PREVENTION & MITIGATION OF THE

IMPACT OF COASTAL PROCESSES,

LAND DEVELOPMENT & WASTE
DISPOSAL
for Earth & Life Science/Grade 11
Quarter 1/ Week 10

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 FOREWORD

Coastal area refers to the land and sea areas bordering the
shoreline. It comprises the natural boundary between the land and
ocean which may include beach, dunes, mangroves, estuary, delta, or
lagoon, among others. As an archipelago located in the tropics, the
Philippines is particularly susceptible to coastal hazards. These hazards
may include dangers of waves, tides, erosion, flood or submersion, and
saltwater intrusion.

This Self-Learning Kit aims to give awareness to the learners on how

the shoreline is affected by coastal processes. It also includes steps on
how to cope up with those coastal hazards.

This also aims to develop the value of care and concern of the
natural resources for the future generation.

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 OBJECTIVES:

K: Define coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion.

S: Describe the causes of coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater

intrusion.

A: Gain patience of citing ways on how to protect and mitigatethe

effects of coastal processes.

LEARNING COMPTENCIES:

• Describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion, submersion, and

saltwater intrusion. (S11/12ES-1h-38)

• Cite ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land development,

waste disposal, and construction of structures on control coastal processes.
(S11/12ES-Ii-41)

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I. WHAT HAPPENED

PRE-TEST: Write your answer in your science notebook.

Directions: Encircle the words listed below. Words may appear

straight across, back-word straight across, up and down, and
diagonally.

COAST WORD SEARCH

D E S R D G R O Y N E S F G R T Y U O
E S B F G A A C X V B K A R D E S C S
P S R E S R O E O H D C S W E R T G F
O E T E A W I A I G U O U L P L K J M
S A Y R F C K N U H E R O S I O N K M
I D R D G S H R T J K N R H J K L L J
T H E S H C K R T L G E D I O A S T S
I A G N G V L D F S O G H J C E O P N
O S F M W E A T H E R T I P G A K N S
N D U O F N E O Q W R T S F G N N G W
G G T P T M R L M K J O P T I J M E A
F T W I G E I P N S E A W A L L N V S
D H D O D G Y F R T H R L J D S L C H
R E S R A E O E B A C K W A S H G S K
S R I J E F U A B C D G H J K K F X F
D F Q K V R N R T Y C V B N M F H A G
T Y V M E V A W E V I T C U R T S E D

erosion swash rocks

backwash destructive wave tide
Sea wall deposition coasts
hurricane ocean groynes
Longshore drift weather beach

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II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION:

COASTAL PROCESSES

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Coastal processes - are naturally-occurring
processes that bring alterations to the coastal
zones. They are interactions of marine, physical,
meteorological, geological, and biological
events.

A. Coastal erosion

- (or shoreline retreat) is the loss of coastal landsdue

to the net removal of sediments or bedrock from
the shoreline.

- common phrase referring to the loss of subaerial

landmass into a sea or lake due to natural
processes such as waves, winds and tides, or
even due to human interference.

Coastal erosion can be either a:

• rapid-onset hazard (occurs very quickly, a

period of days to weeks)

• slow-onset hazard (occurring over many

years, or decades to centuries).

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FIVE MAIN PROCESSES WHICH CAUSES COASTAL EROSION

1. Corrasion

- happens when waves pick up beach material

(e.g. pebbles) and hurl them at the base of a cliff.

- the scraping away of a rock by the action on it of

rock fragments moved by wind or water.

https://unsplash.com/photos/1HDyLnA3g8k

2. Abrasion occurs as breaking waves which contain

sand and larger fragments erode the shoreline or
headland. It is commonly known as the sand paper
effect.
https://unsplash.com/photos/1HDyLnA3g8k

3. When waves hit the base of a cliff air is

compressed into cracks. When the wave retreats the air
rushes out of the gap. Often this causes cliff material
to break away. This process is known as hydraulic
action.
https://u nsplash.com/photos/1HDyLnA3g8k

4. Attrition is when waves cause rocks and pebblesto

bump into each other and break up.

https://u nsplash.com/photos/1HDyLnA3g8k

5. Corrosion/solution is when certain types of cliff

erode as a result of weak acids in the sea.

https://unsplash.com/photos/1HDyLnA3g8k

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 COASTAL PROCESSES

B. Submersion is the sustainable cyclic portion of coastal erosion where

coastal sediments move from the visible portion of a beach to the submerged
nearshore region, and later return to the original visible portion of the beach. The
recovery portion of the sustainable cycle of sediment behavior is (accretion).

C. Saltwater intrusion is the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers,

which can lead to groundwater quality degradation, including drinking water
sources, and other consequences. Saltwater intrusion can naturally occur in
coastal aquifers, owing to the hydraulic connection between groundwater and
seawater. Because saline water has a higher mineral content than freshwater, it
is denser and has a higher water pressure. As a result, saltwater can push inland
beneath the freshwater.

https://link.springen.com
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COASTAL PROTECTION
Some structures and methods can
help protect the coasts from erosion and
submersion. They are usually constructed
along the coasts.

• Seawalls and bulkheads are

structures that are built parallel to
shores that protect the coasts from
wave actions.

• Groynes and jetties are structures that https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml

are built perpendicular to shores to

prevent coastal erosion by promoting
beach build-up as they trap sand.

• Breakwaters are offshore structures that https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml

protect coasts from parallel waves

and in turn, prevent erosion and
submersion.

• Beach nourishment is a method https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml

where a large amount of sand is

added to the coasts. This will create a
new beach or widen an existing one.
However, this method is costly which
deters communities to use it. https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml

• Sandbags are used to counteract

waves that hit the shores. They also
diminish the effect of a storm surge
that can cause submersion.
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml

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 REDUCING COASTAL EROSION

Aside from coastal protection, different ways

can be done to reduce the impact of coastal
erosion. Some of them are less expensive than
constructing structures along the coasts.

• Development of infrastructures must be

constructed in safe distances from the coasts.

• Beach dewatering involves pumping out water

from the shores to prevent erosion.

• Artificial seaweeds can be placed in the

water near the coasts to reduce the speed of
current that promote erosion.

• Ban of mining activities near coasts prevents

erosion caused by mining.

• Plant cover and vegetation around coasts aid in

protecting coasts from erosion.

https://Link.springen.com

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 HUMAN ACTIVITIES AFFECTING OUR COASTAL AREAS

www.shutterstock.com

Human activities such land development, waste disposal,

and construction cause different changes in coastal features. It
is vital that impacts of these activities be prevented or mitigated
to help the coasts inwithstanding coastal processes.

WAYS TO PREVENT OR MITIGATE THE IMPACT OF LAND

DEVELOPMENT, WASTE DISPOSAL, AND CONSTRUCTION
ON COASTS

a. COASTAL LAND DEVELOPMENT

• Coastal land development is due to the demand in space, structures,

and facilities that are used for various human needs. It aggravates the
effects of coastal processes. It increases the incidents of sand mining and
sediment runoff that contribute to coastal erosion. In addition, the increase in
establishments leads to higher demand for freshwater whichthen contribute
to saltwater intrusion.

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 In the Philippines, PD 1586 has established the implementation of
Philippine Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). EIA allows the
determination of the possible environmental consequences of
implementing a project, and it also plans possible preventive and
enhancing methods for mitigation of the determined risks.

b. WASTE DISPOSAL
The increase in development and population may lead to increased
amounts of waste disposed of in a coastal area. The wastes are sometimes
disposed of in landfills built near the coasts. The construction of these
landfills not only causes land and water pollution to the coastal area but
also amplifies the effects of coastal erosion and results in saltwater
intrusion.

Effective solid waste management planning and implementation must be

carried out by the residents and users of coastal areas. Managing solid
wastes at the community level prevents coastal deterioration. Industrial
wastes must also be properly managed and not released in coastal areas.

c. CONSTRUCTION
Constructions on coasts are consequences of the increasing land
development in the area. If done haphazardly, these constructed
infrastructures can cause more harm to the coast.

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 It is crucial that these structures are built at a safe distance from the coasts. This
ensures both the structures’ and coasts’ safety. Structures must also have
strong foundations to withstand the coastal harshness so that they will not
deteriorate. It is also suggested that the buildings be elevated so as not to
directly impact the coastal soil and for their protection against coastal
processes. If possible, reinforcing building envelopes should be considered to
protect the infrastructure and land from coastal threats.

COPING WITH SALTWATER INTRUSION

The following methods help in dealing with saltwater intrusion.

• Monitoring and assessment ensure effective management of saltwater

intrusion cases.
• Regulations from governing units aid in coping with saltwater intrusion.
Structures must be regulated to have a safe distance from the sea to
prevent excessive groundwater extraction from the reservoir that
contributes to saltwater intrusion.

• Artificial recharges pump freshwater to the reservoir to prevent saltwater

from intruding through the coasts.

• Barriers can be constructed along coasts to prevent further

advancement of saltwater if already present.

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III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Key Points:

❖ Coastal land development, waste disposal, and construction are three major

human activities that directly affect coasts.

❖ Coastal land development is a thriving activity due to increasing demands.

Unfortunately, it contributes to the incidents of soil erosion and saltwater

intrusion.

❖ Risk assessment, blueprint development, and control of activities can

mitigate the effects of coastal land development.

❖ Effective solid waste management can prevent the effects of waste

disposal along coastal areas.

❖ Construction of building envelopes and strong foundations for

infrastructures and conducting works at safe and capable distance from the
shoreline are mitigation procedures for the effects of construction on
coastal areas.

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY:

❖ Identify a coastal area near your home or school. What are possiblerisks

to this area brought about by coastal land development, wastedisposal

and construction? What regulations does your local government
implement to protect these areas?

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IV. EVALUATION/POST TEST:
• Multiple Choice: Choose the letter that correspond the correct answer.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is erosion?
A. the wearing away of land
B. falling off a cliff
C. the wearing away of land by the sea
D. the movement of waves
2. What is coastal erosion?
A. the wearing away of land
B. the wearing away of land by the sea
C. the movement of waves
D. falling off a cliff
3. What is corrosion?
A. when the cliff is being eroded by strong acids by the sea
B. when the cliff is being hurled at the base of the cliff
C. when the cliff is eroded by weak acids in the sea
D. the cliff is eroded by weak acids in the sea
4. What is hydraulic action?
A. When the waves compress the cliff and force air out of a crack
causing itto break
B. When the waves hurl rocks and pebbles at the cliffside
C. When the cliff is eroded by weak acids in the sea
D. When the wearing away of land by the sea
5. Attrition is when?
A. the cliff is eroded by weak acids in the sea
B. the wave hits the cliffside and makes it collapse.
C. the wave contains pebbles which hit together and break up.
D. When the waves hurl rocks and pebbles at the cliffside
6. Which of the following human activities have major impacts on coastal
changes?
A. waste disposal C. land development
B. construction D. A,B & C

15
7. Which of the following waste facilities can cause erosion as well as land
and waterpollution?
A. disposal bins B. incinerators C. recycling plants D. landfills
8. Which of the following involves the study of a coastal area to determine
possible environmental risks before starting land development projects?
A. Environmental impact assessment C. environmental risk assessment
B. Developmental ban D. blueprint development
9. Which of the following result in coastal erosion during a coastal land
development?
A. sand mining C. demolition
B. sediment run-off D. wave generation
10. Which of the following is a possible consequence of the increase in
demand forfreshwater when a coastal area is developed?
A. saltwater intrusion C. decrease in businesses
B. coastal accretion D. increase in population
11. Which of the following best mitigates the effects of coastal and land
development?
A. Encourage developers for the coastal land.
B. Abandon an on-going development on the coastal area.
C. Control the activities that can be done in the area.
D. Prevent development of coastal areas.
12. Which of the following are effective principles of solid waste
management oncoasts?
A. proper program implementation C. assessment
B. planning D. abandonment of landfill

13. Which of the following does NOT best describe the effect of constructions
on coasts?
A. Constructions release chemicals that are the biological health of
coasts.
B. Constructions use materials and employ activities that alter the
surface of the coasts.
C. Constructions do not affect the coasts in general.
D. Constructions provide sand and rocks that help build up the coastal soil.
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14. Which of the following best explains why construction of infrastructures must
be done at a “safe distance” from the coasts?
A. It protects the infrastructure from coastal processes.
B. It protects the construction from the effects of high tides
C. It provides the infrastructure with a better view of the coasts.
D. Construction does not pose dangers to coasts.

15. A coastal area was hit by strong waves two years ago. The current mayor
of tthetown decided to let contractors develop the land right away.
Was themayor’s decision right?
A. Yes. The coastal area has been safe from waves from two years, so it is
safeto let the contractors, develop the land immediately.
B. No. An area previously affected by coastal processes must be
abandoned.
C. Yes. Developers will provide the area with better structures and the land
willhave a better appearance.
D. No. The area did not undergo environmental impact assessments
before project implementation. The land development may cause
more damageto the area.

B. ESSAY: (5 pts)

• What will be the effect on coastal areas if unregulated land

developments, waste disposal systems, and construction activities
continueto happen?

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REFERENCES:

Olivar, Jose Tolentino II and Anna Cherylle Morales-Ramos. Exploring Life

Through Science: Earth and Life Science. Copyright 2016. 927 Quezon
Avenue, Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing Hose, Inc..
“What is Coastal Erosion?”. Internet Geography. Copyright 2020.
https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is- coastal-erosion/.

https://www.quipper.com/ph/

https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?enc=2&n=78586b85&p2=%5EBYJ%
5Echr999%5ETTAB03%5E&pg=AJimage&pn=1&ptb=4EB8677E-1A78-4EB8-
8E4B809BB73CC59D&qs=&searchfor=lpHMjqhdXn1T-
kZwQWdKIYL2L7J9T9Yl19aeU1OEazpl1hco6Zt3vS53FVVkgYxdN6OdZkaScnY3LSl9CA8eRLw
4sgqrteqoR0TdJc-xPvEYYp-PGUFihJdZu-GaHY-XRstPSXopobhB9jtPrKhpCoG7-
mBqTNwfyKnYk_1stCnh_xwjGncXDEQOrm0FmMZR7oeW6OE1OIzFpaHBHbwKzCw_3oTKaV
VXd8bX39ICP667Ytx4ZBYOv5iK7kPwyuwsEwIWcf9p8Snk0x0a9zSikM87NYsGm-
4caX4uZPfzFC9_8aNqNT7v5idLV9DBLb8YicLjkaTQlhZcXbPVWe_-
tw&si=&ss=sub&st=tab&tpr=sbt&trs=wtt

https://int.search.myway.com/search/GGmain.jhtml?p2=%5EBYJ%5Echr999%5ETTAB03%
5E&ptb=4EB8677E-1A78-4EB8-
8E4B809BB73CC59D&n=78586b85&ln=en&si=&tpr=hpsb&trs=wtt&brwsid=E30C09E4-2262-
4B93-8FF7-4823685E33FF&searchfor=WASTES+DISPOSED+ON+COAST+PICS&st=tab

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 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Acting
CID Chief

ADOLF P. AGUILAR
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
Education Program Supervisor – (SCIENCE & MATH)

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

SANDY LIZA B. RODRIGUEZ

Writer/Illustrator/Lay –out Artists

BETA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE D. CADAYDAY
MERCY G. DAGOY
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
JUSTIN PAUL ARSENIO C. KINAMOT

ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR EUFRATES
G. ANSOK, Jr.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
DEXTER D. PAIRA
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning
modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are carefully
researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were
clearly instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to
copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

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 SYNOPSIS
Coastal development - is defined as the
human-induced change of the
landscape within sight of the coastline.
This includes building structures that are
on or near the coast in general for
protection, commerce, communication,
or recreation. These structures support
economic and social activities that can
contribute with positive or negative POST TEST
A. MULTIPLE CHOICE
effects on the coastal environment. 1. A
2. B
This SLK explained about coastal 3. C
4. A
development, waste disposal, coastal
5. C
processes. 6. D
7. D
8. A
It also enumerated some ways 9. B
on how to protect and mitigate the 10. A
effects of coastal processes. 11. C
12. C
13. B
Lastly, it discussed the importance
14. A
of protecting our coastal areas. 15. D

B. If not mitigated/controlled, it would continue

bring coastal hazards such as affecting people
living nearby the coastal areas and also to the
living organisms and also it would contribute to
climate change.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

SANDY LIZA B. RODRIGUEZ

Graduated at Negros Oriental State University –
Guihulngan Campus, with a degree of Bachelor of
Secondary Education, major in General Science. Also a
registered Professional Teacher. Currently assigned at La
Libertad Technical - Senior High School (SHS)
Department in North Poblacion, La Libertad, Negros
Oriental, Philippines.