- ~--- - - - - -- - ----'

SAND78-8020 UC-62
Unlimited Release

",.,

A Sensitivity Study of Brayton Cycle

Power Plant Performance

C. C. Hiller

SF 2900-009(3-74)
Issued by Sandia Laboratories, operated for the United States Department
of Energy by Sandia Corporation.

NOTICE

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the

United States Government. Neither the United States nor the
United States Department of Energy, nor any of their employees,
nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, •
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.
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Price: Printed Copy $4. 50: Micro¥che $3.00
 SAND78-8020
Unlimited Release UC-62
Printed August 1978

A SENSITIVITY STUDY OF BRAYTON CYCLE

POWER PLANT PERFORMANCE

Carl C. Hiller
Solar Technology Division 8451
Sandia Laboratories

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the efficiency of Brayton cycle power plants

under a variety of design configurations. The study is unique in that the range
of cycle parameters and configurations examined is beyond that generally dis-
cussed in the open literature. The parameters and configurations include:

1. Open and closed air cycles

2. Optimum pressure ratio
3. Helium versus air working fluids
4. Turbine and compressor isentropic efficiencies
5. Recuperator effectiveness
6. Turbine inlet temperature
7. Heat rejection temperature
8. Pressure drop losses
9. With/without intercooling
10. With/without reheat

Equation derivations, a computer listing, and a hand calculator program

listing are included in the appendices so that variations other than those
presented in the report may be studied.

3/4
 CONTENTS

Introduction 9

Modeling 9

Description of Results 11

Open Versus Closed Air Cycles 11

Optimum Pressure Ratio 12
Helium Versus Air 12
Turbine and Compressor Isentropic Efficiencies 12
Recuperator Effectiveness 12
Turbine Inlet Temperature 12
Heat Rejection Temperature 22
Pressure Drop Losses 22
Staged Compression with Intercooling 22
Multiple Expansion with Reheat 23/24
Other Factors Affecting Efficiency 23/24

Summary 23/24

References 25/26

Appendix A - Derivations for Brayton Plant Model 27

Appendix B - Computer Program for Brayton Cycle Performance 31

Appendix C - Hand Calculator Program for Determining Brayton

Cycle Efficiency 35

5
 ILLUSTRA TIONS

Figure Page

1. Brayton Cycle Power Plant 10

2. Effect of Pressure Ratio on Cycle Efficiency 13

3. Variation of Cycle Efficiency and Optimum Pressure

Ratio With Turbine and Compressor Efficiency 14

4. Variation of Air Cycle Efficiency and Optimum Pressure

Ratio With Recuperator Effectiveness and Turbine Inlet
Temperature 15

5. Variation of Helium Cycle Efficiency and Optimum

Pressure Ratio With Recuperator Effectiveness and
Turbine Inlet Temperature 16

6. Effect of Rejection Temperature T 6 on Cycle Efficiency

and Optimum Pressure Ratio 17

7. Effect of Pressure Drop Losses on Cycle Efficiency 18

8. Effect of Intercooling on Cycle Efficiency and Optimum

Pressure Ratio 19

9. Effect of Reheat on Cycle Efficiency and Optimum

Pressure Ratio 20

10. Combined Effects of Intercooling and Reheat 21

6
 NOMENCLATURE

overall cycle efficiency

TlCYCLE
compressor isentropic efficiency

Tit turbine isentropic efficiency

PR pressure ratio across turbine

PDR pressure drop ratio

PDR == pressure ratio across compressor
pressure ratio across turbine
PDR ~ 1

E recuperator effectiveness
o~ E ~ 1
.
m mass flow rate

turbine work output rate

.
W compressor work input rate
c
heat input rate

heat rejection rate

absolute temperature

P absolute pressure

ratio of specific heats

C
'Y = -E.
C
v
'Y = 1. 4 for air

'Y = 1. 67 for helium

7
cp constant pressure specific heat

cv constant volume specific heat

cv = C
p
-R

R gas constant

MODE indicator of system

Mode 1 - with one stage of intercooling and one stage of reheat

Mode 2 - with one stage of reheat and no intercooling
Mode 3 - with one stage of intercooling and no reheat
Mode 4 - with no intercooling and no reheat

Subscripts

1 -10 state points as indicated on Figure 1

is isentropic process

8
 A SENSITIVITY STUDY OF BRAYTON CYCLE
POWER PLANT PERFORMANCE

Introduction

Studies of Brayton cycle power plant performance available in the open

literature are typically somewhat limited in scope. 1, 2.3 The present brief
study has been performed to show more general performance trends over a
wider variety of conditions. and to provide a simple model which the reader
may use to study still more parameter variations. This report assumes that
the reader is familiar with Brayton cycle concepts and terminology. a review
of which is available in Reference 4.

Modeling

A schematic of the family of Brayton cycle plants being examined is

shown in Figure 1. Configurations without reheat. intercooling. or regener-
ation are included in the study. The models used are based on ideal gas be-
havior and are fully developed in Appendix A. A computer listing of the model
is given in Appendix B, while a hand calculator program suitable for use on a
reverse-polish-notation magnetic-card-reading type calculator is given in
Appendix C. The model in the present study is limited in that it predicts only
design point efficiency. and not off-design performance. The prediction of
off-design performance is much more difficult than the present task. and a
description of a model which has been developed by the author for that purpose
will be the subject of an upcoming report. The models in the present study
~ useful for approximate off-design performance prediction if appropriate
values of off-design turbine and compressor efficiencies. pressure drops,
pressure ratios, and other parameters are known.

9
Numbers indicate state
points In the cycle ~-----.tjQ\
AAAAA'" \l!;9
",,"'''''''.
Recuperator
® .. ....
.A ...... AAA
"'''' ,.

> Heat
> .> .>
••> .> .>
Heat
rejection
. ~ ~ ~ input •
I- > ~ •> ~ut
•~ ">
'.~ ~ .'» 1 - - - - Qin
•> >-
•
~ Primary
and
~ ~ :> ~~~mary
.
intercooling reheat
'+-+--t.....
®®CV@
Compressor Turbine Generator

Staged compression Staged expansion

with intercooling with reheat

Figure 1. Brayton Cycle Power Plant

10
 Description of Results

The scope of this study includes investigation of the following

parameters:

1. Open and closed air cycles

2. Optimum pressure ratio

3. Helium versus air working fluids

4. Turbine and compressor isentropic efficiencies

5. Recuperator effectiveness

6. Turbine inlet temperature

7. Heat rejection temperature

8. Pressure drop losses

9. Intercooling

10. Reheat

11. Other factors

Open Versus Closed Air Cycles

When air is used as the working fluid it is possible to eliminate the

precooler from the system, forming an open rather than a closed cycle, and
forcing the low-side pressure to be atmospheric. However, from a modeling
standpoint, efficiency is a function of pressure ratio and pressure drops
rather than of absolute pressures. The present model is hence valid for
either open or closed cycles. and open and closed air cycles will have the
same efficiency if the same temperatures, recuperator effectiveness, pres-
sure ratios, and other parameters are assumed. In practice, open cycles
usually have lower efficiency than closed cycles because it is not practical
to provide a recuperator of equal effectiveness in both cycles. For a given
effectiveness, the closed cycle recuperator will be smaller and less expen-
sive than an open cycle recuperator because the higher pressure of the closed
cycle leads to lower pressure drop and more efficient heat transfer. Prac-
tical levels of effectiveness are currently O. 8 to O. 9 for closed cycles and 0
to 0.7 for open cycles. Rising energy costs are steadily driving practical
effectiveness levels higher.

i1
Optimum Pressure Ratio

Given any set of parameters and cycle configuration, the efficiency of

a Brayton cycle will be maximum at an optimum pressure ratio and less at
higher and lower pressure ratios, as shown in Figure 2. The optimum pres-
sure ratio varies with the type of working fluid and other parameters as shown
in Figures 3 through 10. All remaining efficiency values given in this report
are determined at the optimum pressure ratio unless otherwise stated.

Helium Versus Air

Because ideal gas assumptions are used in the model, the only param-
eter distinguishing helium from air is '}I, the ratio of specific heats. 'Y is
1. 67 for helium and 1. 4 for air. No significant differences in peak efficiency
are apparent between helium and air for given sets of parameters, although
the optimum pressure ratio to achieve maximum efficiency is typically higher
for air than for helium. Figure 4 shows the efficiency of an air cycle, while
Figure 5 is for helium. In practice, helium has better heat transfer charac-
teristics than air, and therefore slightly higher levels of recuperation effec-
tiveness are practical in helium cycles compared to closed air cycles.

Turbine and Compressor Isentropic Efficiencies

Cycle efficiency will be improved whenever the isentropic efficiency of

either the compressor or turbine is improved. Figure 3 shows the sensitivity
of cycle efficiency to changes in compressor and turbine efficiency for an air
cycle under a given set of parameters. Other conditions may be examined by
using the models provided in the appendices.

R ecupera tor Effectivenes s

The efficiency of a Brayton cycle is a strong increasing function of re-

cuperator effectiveness as shown in Figures 4 and 5. It should be noted that
the heat transfer area required to produce a given effectiveness increases in
a highly nonlinear manner as the effectiveness approaches 1. O. For example,
the heat exchanger area approximately doubles in going from 90 to 95 percent
effectiveness, it doubles again in going from 95 to 98 percent, and it doubles
again going from 98 to 99 percent. A 100 percent effectiveness requires an
infinite heat exchanger.

Turbine Inlet Temperature

Brayton cycle efficiency is also a strongly increasing function of turbine

inlet temperature as seen in Figures 4 through 10. Present technology limits
the allowable inlet temperature in closed cycles to about 1089-1255°K (1500-
1800°F), while that of open cycles can be as high as 1255-1644°K (1800-2500°F).

12
 .7,r-----.r--'"""'T---r--r----r--...,.---r---r--,-----,-'"""'T---r--r----r--...,

7)c = .85 T 1 = 1089°K Working fluid - air

0
7)t = .90 Ta = 300 K
7)c Compressor Isentropic Efficiency
e= .80 No reheat
No intercooling 7)t = Turbine Isentropic Efficiency
No pressure drops E = Recuperator Effectiveness
Tl = Turbine Inlet Temperature
T6 = Compressor Inlet Temperature

C1>

J
.3

.2

.1

Pressu re rati 0 -+

Figure 2. Effect of Pressure Ratio on Cycle Efficiency

13
 .7r-----~------_r------,_------r_----_.r_----_.------._----__,

Working fluid - air 1)c Compressor Isentropic Efficiency

€ = .80 l1c Turbine Isentropic Efficiency
.6 T1 = 1089°K
€ Recuperator Effectiveness
Ta = 300 K
0

No reheat T1 = Turbine Inlet Temperature

No intercooling T 6 = Compressor Inlet Temperature
No pressure drops "s;:,
.5 q}

t .4

.3

.2

O~----~------~------~------~----~~----~------~----~
1 2 3 4 5
Optimum pressure ratio ~

Figure 3. Variation of Cycle Efficiency and Optimum Pressure Ratio

With Turbine and Compressor Efficiency

14
 fie = .87 Working fluid - air
fit = .91 No reheat
0
T6= 300 K No intercooling
No pressure drops

-- ----
t

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Optimum pressure ratio-+

Figure 4. Variation of Air Cycle Efficiency and Optimum Pressure Ratio

With Recuperator Effectiveness and Turbine Inlet Temperature

15
 ·8e_--r---.--.---.---.---.--or--,---,---,---r--.---,---r--,
llc = .87
ll t = .91 No reheat
0
T6= 300 K No intercooling
.7 No pressure drops

.6

.5
0
.-
t
'"
'"
13
>
.4
~

.2

.1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Optimum pressure ratio -r

Figure 5. Variation of Helium Cycle Efficiency and Optimum Pressure Ratio

With Recuperator Effectiveness and Turbine Inlet Temperature

16
 t
0
t .~

...
CO
Q)
(j
>
...
C!l
'::J
~ '"...'"
'C!l
c.
E
::J
E
.~

c.
0

o·~~--~--~--~~--~
250 300 350 400 250 300 350 400
Rejection temp. T 6 (OK) -+ Rejection temp. T 6 (OK) 7

(a) (b)

Figure 6. Effect of Rejection Temperature T 6 on Cycle Efficiency and

Optimum Pressure Ratio

17
 Working fluid - air
'TIc = .87 No reheat
'TIt = .91
No intercooling
E= .80

T,= 3000 K

Optimum pressure ratio

is not appreciably affected
by pressure drop losses

"Optimum" pressure ratio in

this case is defined as that
across the turbine

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Turbine inlet temperature T, (0 K) -+

Figure 7. Effect of Pressure Drop Losses on Cycle Efficiency

18
 Working fluid - air
llc = .87 No intercooling and no. reheat
No re heat
ll t = .91
e = .80 No pressure drop . / I ntercooling
.L_---:::__
;;:-:::;;.-;;;;;:-.. . T, = 1922° K
~=16440K
~,=1867°K ".

,,0{
r / , = 1089°K
t
'"
II
J /1
~ T,= 811°K

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13 14 15
Optimum pressure ratio--*

Figure 8. Effect of I ntercooling on Cycle Efficiency and Optimum Pressure Ratio

19
 Working fluid - air
11c =·87
11t =·91
€ =.80
0
T 6= 300 K

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Optimum pressure ratio -+

Figure 9. Effect of Reheat on Cycle Efficiency and Optimum Pressure Ratio

20
 'l7 c = .87 Working fluid - air
'l7 t = .91 No pressure drop
€ = .80
T6 = 300 0
K No intercool ing and no reheat

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Optimum pressure ratio -->

Figure 10. Combined Effects of Intercooling and Reheat

21
Turbine designers are currently attempting to develop better blade cooling
techniques and ceramic blades which will allow reliable operation at inlet
temperatures 1922°K (3000°F) or higher. However, improvements have
historically been achieved slowly and in small increments.

Heat Rejection Temperature

The temperature at which heat is rejected from the cycle also has a
strong effect on cycle efficiency as shown in Figure 6. This effect is usually
less apparent than some other effects because the normal temperature range
over which heat is rejected is small. However, the effect is very important
when considering total energy applications where the rejected heat must be at
fairly high temperature for use in another process, such as district heating.
The models given in the appendices may be used to study sets of parameters
other than those shown in Figure 6.

Pressure Drop Losses

Pressure drops caused by flow through heat exchangers, plpmg, and

other components always reduce cycle efficiency. This drop in efficiency
appears as an increase in the pressure ratio across which the compressor
must pump relative to the turbine. In the present model this effect can be
adequately represented by a parameter defined as the "Pressure Drop Ratio"
(PDR).
= Pressure Ratio Across Compressor
PDR
Pressure Ratio Across Turbine

Figure 7 shows the effect of pressure drop losses on cycle efficiency. The
indicated range of PDR = 1. 0 (no pressure drop) to PDR = 1. 12 represents
the normal range of pressure drops one would expect to encounter, and effi-
ciency varies roughly linearly between the extremes. The models given in
the appendices may be used to study the effect of pressure drops under sets
of parameters other than shown in Figure 7.

Staged Compression with Intercooling

Staged compression with intercooling between stages reduces the re-

quired compressor work and improves heat transfer in the recuperator, which
results in a net gain in cycle efficiency. Figure 8 shows the gain in efficiency
due to a single stage of intercooling, assuming the fluid entering the second
stage compressor is cooled to the same temperature as that entering the first
stage. Of course, the additional heat exchangers and compressors for multi-
stage compression with intercooling increase system cost and complexity, and
therefore their value must be judged for each application.

22
Multiple Expansion with Reheat

Multiple-stage expansion with reheat between stages raises the average

expansion temperature in the turbine, increasing turbine work output per unit
of working fluid, and thus raising cycle efficiency. Figure 9 shows the gain
in efficiency due to a single stage of reheat, assuming the inlet temperature
to the second stage is the same as for the first stage. Reheat requires greater
use of exp.ensive high-temperature materials and reduces reliability because
of the additional components. The desirability of reheat must hence be exam-
ined for each application. Figure 10 shows the combined gains due to inter-
cooling and reheat. The models given in the appendices may be used to study
the benefits under other sets of parameters.

Other Factors Affecting Efficiency

Several other factors affect the design point efficiency of Brayton cycle
power plants, such as heat input efficiency, generator efficiency, and auxili-
ary power requirements. Auxiliary power requirements. such as fans for
COOling towers, are typically of the order of 3 or 4 percent of the net output
power. Large generator efficiency is typically around 98 percent, and heat
input efficiency is frequently of the order of 89 percent. Thus, to obtain a
more realistic value of plant efficiency, the values given in the figures of this
report should be multiplied by (0.98)(0.89)(1-0.03) = 0.85.

Summary

This study has illustrated the sensitivity of Brayton cycle efficiency to

a number of parameters. There is little that can be done to significantly
change heat rejection temperature for a given application. but efforts should
be made to optimize the other variables studied. For example. large gains
can be realized if cost-effective means can be implemented to increase the
turbine inlet temperature, increase recuperation effectiveness, or decrease
pressure drops. Similarly. more emphasis should be placed on developing
cost-effective intercooling and reheat cycles. In all cases, plants should be
designed to operate at or near the optimum pressure ratio for their given
design.

23/24
 REFERENCES

1. Kuo, S. C •• Horton. T. L. 0 •• Shu, H. T., Seng, W. R., "The

Prospects for Lightweight Ship Propulsion Systems. " ASME Preprint
No. 78-GT-179, December 28, 1977.

2. Bloomfield, H. S. and Calogeras. J. E., Technical and Economic

Feasibility Study of Solar I Fossil Hybrid Power Systems, NASA
Technical Memorandum NASA TM-73820, December 1977.

3. Boeing Engineering and Construction, Closed Cycle, High-Temperature

Central Receiver Concept for Solar Electric Power, Final Technical
Report Research Project 377-1 for Electrical Power Research Institute.

4. Hiller, Carl C., An Introductory Comparison of Brayton and Rankine

Power Cycles for Central Solar Power Generation, SAND78-8010,
May 1978.

25/26
 APPENDIX A
DERIVATIONS FOR BRAYTON PLANT MODEL

Figures A-I and A-2 show the plant configuration for which the present
model has been developed.
@
10 N urnb e r S In
"d"lea te state
.A
vv
AA points in the cycle
Recuperator
® .AAAA
v v v _..

r--"' r-
Heat
I,> .? Heat ~ > input
I~
rejection
> > : '>
~ .
>
Primary
and
o"ut
< < > Primary
and
Qin

intercooling reheat

@ ® (j) @ @ ll"j"
~\:!)
0 CD
Compressor Turbine
}- Generator

Staged compression Staged expansion

with intercooling with reheat

Figure A·l. Brayton Cycle Power Plant

Recuperator
T

Figure A·2. Thermodynamic Cycle

27
Assuming ideal gas

C = constant
p
C
Y = ':::C:-":-:R:::- = constant
p

Y-l
Pp2
( 1) Y for an isentropic process

[';: 1 1 2
- =
Cp(T - T ) = C 1) (T - T
1 2 P t 1 2ISENTROPIC
) turbine

[:t ]3-4 =
turbine

C
C (T T) = --E.(T - T ) compressor
P 7- 6 1)c 7ISENTROPIC 6

compressor

l'/t = turbine isentropic efficiency

l'/c = compressor isentropic efficiency

28
 E = Recuperator Effectiveness

Q ] = Cp(T - T ) + C (T - T )
[ m IN 1 10 p 3 2

Then
(T -T ) +(T -T ) - (T -T ) - (T g -T )
1 2 3 4 7 6 8
= =
TJCYCLE (T - T ) + (T - T )
1 10 3 2

If we wish to account for heat input efficiency, generator efficiency, and

auxiliaries we have

l=tET
ACTUAL

= Generator Efficiency

= Fraction of the output power required to run

auxiliaries (such as cooling tower fans)

ACTUAL

Tl B = Boiler or heat input efficiency

Then

TlCYCLE
ACTUAL

29
Notes:

1. We have assumed one stage of intercooling and one stage of

reheat with

Pg P Pi P
7 3
= = , , T3 = T , and Ta = T · If no intercooling
P P P P 1 6
a 6 2 4
Pi P
6
or reheat is desired, set T3 = T , Ta = T , - = 1, and- = 1.
2 6 P P
2 7

2. Pressure drop losses in the system can be accounted for by

varying the net pressure ratio across the turbines relative to that
across the compressors using the variable

= Press. Ratio Across Compo

PDR
Press. Ratio Across Turb.
(Pressure Drop Ratio)

3. If no recuperator is desired, set € = O.

4. The model correctly simulates both open and closed cycles

because it uses pressure ratios rather than absolute pressures.

30
 APPENDIX B
COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR BRAYTON CYCLE PERFORMANCE

Described here is a FORTRAN program for computing Brayton cycle

efficiency using real-time interactive data input through namelists.

Input parameters are

Computer Symbol Parameter

GAMA 'Y
EFFT 1')t

EFFC 1')c
EFFG 1')g
FAUX FAUX
EFFB 1')B

Tl Tl
T6 T6
T3 T3
Ta Ta
ERCUP €

PR PR
PDR PDR
MODE MODE

31
 Calculated outputs are

Computer Symbol Parameter

T2 T2
T4 T4
T5 T5
T7 T7
T9 Tg
TIO TlO
EFF l1CYCLE
ACTUAL
PRT PRTURBINE
PRC PRCOMPRESSOR

32
 PROGRAM LISTING

PROGRA~ ADVBIINPUT,OUTPUT,TAPEi.OUT~T.
C ADVANCED BRAYTON CYCLE POWER PLANT EFfICIENCY PROGRAM
NAMELIST/COEF/GAMA.EFFT.EFFC.EFfG,FAUX.EffB
NAHELIST/PARAH/T1,T6,T3,TI,ERCUP,PR,POR,MODE
C HODE i-REHEAT,INTER, 2-REHEAT ONLY, 3-INTER ONLY, ~-NEITHER
C DEF AUl T VALUES
T6=305.2
IWRITE=1
PDR=l.
EFFT = .91
EFFC :: .81
EFFG :: .982
FAUX = .036
00 2000 IRUN=I,500
EFF ::" 0.
OATA Tl,T2,T3.T4,T5,Tl,T8,T9,T101
10.,0.,0 •• 0.,0 •• 0.,0.,0.,0.1
WRITECIMRITE,800.
800 FORHAT(' NAHELIST - COEF, GAMA,EFFT,EFFC,EFFG,FAUX.EFFB'.
READ COEF
WRITE nWRITE, 81 0.
810 PORMAT(' NAHELIST - PARAH,Tl,T6,T3,T8.ERCUP,PR,POR,HODE"
READ PARAM
XK = (GAHA-l.J/GAM_
1'3::T1
T8=T6
IF(HOOE.EQ.l) GO TO 400
IF(MOO£.EQ.2) GO TO 300
IFCHOOE.EQ.3) GO TO 200
IFCHOOE.EQ.4J GO TO 100
GO TO 2000
100 T 3=Tl
T8=T6
PRT:1.
PRC=l.
GO TO 600
200 T3:Tt
FRT=l.
GO TO 'j00
300 T8=T6
PRe=l.
400 fRT=SQRl( PR)
IFCMOOE.EQ.2J GO TO 600
; 500 PPC=SQRTCPOR4PRJ
600 T2=T1 4 Cl.-EFFT4Cl.-Cl./PRT,4·XK'J
T4=T14Cl.-EFFT4Cl.-(PRT/PRJ··XK"
Tl=T6 4 Cl.+(PRC·4XK-i.'/EFFC'
19=T8·Cl.+((PR·POR/PRCJ··XK-l.'/EFFC'
T10=TQ + ERCUP·CT4-T9J
T5= T4 - ERCUP. CT4-T9J
E~F=EFFB·(1.-FAUX'·EFFG·CT1+T3+T6+Ta-T2-T4-T7-T9)1
1 fT1+TJ-T2-TtO'
WRITE UWRITE, 85 0'
WRITECIWRITE.820' GAHA.EFFT,EFFC.EFFG,FAUX

33
 WRITE(!WRITE.8~0)
WRITE(IWRITE.820' ERCUP,PR,PRT,PRC,EFF8
WRITE(IWRITE,830'
WRITE(IWRITE,820' T1,T2,T3,T4,T5
WRITE(IWRITE,860)
WRITE(IWRITE,820' T6,T7,T8,T9,T10
WRITE (IWRITE, 870)
WRITE(IWRITE,860) HOOE,PDR,EFF
PAUSE
2000 CONTINUE
920 FO~~AT(5Fl0.3)
830 FOR~AT(1 T1,T2,T3,T4,T5t)
8~0 FORMAT(t ERCUP,PR,pRT,PRC,EFF8t)
850 FORMAT(' GAMA,EFFT,EFFC,EFFG,FAUXt)
860 FOR~AT(t T6,T7,T8,T9,Tl0t'
870 FORMAT(t MODE,POR,EFFt)
880 FORMAJ(I~,2F10.3)
END

SAMPLE OUTPUT

NAMELIST - COfF. GAHA,EFFT.EFFC,EfFG,FAUX,EFFB

NAMELIST - PA~A~.T1,T6,T3,T8,ERCUP,PR,POR,"OOE
r.AMA,EFFT,F.FFC,fFFG.FAU~
1.670 .Q10 .870 .980 0.000
fPCUP,PP,PRT,PPC,fFFR
.9«30 1.7<';0 1.000 1.000 .8<}0
T1,T2.T3,T4,TIj
Lcl01!9.000 10119.000 10!!9.000 MZ.568 ~4q .413
T6,T7,T8,T9,T10
322.000 372.000 322.000 426.615 859.771
MOOf,POR,FFF
It 1.03 0 • ,~" 1

PAUSE GO

NA~fLIST - COfF. GAH.A,EFFT,fFFC,EFFG,FAUX,EFF8

NAMfLIST - PA~AM,Tl.T6.T3,TB.Eorup,PR.PCR,MOOE
GAHA,EFFT,EFFC,FFFG,FAUX
1.670 .910 .R70 .980 0.000
ERCUP.PR,PPT.PRC.EFF8
.13<; 0 1.7QO 1.000 1.000 .890
T1.T2,T3. T It.T5
LI01l9.000 10~9.000 10~q.OOO 862.568 453.220
Tf"T7,TI',r9.TtO
3?~. 0 Il 0 322.000 322.000 430.623 859.971
MOOE.PO~.FFF
,It 1.061 .372

PAUSE STOP

34
 APPENDIX C
HAND CALCULATOR PROGRAM
FOR DETERMINING BRAYTON CYCLE EFFICIENCY

The following program has been developed for use on a Hewlett-Packard

Model 67 calculator.

"c
I'
t PR @J
PDR t Brayton
"t Cycle
Program
E t T1 t

Mode ~ T6 ~ Computes

Initialize Initialize
"CYCLE

0 ~ @] @] @]
Suggested lVIagnetic Card Labels

Operating Procedures

Variable Keystroke Operation

Enter
"c
Enter
"t
E Enter
Mode A Stores Values
.- l' Enter
PDR Enter
T1 Enter
1'-1
T6 B Stores values and computes y
PR C Computes and returns "CYCLE

35
Notes:

Values in either the A or B columns may be varied without re-entering

the other column, and PR can be varied without changing the A and B columns.

Examples:

Let 'llc = 0.8

'llt = 0.9
E = 0.8

Mode = 4

'Y = 1.4

PDR = 1.0

T1 = 1089°K

T6 = 300 K
0

PR = 2.0, 2. 2, and 2.4

Press Display

.8 Enter .80
.9 Enter .90
.8 Enter .80
4 A .80
1.4 Enter 1. 40
1 Enter 1. 00
1089 Enter 1089.00
300 B .2857
2 C .3329 ('llCYCLE)
'Y = 14
2.2 C .3466 ('llCYCLE)
E = 0.80
2.4 C .3559 ('llCYCLE)

36
Now change € to 0.95

Press Display

•8 Enter .80
•9 Enter .90
.95 Enter .95
4 A .80

2 C .4637 (TlCYCLE)
y = 1. 4
2.2 C .4626 (TlCYCLE)
€ = 0.95
2.4 C .4594 (TlCYCLE)

Now change y to 1. 67

Press Display

1. 67 Enter 1. 67
1 Enter 1. 00
1089 Enter 1089.00
300 B .4012
2 C .4536 (TlCYCLE)
y = 1. 67
2.2 C .4430 (TlCYCLE)
€ = 0.95
2.4 C .4311 (TlCYCLE)

It should also be noted that the temperatures in the cycle as shown in Figure
A-1 are calculated and stored in the protected storage registers of the same
number with the exception of T5: i.e., T1 is in protected register 1, T7 is
in protected register 7, T10 is in protected register 0, and so forth.

37
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DOE, TIC (316)
J. H. Scott, 5700
G. E. Brandvold, 5710; Attn: R. P. Stromberg, 5714
H. M. Dodd, 5716
V. L. Dugan, 5720; Attn: J. F. Banas, 5722
J. A. Leonard, 5721
T. B. Cook, Jr., 8000; Attn: A. N. Blackwell, 8010
B. F. Murphey, 8300
W. E. Alzheimer, 8120
A. F. Baker, 8124
S. W. Zehr, 8313
P. J. Eicker, 8326
J. M. Brune, 8326
J. J. Iannucci, 8326
J. Woodward, 8326
C. W. Robinson, 8352
S. C. Keeton, 8352
L. Gutierrez, 8400
R. C. Wayne, 8450
W. G. Wilson, 8451
T. D. Brumleve, 8451
C. C. Hiller, 8451 (10)
S. G. Peglow, 8451
W. S. Winters, 8451
A. C. Skinrood, 8452
E. T. Cull, 8452
L. A. Hiles, 8452
J. W. Liebenberg, 8452
M. B. Loll, 8452
C. W. Moore, 8452
L. G. Radosevich, 8452
L. N. Tallerico, 8452
F. J. Cupps, 8265/Technical Library Processes Division, 3141
Technical Library Processes Division, 3141 (2)
Library and Security Classification Division, 8266-2 (3)

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