ARCHAEA

Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota
BACTERIA Animals EUKARYA
Proteobacteria Fungi
Cyanobacteria

Other Plants
bacteria
Other
eukaryotes

Bacteria that gave

rise to chloroplasts

Bacteria that gave

rise to mitochondria

Common ancestral community of primitive cells

 ARCHAEA
Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota
BACTERIA Animals EUKARYA
Proteobacteria Fungi
Cyanobacteria

Other Plants
bacteria
Other
eukaryotes

Bacteria that gave

rise to chloroplasts

Bacteria that gave

rise to mitochondria

Common ancestral community of primitive cells

 ARCHAEA
Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota
BACTERIA Animals EUKARYA
Proteobacteria Fungi
Cyanobacteria

Other Plants
bacteria
Other
eukaryotes

Bacteria that gave

rise to chloroplasts

Bacteria that gave

rise to mitochondria

Common ancestral community of primitive cells

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Nucleus

Plasma
membrane

Nucleoid

Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

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The nucleus is the The endoplasmic
storehouse for the cell’s reticulum is involved in both
genetic information and protein and lipid synthesis.
the site for RNA synthesis.

Mitochondria produce Lysosomes degrade

most of the ATP that macromolecules.
serves as the energy
currency of the cell.

The plasma membrane is

composed of phospholipids
and proteins, and regulates The Golgi apparatus
the passage of materials into modifies and sorts
and out of the cell. proteins and lipids as
they move to their final
destinations in or out of
The cytoskeleton is a network of the cell.
protein laments and other associated
proteins that provide the cell with an
internal structural framework.

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a. Microtubules b. Microfilaments c. Intermediate filaments
A microtubule is a A microfilament is a An intermediate filament is a
hollow tube double helix of actin strong fiber composed of
formed from monomers. intermediate filament proteins.
tubulin dimers.
α-tubulin β-tubulin

Tubulin dimer

Actin
monomer Fibrous
Microvilli
subunits

Centrosome

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 Microtubule doublets

Dynein arms

Plasma
membrane

A cross section through an

individual cilium reveals
the 9 + 2 arrangement of
microtubules.

Dynein arms
Cross-linking
proteins
An electron
micrograph shows Central
cilia of this microtubules
paramecium with
microtubules at
Microtubule
their cores.
doublets Axoneme
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