of unknown reactions as compared to the
static equations (known as Redundant).
For beam d=r-n-c
d = degree of static indeterminacy
r = number of support reactions
n = number of static equilibrium equations
(n=3 for 2D structures)
c = number of internal hinge
Apply to the Example 4, we have d = 4 – 3 – 1 = 0
The structure is in determinate state.
A. METHOD OF SECTION
5kN/m
A B
Ax C D
Ay Cy Dy
2m 1m 1m
Step 1: By method of section, Find Support Reactions by considering segment AB & BD:
5kN/m 5kN/m
Ax Bx Bx
Ay By By Cy Dy
2m 1m 1m
Segment AB; Segment CD;

With moments in clockwise as positive, With moments in clockwise as positive,
+  Ma = 0  2By + 5(2)(1) = 0  By = -5kN +  Mb = 0  -Cy - 2Dy + 5(2)(1) = 0 (eq 1)
+  Fy = 0  Ay - By – 5(2) = 0  Ay = 5kN +  Fy = 0  Cy + By + Dy – 5(2) = 0 (eq 2)
(eq 1+2) : -Dy +10 – 15 = 0  Dy = -5 kN
-Cy –2(-5) + 5(2) = 0  Cy = 20kN
+  Fx = 0  Ax = 0 kN
5kN/m
A B
0kN C D
5kN 20kN -5kN
2m 1m 1m
Step 2: By method of section, Find shear & moment :

5kN/m 5kN/m
M M
Ax
Ay V V Dy
X X
0x3; 3x4;
For 0<x<3; assume x from A For 3<x<4; assume x from D
+  Fy = 0  Ay - V – 5(x) = 0  V = 5-5x kN +  Fy = 0  Dy + V – 5(x) = 0 V = 5x+5 kN
At x= 0m,2m,3m; V = 5kN,-5kN;-10kN respectively At x= 0,1m; V = 5kN, 10kN respectively
+  MA = 0  Vx + 5(x2)(0.5) -M = 0 +  MD = 0  Vx - 5(x2)(0.5) + M = 0
M = (5-5x)x + 2.5 x2 = 5x - 2.5 x2 kNm M = -((5x+5)x - 2.5 x2) = -(5x + 2.5 x2 )kNm
At x = 0&2m,1m,3m ; M = 0 kNm,2.5 kNm,-7.5kNm At x = 0m,1m ; M = 0 kNm, -7.5kNm
A. METHOD OF SECTION : Shear Diagram & Moment Diagram
V(kN) 10kN
5kN
5kN
+
+
-
-5kN
-10kN
1m 1m 1m 1m Shear Diagram
M
(kNm)
2.5kNm
+
-7.5kNm
1m 1m 1m 1m Moment Diagram
B. AREA METHOD : Shear Diagram & Moment Diagram
5kN/m
A B
0kN C D
5kN 20kN -5kN
2m 1m 1m
V(kN) V = Ay-5(3)+Cy =10kN
V = Ay =5kN V = Ay-5(4)+Cy =5kN
V = Ay-5(1) =0kN
V = Ay-5(4)+Cy+Dy
Start with 0 =0kN
V = Ay-5(2) =-5kN
V = Ay-5(3) =-10kN
1m 1m 1m 1m
Shear Diagram Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

B. AREA METHOD : Shear Diagram & Moment Diagram
V(kN) 10kN A3 =
(0.5*(5+10)*1)=7.5
5kN
A1 (0.5*1*5)=2.5 5kN
+ A3
+
A1
A1 A2
- A2 = Shear Diagram
-5kN (0.5*(5+10)*1)=7.5
•Note: Shear Value
-10kN is cumulative of
1m 1m 1m 1m applied load and
reaction load
Cummulative of Area must based on +ve and -ve sign in shear diagram.
M
(kNm)
A1 = +2.5kNm
+ A1 – A1= 0kNm A1-A1-A2+A3 = 0kNm
Moment Diagram
-
•Note: Moment Value is
cumulative of area from
A1 - A1 - A2 = -7.5kNm shear diagram.
1m 1m 1m 1m
SHEAR AND MOMENT BEHAVIOUR OF CANTILEVER BEAM
SHEAR
FAILURE
Fig 7(b) Fig 7(c)

Fig 7(a)
Fig 7(a) Shear Failure of Cantilever Beam ; (b)&(c) sign convention for shear and moment
Fig 7(d) Fig 7(e)
Fig 7(d) Cantilever beam in shear behavior ; (e) Cantilever beam in moment behavior

BEAM SHEAR FAILURE PHOTOS
Bridge Test Örnsköldsvik, 10th

July 2006
SHEAR
FAILURE
Link : www.ltu.se/shb/d3974/1.9165?l=en
BEAM SHEAR FAILURE PHOTOS

Bridge Test Örnsköldsvik,
Vertical reinforcement
10th July 2006
yielded – shear failure –
wide inclined shear crack +
longitudinal bottom reinf.
bend and form horizontal
crack.
Solution: bottom reinf
strengthened with near
surface mounted reinf bars
(NSMR) of Carbon Fibre
Reinforcement Polymer,
CFRP. – prevent early
bending failure.
USEFULL LINKS:
http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/apsc/courses/civ214/L
ecture%20notes.html

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ECS 448- CHAPTER 3 - ANALYSIS OF BEAM

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

LEARNING OUTCOME (Week 4):

By completing this chapter, students shall be able to:

1.0 Determine the reactions of statically determinate

2.0 Find out shear and moment values at specific points

3.0 Illustrate the shear and moment of a statically

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE BEAM

 Definition: Beams are slender component, I.e. span

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

Positive Axial Negative Axial

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

Shear & Moment Direction in Cut Section

Cut at the left side;

Procedure For Analysis:

1. Draw a general Free-Body Diagram with support

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

Shear & Moment Diagram

Shear & Moment Diagram

Shear & Moment Diagram

 Apply the eqn of equilibrium;

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

Dividing by x by taking the limit as x  0, these eqn. become

Table 3-1 Relationship between Loading, shear and Moment

Slope = VR Uniform loading reflects

Shear & Moment Diagrams for Each of the Beams

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

By considering segment CB in Fig. (b):

With moments in anti-clockwise as positive,

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

With moments in anti-clockwise as positive,

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

Shear diagram Moment diagram

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

By using Area Method:

By using Integrated Method: B=5.2

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

320kN Superposition from distributed load to point load =

Step 1: Find Reaction by 3 Eqns. Equilibrium:

With moments in anti-clockwise as positive,

x = 3  M = -90 kNm At 0<x<3

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

The analysis stop  symmetrical of beam. Between A-B

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

At 0m, V = 0kN ; M = 0kNm

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

Tips 1: By Integrated Method:

From V = -6.667 x2 at 0<x<3;

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

Tips 2: By Area Method:

From V = -6.667 x2 at 0<x<3;

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

Statically determinate beam with Interior Hinge

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

Copyright © by Oh Chai Lian

Segment AB; Segment CD;

Step 2: By method of section, Find shear & moment :

A. METHOD OF SECTION : Shear Diagram & Moment Diagram

B. AREA METHOD : Shear Diagram & Moment Diagram

V(kN) V = Ay-5(3)+Cy =10kN