NATSCI1 - PHYS

MECHANICS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

▨ Describe motion;
▨ explained the two general types of motion and give
examples of each;
▨ distinguished between distance and displacement;
▨ distinguished between scalar and vector quantities;
▨ distinguished between speed and velocity;
▨ identified the different conditions that indicate
acceleration and
▨ solve problems involving motion.
CONTENTS
 MOTION
 Description of Motion

 Vector and Scalar Quantities

 Distance and Displacement

 Speed and Velocity

 Acceleration

 Free Fall

 Projectile Motion
MOTION
MOTION
A change in position with respect to a reference frame.
 TYPES OF MOTION

VENUS JUPITER
Venus is the second planet It’s the biggest planet in
from the Sun the Solar System

MARS SATURN
Despite being red, Mars is Saturn is a gas giant and
a cold place has several rings
Examples
 SCALARS VECTORS
- quantities with - quantities with magnitude
magnitude only and direction
 DISTANCE vs. DISPLACEMENT
• Distance is a scalar quantity.
• Distance is the length of the path
travelled by a body while moving
from an initial position to a final
position.
• Distance measured is always
positive.
• The total distance is equal to the
algebraic sum of all the distances
travelled in different directions.
• There is always a distance covered
whenever there is motion.
• Unit: meter (m)
• Displacement is a vector quantity.
• Diplacement is the shortest
distance between initial position
and the final position of the body.
• Displacement can be positive or
negative depending on the
reference point.
• The net displacement (resultant) is
the vector sum of the individual
displacements in different
directions.
• Displaceent will be zero if the
body comes back to its initial
position
• Unit: meter (m)
DISTANCE vs. DISPLACEMENT
DISTANCE vs. DISPLACEMENT
DISTANCE vs. DISPLACEMENT
DISTANCE vs. DISPLACEMENT
DISTANCE vs. DISPLACEMENT
DISTANCE vs. DISPLACEMENT
 SPEED vs. VELOCITY
• Speed is a scalar quantity. It
does not tell us the direction of
the body in motion.
• Speed is the distance travelled
by a body per unit time (rate
of change in distance).
• Speed is always positive.
• For circular motion, the
average speed does not
become zero after completing
one round.
• Unit: meter/second (m/s)
• Velocity is a vector quantity. It
tells us the speed and the direction
of the body in motion.
• Velocity is the displacement
travelled by a body per unit time
(rate of change in displacement).
• Velocity can be positive or
negative depending on the
direction of motion.
• For circular motion, average
velocity becomes zero after
completing one round.
• Unit: meter/second (m/s)
SPEED vs. VELOCITY
SPEED vs. VELOCITY
SPEED vs. VELOCITY
SPEED vs. VELOCITY
SPEED vs. VELOCITY
SPEED vs. VELOCITY
“On a clear Sunday, a Physics teacher took a 3 hours car trip to visit a
friend. In the first two hours, he traveled 120 km, N at constant speed.
In the remaining hour, he traveled 80 km, N after the car developed
some trouble.

(a) What was the average speed and average velocity in km/h for
each part of the trip?
(b) What was the average speed and average velocity in km/h for the
entire trip?

Supposed that the Physics teacher travels at the same path and it took
him 2 hours and 45 minutes going back at a constant speed. Find the :

c) average speed and average velocity going back; and

d) average speed and average velocity for the entire trip.
Solution
d1 = 120 km t1 = 2 h dT = 200 km
Given:
d2 = 80 km t2 = 1 h tT = 3 h
Required: v1 , v2 , v1 , v2 , vT , vT
d d
Equation: v= v=
t t
Computations:
Solving for v1 & v1 Solving for v2 & v2 Solving for vT & vT
120 km
v1 = d1 = v2 = d2 = 80 km vT = dT
200 km
=
t1 2h t2 1h tT 3h
Answers: = 60 km/h = 80 km/h = 66.7 km/h
= 60 km/h, N = 80 km/h, N = 60 km/h, N
Solution
d1 = 120 km2 t1 = 2 h dT = 200 km d3 = 200 km
Given:
d2 = 80 km t2 = 1 h tT = 3 h t3 = 2.75
Required: v3 , v3 , vT , vT
d d
Equation: v= v=
t t

Computations: Solving for v3 Solving for v3

v3 = d3 = 200 km v3 = d3 =
-200 km
t3 2.75 h t3 2.75 h
Answers: = 72.73 km/h = - 72.73 km/h
= 72.73 km/h, S
Solution
d1 = 120 km t1 = 2 h dT = 200 km d3 = 200 km
Given:
d2 = 80 km t2 = 1 h tT = 3 h t3 = 3 h
Required: v3 , v3 , vT , vT
d d
Equation: v= v=
t t
Computations:
Solving for vT Solving for vT

vT = dT = 200 km + 200 km = 400 km vT = dT = 200 km + (-200 km)

tT 3 h + 2.75 h 5.75 km tT 3 h + 2.75 h
Answers: = 69.57 km/h
= 0
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
d Vf2 - Vi2 where:
v= d =
t 2a v = velocity (m/s)
d = displacement (m)
Vf + Vi
v = at2 t = time in seconds (s)
2 d = V it +
2 v = average velocity (m/s)
Vi = initial velocity (m/s)
Vf - Vi
a = Vf = initial velocity (m/s)
t
a = acceleration (m/s2)
 ADDITION OF VECTORS
RIGHT ANGLES TO EACH OTHER

VAO = 400 km, E

VOB = 300 km, N

VR = ?
 ADDITION OF VECTORS
RIGHT ANGLES TO EACH OTHER

c
VR = ? a
VOB = 300 km, N

b
VAO = 400 km, E
Altitude (a) or side
opposite to angle A

Base (b) or side

adjacent to angle A
 a = √a2 + b2

vR = √AO2 + OB2

vR = √ 4002 + 3002
vR = √ 250 000
vR = 500 km
 opposite side O
sin  = sin  =
H
SOH
hypotenuse

adjacent side A
cos  =
hypotenuse
cos  =
H
CAH

opposite side O
tan  = tan  = TOA
adjacent side A
 300 N 400 E
tan  = = tan  =
 400 E 300 N
tan  0.75 tan  1.33
= tan =
tan tan tan

 = 36.87 N of E  = 53.13 E of N
 a = √a2 + b2

vR = √AO2 + OB2

vR = √ 3002 + 4002
vR = √ 250 000
vR = 500 km, 36.87 N of E
OR
vR = 500 km, 53.13 E of N
VECTOR COMPONENTS
X
O a
VH = 500 km, 37North of East sin  = sin  =
H c
a
sin 37 =
500


a = 500 (sin 37)

= 300 km, N
b b
Y cos  =
H
= cos 37 =
500
b = 500 (cos 37) = 400 km, E
 VECTOR COMPONENTS
A a
VH = 500 km, 37North of East cos  = COS  =
H c
a
cos 37 =
500


a = 500 (cos 37)

= 300 km
O b
sin  = sin 53 = b = 500 (sin 53) = 400 km
H 500
-END OF PRESENTATION-