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تقنيات البحث اختيار الموضوع وتحديد العنوان
تقنيات البحث اختيار الموضوع وتحديد العنوان
تقنيات البحث اختيار الموضوع وتحديد العنوان
ﺍﳌﺴﺘـﻮﻯ :ﺍﻷﻭﱃ /ﺍﻟﻔـﻮﺝ04 : ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ/ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ
ﻣﻘﻴـــــــــــــــﺎﺱ :ﺗﻘﻨﻴــــــــــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒــﺤـــــــــﺚ
ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ،ﻓﻼﺑﺪ
ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲝﺜﻪ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻫﺎﻡ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﻞ
ﳍﺎ؟ ﻓﺎﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻭﲝﺜﻪ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ
ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ،ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ
ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻀﻲ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺣﺼﺮﻩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ،ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺃﻭ
ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻌﺮﰲ ،ﺑﻞ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ
ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ.
ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻲ :ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﻼ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﳍﺎ ،ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ،ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺴﲑﻫﺎ
ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺟﺪﻳﺮ
ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ،ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ،ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺫﺍﰐ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ
ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ.
ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻔﺖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ،ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺆﻫﻞ
ﻷﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﲝﺚ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲝﺜﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ،ﻓﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ
ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ،
ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ.
-1ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ :ﺇﻥ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ
ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ،ﻫﻲ ﻫﺪﻭﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ،ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ
ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﺃ -ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ:
–ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ :ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ
ﻭﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ،ﻷﻧﻪ ﳛﻘﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ،
ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ ،ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ
ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﱪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﻼﺹ
ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻼﺑﺪ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲝﺜﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ.ﻭﺃﻥ
ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ.
–ﺍﻟﺼﱪ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﺑﺮﺓ :ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﺑﺪ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻤﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ
ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﱪ ،ﻷﻥ ﻛﻞ ﲝﺚ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺿﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺤﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﱪ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﲑﻩ
ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ.
ﺏ -ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ:
–ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ :ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ،ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ،
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺒﺪﻋﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻼ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ
ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﺘﺒﺲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ،ﺇﻻ ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺴﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ،ﻭﺃﻻ ﻳﻨﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ،
ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﻒ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ،
ﺃﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ،ﻭﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﲝﺜﻪ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺫﻛﺮﺍ ﺻﺮﳛﺎ
ﻭﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ ،ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﲎ ﺎ ﲝﺜﻪ ،ﻭ ﻃﻌﻢ ﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﻪ.
–ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ :ﻓﻼ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻭﺭ ،ﲟﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻷﻥ
ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻼﻙ ،ﻭﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻨﺎﺀ.
-ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ :ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ،ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺿﺆﻟﺖ ﺃﻭ
ﻫﺰﻟﺖ ،ﻭﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻈﻤﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻄﺮﺕ ،ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻭﺃﲨﻞ ﲰﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،ﻓﻼ
ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﻠﺔ.
.2ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ :ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ،ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﲝﺚ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﳑﺘﺎﺯ.
ﺃ -ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ :ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ،
ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻠﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ،ﰲ
ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ
ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺎﺕ ،ﺇﻻ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺷﱴ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ
ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻀﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ
ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻱ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﺮﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﻲﺀ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ،ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ
ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺭﺅﻳﺎﻫﻢ.
ﺏ -ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ :ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺿﺤﻰ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻤﻼ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ
ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻫﻈﺔ ،ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ
ﻭﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺎﺕ ،ﺇﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ،ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺗﺮﺣﺎﻝ ﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺃﻭ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ،ﻟﺬﺍ
ﳚﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ
ﻟﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳚﺐ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻃﻼﻗﻪ ،ﻭﺇﻻ
ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺽ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ
ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ.
ﺝ -ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ :ﻻﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ،ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ
ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ،ﲤﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ.
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ :ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ :ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ
ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ،ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻻﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ.
.1ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ :ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻫﻮ ﺣﺼﺮﻩ ﰲ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ،
ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﺻﻼ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﴰﻮﻻ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻫﻢ
ﻭﺃﴰﻞ ،ﰒ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ،ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ
ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ،ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﻤﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ ،ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺎ ﺇﱃ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ،ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳏﺪﺩﺍ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ،ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻭﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،ﺃﺧﺪ ﻭﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ
ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺇﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ،ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ
ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ .ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﺎﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﻌﺎ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻋﺎ
ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺼﻌﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ.ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻴﻘﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.2ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ :ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲝﺜﻪ ،ﺃﻥ
ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺟﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ،ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ،
ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﳎﻬﻮﻻ ،ﺃﻭ ﳚﻤﻊ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳﺼﺤﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ ،ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﺃﻭ
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻛﺄﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ،ﺃﻭ ﺣﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ
ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ .ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻀﻔﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺔ،
ﺍﳉﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﺎ
ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﻓﻼ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻻ ،ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﺍ ،ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﳌﺎ
ﺳﺒﻖ ﻭﻛﺘﺐ ،ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻩ ﲟﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ،ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﺪ ﻋﻮﰿ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ،ﺑﻞ
ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ.
.3ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ :ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻘﻔﻼ ،ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ ،ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﲑﺓ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ
ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻻ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻟﻪ ،ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻛﺎﻥ
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ،ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ ،ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺣﺎﺓ
ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ،ﳍﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ
ﰲ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ،ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﺑﺮﺻﺪ ﺃﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲝﺜﻪ،
ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ﺎ ،ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ،ﻓﻠﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ ...ﺩﻭﻥ
ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻴﻊ ﻭﻗﺘﻪ ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻃﻪ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﱂ ﺗﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ" ﺇﻥﹼ ﻛﻞﹼ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺮﺍﻋﻴﻪ ﻭﺗﻴﺴﺮ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ
ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺟﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻏﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﲝﺜﻪ ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ
ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲝﺚ
ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ...ﻛﻞﹼ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ
ﻭﺍﺿﺢ.