1EFFECTIVE STRESS IS THE STRESS.

A. TRANSMITTED BY FLOWING WATER.

B. TRANSMITTED FROM PARTICLE TO PARTICLE THROUGH THE POINTS OF
CONTACT
C. THAT CAN BE MEASURED.
D. NONE OF THE ABOVE.
Answer: C. THAT CAN BE MEASURED.
2. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS AN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE?
A. PORE WATER PRESSURE C. WATER LOAD
B. CAPILLARY PRESSURE D. NONE OF THESE
Answer: A. PORE WATER PRESSURE
3. FOR WATER TABLE BELOW GROUND SURFACE, A RISE IN THE WATER TABLE CAUSES.
A. AN INCREASE IN PORE PRESSURE AND DECREASE IN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE.
B. DECREASE IN PORE PRESSURE AND INCREASE IN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE.
C. NO CHANGE IN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE.
D. EQUAL CHANGE IN PORE PRESSURE AND TOTAL PRESSURES.
Answer: A. AN INCREASE IN PORE PRESSURE AND DECREASE IN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE.
4. THE EFFECT OF CAPILLARY SATURATION WILL CAUSE THE EFFECTIVE STRESS.
A. TO INCREASE C. EITHER TO INCREASE OR DECREASE
B. TO DECREASE D. UNCHANGED
Answer: A. TO INCREASE
5. WHEN THE WATER LEVEL IN A LAKE (OR TANK) RISES, THE EFFECTIVE STRESSES
IN THE SOIL BELOW ARE:
A. TO INCREASE C. EITHER TO INCREASE OR DECREASE
B. TO DECREASE D. UNCHANGED
Answer: D. UNCHANGED
6. IN A CAPILLARY SATURATED ZONE (CAPILLARY FRINGE).
A. EFFECTIVE STRESS IS LESSER THAN TOTAL STRESS.
B. EFFECTIVE STRESS IS EQUAL TO TOTAL STRESS
C. EFFECTIVE STRESS IS GREATER THAN TOTAL STRESS
D. NONE OF THE ABOVE
Answer: B. EFFECTIVE STRESS IS EQUAL TO TOTAL STRESS

7. NEUTRAL PRESSURE (PORE PRESSURE) IS.

A. ALWAYS COMPRESSIVE
B. ALWAYS TENSILE
C. COMPRESSIVE BELOW WATER TABLE AND TENSILE ABOVE WATER TABLE
D. COMPRESSIVE ABOVE WATER TABLE AND TENSILE BELOW WATER TABLE
Answer: B. ALWAYS TENSILE
8. INCREASE IN LEVEL OF WATER TABLE ABOVE GROUND LEVEL CAUSES.
A. INCREASE IN EFFECTIVE STRESS
B. NO CHANGE IN EFFECTIVE STRESS
C. DECREASE IN EFFECTIVE STRESS
D. NONE OF THE ABOVE
Answer: B. NO CHANGE IN EFFECTIVE STRESS
9. IN THE CAPILLARY SATURATED ZONE PRESSURE IS.
A. TENSILE C. EITHER TENSILE AND COMPRESSION
B. COMPRESSION D. ZERO
Answer: A. TENSILE
10. A LAYER OF SATURATED CLAY 4M THICK IS OVERLAIN BY SAND 5 M DEEP, THE
WATER TABLE BEING 3 M BELOW THE SURFACE. THE SATURATED UNIT WEIGHTS OF THE
CLAY AND SAND ARE 19 AND 20 KN/M3, RESPECTIVELY; ABOVE THE WATER TABLE THE
DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF THE SAND IS 17 KN/M3.
Given: 𝛾𝑐𝑠𝑎𝑡=19 𝑘𝑁𝑚3 ; 𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑡=20 𝑘𝑁𝑚3 ; 𝛾𝑠𝑑𝑟𝑦=17 𝑘𝑁𝑚3 ; 𝛾𝑤=9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚3
ℎ1=3 𝑚 ; ℎ2=5 𝑚 ; ℎ3=9 𝑚
10-1. FIND THE TOTAL STRESS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE CLAY LAYER.
𝜎=(𝛾𝑠𝑑𝑟𝑦×ℎ1)+(𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑡×(ℎ2−ℎ1))+(𝛾𝑐𝑠𝑎𝑡×(ℎ3−ℎ2))
𝜎=(17 𝑘𝑁𝑚3×3 𝑚)+(20 𝑘𝑁𝑚3×(5 𝑚−3 𝑚))+(19 𝑘𝑁𝑚3×(9 𝑚−5 𝑚))
𝜎=167 𝑘𝑁𝑚2=167 𝑘𝑃𝑎
10-2. FIND THE PORE WATER PRESSURE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE CLAY LAYER.
𝑢𝑤=𝛾𝑤×(ℎ3−ℎ1)
𝑢𝑤=9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚3 ×(9 𝑚−3 𝑚)
𝑢𝑤=58.86 𝑘𝑁𝑚2=58.86 𝑘𝑃𝑎
10-3. FIND THE EFFECTIVE STRESS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE CLAY LAYER.
𝜎′=𝜎−𝑢𝑤
𝜎′=167 𝑘𝑃𝑎−58.86 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜎′=108.14 𝑘𝑃𝑎
10-4. WHAT IS THE CRITICAL GRADIENT OF A SAND DEPOSIT OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY
IS 2.65 AND VOID RATIO IS 0.5?
𝐺=2.65 ;𝑒=0.5
𝑖𝑐=𝐺−11+𝑒
𝑖𝑐=2.65−11+0.5 𝑖𝑐=1.1

10-5. DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVE STRESS AT A DEPTH OF 16M BELOW THE GROUND
LEVEL FOR THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: WATER TABLE IS 3M BELOW GROUND LEVEL; G
= 2.68; E = 0.72; AVERAGE CONTENT OF THE SOIL ABOVE WATER TABLE IS 8%.
ℎ1=3 𝑚 ; ℎ2=16 𝑚 ; 𝐺=2.68 ;𝑒=0.72 ; 𝜔=8 %=0.08 ; 𝛾𝑤=9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚3 𝜎′=(𝛾𝑚×ℎ1)+
(𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡×(ℎ2−ℎ1))−(𝛾𝑤×(ℎ2−ℎ1))=𝐺(1+𝜔)𝛾𝑤1+𝑒 𝜎′=(𝐺(1+𝜔)𝛾𝑤1+𝑒×ℎ1)+
((𝐺+𝑒)𝛾𝑤1+𝑒×(ℎ2−ℎ1))−(𝛾𝑤×(ℎ2−ℎ1)) 𝜎′=(2.68(1+0.08)9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚31+0.72×3 𝑚)+
( (2.68+0.72)9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚31+0.72×(16 𝑚−3 𝑚)) −(9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚3×(16 𝑚−3 𝑚))
𝜎′=174.08872 𝑘𝑁𝑚2=174.089 𝑘𝑃𝑎
11. THE BOTTOM OF THE LAKE CONSISTS OF SOFT CLAY WITH A THICKNESS OF MORE
THAN 15M. THE AVERAGE WATER CONTENT OF THE CLAY IS 40% AND THE SPECIFIC
GRAVITY OF SOILS MAY BE ASSUMED TO BE 2.65. THE DEPTH OF THE WATER IN THE
LAKE IS 6M.
Given: ℎ𝑐=15 𝑚 ; 𝜔=40 %=0.4 ;𝐺=2.65 ;ℎ𝑙=6 𝑚 ; 𝛾𝑤=9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚3
11-1. COMPUTE THE TOTAL EFFECTIVE STRESS AT A DEPTH OF 15M BELOW THE BOTTOM
OF THE LAKE.
ℎ𝑏=15 𝑚 ;𝑆=100 %=1
𝑒=𝐺𝜔𝑆=2.65(0.4)1=1.06
𝜎=(𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡×(ℎ𝑏+ℎ𝑙))+(𝛾𝑤×ℎ𝑙)
𝜎=((𝐺+𝑒)𝛾𝑤1+𝑒×(ℎ𝑏+ℎ𝑙))+(𝛾𝑤×ℎ𝑙)
𝜎=((2.65+1.06)9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚31+1.06×(15 𝑚+6 𝑚))+(9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚3×6 𝑚) 𝜎=429.87801
𝑘𝑁𝑚2=429.878 𝑘𝑃𝑎
11-2. COMPUTE THE PORE WATER PRESSURE AT A DEPTH OF 15M BELOW THE BOTTOM OF
THE LAKE.
𝑢𝑤=𝛾𝑤×(ℎ𝑏+ℎ𝑙)
𝑢𝑤=9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚3×(15 𝑚+6 𝑚)
𝑢𝑤=206.01 𝑘𝑁𝑚2=206.01 𝑘𝑃𝑎
11-3. COMPUTE THE EFFECTIVE STRESS AT A DEPTH OF 15M BELOW THE BOTTOM OF
THE LAKE.
𝜎′=𝜎−𝑢𝑤
𝜎′=429.87801 𝑘𝑃𝑎−206.01 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜎′=223.86801 𝑘𝑃𝑎=223.868 𝑘𝑃𝑎

12. A UNIFORM SOIL DEPOSIT HAS A VOID RATIO 0.6 AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF
2.65. THE NATURAL GROUND WATER IS AT 2.5M BELOW NATURAL GROUND LEVEL. DUE
TO CAPILLARY MOISTURE, THE AVERAGE DEGREE OF SATURATION ABOVE GROUND WATER
TABLE IS 50%.
Given: 𝑒=0.6 ;𝐺=2.65 ;ℎ𝑛𝑤=2.5 𝑚 ;𝑆=50 %=0.5 ; 𝛾𝑤=9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚3
12-1. DETERMINE THE PORE WATER PRESSURE AT A DEPTH OF 6M.
ℎ=6 𝑚
𝑢𝑤=𝛾𝑤×(ℎ−ℎ𝑛𝑤)
𝑢𝑤=9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚3×(6 𝑚−2.5 𝑚)
𝑢𝑤=34.335 𝑘𝑁𝑚2=34.335 𝑘𝑃𝑎
12-2. DETERMINE THE TOTAL STRESS AT A DEPTH OF 6M.
𝜔=𝑆𝑒𝐺=0.5(0.6)2.65=0.113207=11.32 %
𝜎=(𝛾𝑚×ℎ𝑛𝑤)+(𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡×(ℎ−ℎ𝑛𝑤))
𝜎=(𝐺(1+𝜔)𝛾𝑤1+𝑒×ℎ𝑛𝑤)+((𝐺+𝑒)𝛾𝑤1+𝑒×(ℎ−ℎ𝑛𝑤))
𝜎=(2.65(1+0.113207)9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚31+0.6×2.5 𝑚)+((2.65+0.6)9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚31+0.6×(6
𝑚−2.5 𝑚))
𝜎=114.96092 𝑘𝑁𝑚2=114.961 𝑘𝑃𝑎
12-3. DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVE STRESS AT A DEPTH OF 6M.
𝜎′=𝜎−𝑢𝑤
𝜎′=114.96092 𝑘𝑃𝑎−34.335 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜎′=80.62592 𝑘𝑃𝑎=80.626 𝑘𝑃𝑎
13. A 5-M DEPTH OF SAND OVERLIES A 6-M THICK LAYER OF CLAY, THE WATER TABLE
BEING AT THE SURFACE; THE PERMEABILITY OF THE CLAY IS VERY LOW. THE
SATURATED UNIT WEIGHT OF THE SAND IS 19 KN/M3 AND THAT OF THE CLAY IS 20
KN/M3. A 4-M DEPTH OF FILL MATERIAL OF UNIT WEIGHT OF 20 KN/M3 IS PLACED ON
THE SURFACE OVER AN EXTENSIVE AREA.
Given: ℎ𝑠=5 𝑚 ; ℎ𝑐=6 𝑚 ; ℎ𝑓=4 𝑚
𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑡=19 𝑘𝑁𝑚3 ; 𝛾𝑐𝑠𝑎𝑡=20 𝑘𝑁𝑚3 ; 𝛾𝑓=20 𝑘𝑁𝑚3 ; 𝛾𝑤=9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚3
13-1. DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVE VERTICAL STRESS AT THE CENTER OF THE CLAY
LAYER IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE FILL HAS BEEN PLACE, ASSUMING THIS TO TAKE
PLACE RAPIDLY.
𝜎′=(𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑡×ℎ𝑠)+(𝛾𝑐𝑠𝑎𝑡×ℎ𝑐2)−(𝛾𝑤×(ℎ𝑠+ℎ𝑐2))
𝜎′=(19 𝑘𝑁𝑚3×5 𝑚)+(20 𝑘𝑁𝑚3×6 𝑚2)−(9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚3×(5 𝑚+6 𝑚2))
𝜎′=76.52 𝑘𝑁𝑚2=76.52 𝑘𝑃𝑎
13-2. DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVE VERTICAL STRESS AT THE CENTER OF THE CLAY
LAYER MANY YEARS AFTER THE FILL HAS BEEN PLACE.
𝜎′=(𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑡×ℎ𝑠)+(𝛾𝑐𝑠𝑎𝑡×ℎ𝑐2)+(𝛾𝑓×ℎ𝑓)−(𝛾𝑤×(ℎ𝑠+ℎ𝑐2))
𝜎′=(19 𝑘𝑁𝑚3×5 𝑚)+(20 𝑘𝑁𝑚3×6 𝑚2)+(20 𝑘𝑁𝑚3×4 𝑚)−(9.81 𝑘𝑁𝑚3×(5 𝑚+6 𝑚2))
𝜎′=156.52 𝑘𝑁𝑚2=156.52 𝑘𝑃𝑎