World of Regions

and Regionalization

Dr. Dennis J. Saluba

Department of Social
Sciences
College of Education
and Liberal Arts
Adamson University

In what Region belongs this places?

• Mindoro
• Cavite
• Cebu
• La Union
• Albay
• Iloilo City
• Davao City
• Zamboanga City
• Ormoc City
• Tagbilaran City

In what Continent belongs this Country?

• Brazil
• Thailand
• Greece
• India
• Canada
• Panama
• Jordan
• Egypt
• Australia
• Italy

Regionalization
• Regionalization can be conceived as the growth
of societal integration within a given region,
including the undirected processes of social and
economic interaction among the state.
• Regionalism is a process and treated as an
emergent, socially constituted phenomenon.
• Regions are constructed and defined by policy
makers, economic actors and social
movements.

Association of Southeast
Asian Nation (ASEAN)

Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN)

• The Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(more commonly known as ASEAN) is an
intergovernmental organization aimed primarily
at promoting economic growth and regional
stability among its members.
• ASEAN was founded half a century ago in 1967
by the five Southeast Asian nations of Indonesia,
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
This was during the polarized atmosphere of the
Cold War, and the alliance aimed to promote
stability in the region. Over time, the group
expanded to include its current 10 members.

• ASEAN aims to promote collaboration and

cooperation among member states, as well as to
advance the interests of the region as a whole,
including economic and trade growth.
 ASEAN Members
There are currently 10 ASEAN member states:
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand, Brunei, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia and
Vietnam.

European Union

European Union (EU)

• The European Union comprising 27 European

countries and governing common economic,
social, and security policies. Originally confined to
western Europe, the EU undertook
a robust expansion into central and eastern
Europe in the early 21st century.

• The EU was created by the Maastricht Treaty,

which entered into force on November 1, 1993.
The treaty was designed to enhance European
political and economic integration by creating a
 single currency, a unified foreign and security
policy, and common citizenship rights.

European Union
The 27 EU’s members
are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
the CzechRepublic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Fran
ce, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden. The European Single
Market was established by 12 countries in 1993 to
ensure the so-called four freedoms: the movement
of goods, services, people, and money

One Currency, One Passport

 Reasons why Countries form
a Regional Organizations

 They create regional organization for

military defense.
 Countries form regional organizations to
pool their resources and get better returns
for their exports.
 Economic crisis compel countries to come
together.

Military Defense
In 1949, the prospect of further Communist expansion
prompted the United States and 11 other Western
nations to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO). The Soviet Union and its affiliated
Communist nations in Eastern Europe founded a rival
alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955.

Nuclear War

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is

an international alliance that consists of
30 member states from North
America and Europe. It was established at the
signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April
1949. Article Five of the treaty states that if an
armed attack occurs against one of the member
states, it shall be considered an attack against
all members, and other members shall assist the
attacked member, with armed forces if
necessary.
• The 30 Members states are Albania, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, North
Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United
Kingdom, United States.

The Warsaw Pact

• The Warsaw Pact (WP), was a collective

defense treaty signed
in Warsaw, Poland between the Soviet
Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist
republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May
1955, during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact
was established as a balance of power or
counterweight to NATO.

• The 8 Members states are Albania, Bulgaria,

Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary,
Poland, Romania, Soviet Union
 Pool their resources and get better returns of
their exports
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) is a permanent, intergovernmental
Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on
September 10–14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia and Venezuela.

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC)

• The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting

Countries is an organization of 13 nations.
Founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad by
 the first five members Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia, and Venezuela.

• It has since 1965 been headquartered in Vienna,

Austria, although Austria is not an OPEC member
state. As of September 2018, the 13 member
countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent
of global oil production and 80 percent of the
world's "proven" oil reserves, giving OPEC a major
influence on global oil prices.

• Currently, the OPEC comprises 13 Member

Countries – namely Algeria, Angola, Congo,
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates
and Venezuela.
 Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia possesses around 17 percent of the
world's petroleum reserves. The oil and gas sector
accounts for about 50 per cent of gross domestic
product, and about 70 per cent of export earnings.
Saudi Arabia's economy is petroleum-
based; oil accounts for 90% of the country's exports
and nearly 75% of government revenue.

Economic crisis compel countries to come

together
ASEAN’s experience with previous pandemics such
as SARS and avian and swine influenzas has led
member states and their citizens to take COVID-19
seriously. ASEAN’s experience with previous
pandemics such as SARS and avian and swine
influenzas has led member states and their citizens to
take COVID-19 seriously. The economic crisis
unleashed by the outbreak of COVID-19 is hurting
economies, regardless of income level.
 Media and Globalization

Dr. Dennis J. Saluba

Department of
Social Sciences
College of
Education and Liberal Arts
Adamson University

Common Millennial Acronyms

• HBU
• WBU
• FWIW
• YOLO
• BTW
• ICYMI
• IDC
• TBT
• FBF
• LMK
• HMU
• IMO
• TTYL
• JOMO
• BRB

Media and its Functions

Definition of Media

• Media is a means of conveying something such as

a channel of communication.

• Media is the technologies of mass

communication.

• The term "medium" (the singular form of

"media") is defined as "one of the means or
channels of general communication,
information, or entertainment in society.

• Today media become a part of everyone’s life.

Media plays a major role in today’s society, now
media become food to strengthen or weaken
society.
Purposes of Media

• The purpose of a media is to give information

about news, gossips, fashion and advertising.

• The role of a media has to be one way trading

and marketing of products and prejudices. It
gives geographical knowledge about how people
divided.

• The media claimed to be governed by

righteousness and equity for the common man to
the rich man.

Marshall McLuhan

• Marshall McLuhan was associated with the

University of Toronto from 1946 until 1979. He
became full professor of English Literature there
in 1952.

• He was made director of the university’s Center

for Culture and Technology in 1963. He was also
a popular lecturer.
• He was known as a theorist and educator,
whose aphorism “the medium is the message”

• It summarized his view of the potent influence of

television, computers, and other electronic
disseminators of information in shaping styles of
thinking and thought, whether in sociology, art,
science, or religion.

• He regarded the printed book as an institution

fated to disappear.

Marshall Mc Luhan
He was a Canadian philosopher, whose work is among
the cornerstones of the study of media
theory. McLuhan proposes that a communication is
medium itself, not the messages it carries, should be
the primary focus of study. He showed that artifacts
as media affect any society by their characteristics
or content.
Global Village
• Global village describes the phenomenon of the
entire world becoming more interconnected as
the result of the propagation of media
technologies throughout the world.

• The term was coined by Canadian media theorist

Marshall McLuhan and popularized in his books
The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of
Typographic Man (1962) and Understanding
Media (1964).

• Mc Luhan coined the term 'global village' in the

1960s. It indicates daily production and
consumption of media, images and content by
global audiences.

• He based his concept on the understanding of

people moving towards involving personal
interactions worldwide and the consequences, as
they ensue and operate simultaneously with their
causes.

Global Village
The term "global village" means all parts of the world
as they are being brought together by the internet
and other electronic communication
interconnections. Other forms of communication
such as Skype allow us to communicate and connect
with others, especially others in other countries,
easier.

The Global Village and

Cultural Imperialism

• Mc Luhan used his analysis of technology to

examine the impact of media. Since he was
writing around the 1060s, he mainly analyzed the
social changes brought about by television.

• Mc Luhan declared that television was turning the

world into a “global village”.

• He meant that as more and more people sat down

in front of their television sets and listened to the
same stories, their perception of the world would
contract.

• According to media scholars they assumed that

global media had a tendency to homogenized
culture.
 Cultural Imperialism
Cultural imperialism refers most broadly to the
exercise of domination in cultural relationships in
which the values, practices, and meanings of a
powerful foreign culture are imposed upon one or
more native cultures.

Media and Globalization

Globalization is something that can be observed in

the world around us

• in the financial crises that result in people losing

their jobs and homes;
• in the spread of epidemics;
• in the trafficking of drugs and people that spills
across borders;
• in the activities of the multinational
corporations whose products we buy.
It is a process that has consequences for citizens,
for society, for states, and for the world
community.

Media and Globalization

Globalization is something that can be observed in

the world around us

• in the financial crises that result in people losing

their jobs and homes;
• in the spread of epidemics;
• in the trafficking of drugs and people that spills
across borders;
• in the activities of the multinational
corporations whose products we buy.

It is a process that has consequences for citizens,

for society, for states, and for the world
community.
Instruction. Religion and globalization persistently
engage in a flexible relationship and religion is not
immune from these changes and their burgeoning
effects brought about by globalization. Read and
understand this lesson entitled "The Globalization of
Religion as this will be a part of our next discussion
and activity.

Religion and Globalization

Diversity of Faith
Religion is human beings’ relation to that which they
regard as holy, sacred, absolute, spiritual, divine, or
worthy of especial reverence. It is also commonly
regarded as consisting of the way people deal with
ultimate concerns about their lives and their fate after
death . In many traditions, this relation and these
concerns are expressed in terms of one’s relationship
with or attitude toward gods or spirits; in more
humanistic or naturalistic forms of religion, they are
expressed in terms of one’s relationship with or
attitudes toward the broader human community or
the natural world. In many religions, texts are deemed
to have scriptural status, and people are esteemed to
be invested with spiritual or moral authority.
Believers and worshippers participate in and are often
enjoined to perform devotional or contemplative
practices such as prayer, meditation, or
particular rituals. Worships, moral conduct, right
belief, and participation in religious institutions are
among the constituent elements of the religious life.

World Major Religions

The world's faithful account for 83% of the global
population; the great majority of these fall under ten
classical religions—These ten religions are the most
prominent spiritual traditions that still exist. There are
many smaller or less well-known religions. However,
due to how much or how little different religions are
represented in different communities, the layperson
might not know much about the beliefs and traditions
held by religious people worldwide.

1.Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered

around the personage of Jesus of Nazareth, or Jesus
Christ. Christianity arose in the 30s–50s CE as a
religious offshoot of Judaism based on the teachings of
Jesus, who was himself Jewish. Despite persecution,
Christianity became the state religion of the Roman
Empire and all of its inheritors, and in the time since
the different Christian denominations have collectively
become the largest faith in the world by a wide
margin.
Jesus Christ is regarded by most Christians as the
Incarnation of God.

2. Islam is a strictly monotheistic faith founded by the

prophet Muhammad in the year 607 in present-day
Saudi Arabia. His teachings, collected in the Quran,
claim common descent with many Jewish and
Christian beliefs. Nearly all of Arabia converted to
Islam by 632, the year of Muhammad's death, and in
the years since it has grown to become the world's
second largest religion, mostly concentrated in the
Middle East and Southeast Asia.
Kaaba is small shrine located near the center of the
Great Mosque in Mecca and considered by Muslims
everywhere to be the most sacred spot on Earth.

3. Judaism is a strictly monotheistic religion practiced

by the Jewish people, an ethnic and religious nation
descended from the historic peoples of Israel and
Judah. Judaism as it would be recognized today
originated in the Middle East in at least the 500s BCE,
although certain religious traditions or beliefs can be
traced back much further. Its adherents have long
faced persecution from dominant religious groups
around them.

4. Hinduism is by many accounts the oldest religion in

the world, due to its origins in Vedic beliefs dating as
far back as the 1500s BCE. The religion has no
founder, and is a synthesis of many different Indian
religious traditions. Thereafter it became the
dominant religion on the Indian subcontinent.
Hinduism is one of the most geographically
concentrated of the major world religions—of the
world's 1.12 billion Hindus, 1.07 billion live in India
and Nepal.

5. Buddhism is a religious tradition founded by

Gautama Buddha in the early 400s BCE, drawing from
(or opposing) many of the same Vedic traditions that
inform Hinduism. Buddhists engaged Hindus and Jains
in religious dialogues for centuries, developing mutual
competing traditions and beliefs. Buddhism flourished
in India, receiving support from several powerful
leaders, before declining during the medieval period.
Buddhism is today the fourth largest religion in the
world, being the majority religion of many countries in
Southeast Asia, and with nearly 200 million
practitioners in China.

6. Sikhism is a young religion founded in the

early 1500s CE in Punjab (Northern India) by the Guru
Nanak. Guru Nanak was raised as a Hindu in the
Muslim-ruled Mughal Empire, but he rejected both
dominant faiths and began preaching his own religion.
A community formed around him. Over the next two
centuries, the Sikhs would be led by nine more gurus.
The last living guru named the Sikh holy book, Guru
Granth Sahib, as his successor, and there has since
been no single leader of the Sikh community. Despite
being a religious minority, the Sikhs overthrew the
Mughals and founded a major empire in Northern
India in the 1800s.

7. Confucianism, it must be said, is not a religion in a

strict sense. It is a philosophy that draws on the folk
religion of China. Confucianism as a school of thought
was founded by the Chinese philosopher Kǒng Qiū (孔
丘), better known as Master Kǒng or Kǒngzǐ (孔子),
during China's Spring and Autumn period in the 500s
BCE. It quickly became the preeminent of the
"Hundred Schools of Thought" and became the
foundation of the later imperial government of China.

8. Taoism is a philosophy and religion originating in

China around the same time as Confucianism, and was
the primary rival to Confucian thought out of the
Hundred Schools. Taoism claims descent from the
(perhaps mythical) figure Lǎozǐ (老子), which literally
means "Old Master." Taoism shares some common
elements with Chinese folk religion, but the core
teachings differ (unlike Confucianism). Taoism has
been immensely influential on Chinese and East Asian
cultures, with Taoist thought influencing everything
from literature to medicine to martial arts.

9. Shinto is the traditional religion of Japan, which

incorporates a vast array of local beliefs and customs
across the nation. These traditions were collected and
described as something like Shinto in the 800s CE,
although the different beliefs predate this. Shinto is,
for the most part, not an organized religion, and is
instead the foundation of many cultural practices in
Japan. Likewise, it's difficult to produce a number of
people who follow Shinto; based off of membership in
Shinto organizations, only 4% of Japan follows the
religion.

A torii is a traditional Japanese gate most commonly

found at the entrance of or within a Shinto shrine,
where it symbolically marks the transition from the
mundane to the sacred.

10. Zoroastrianism is perhaps the world's oldest

monotheistic religion, founded by the Persian prophet
Zoroaster. It is first recorded in the 500s BCE, but
many historians believe it was founded as early as the
900s BCE. Zoroastrianism became the dominant
religion of the vast Achaemenid Empire of Persia, and
it continued to play an important part in the region
until the ascent of Islam in the 700s CE. Many credit
Zoroastrianism with affecting the development of
other major religions.

The Effects of Globalization in Religion

From religious or theological perspectives,

globalization calls forth religious response and
interpretation. Yet religion and religions have also
played important roles in bringing about and
characterizing globalization. Among the consequences
of this implication for religion have been that
globalization encourages religious pluralism. Religions
identify themselves in relation to one another, and
they become less rooted in particular places because
of diasporas and transnational ties. Globalization
further provides fertile ground for a variety of
noninstitutionalized religious manifestations and for
the development of religion as a political and cultural
resource.
The advent of communication and transportation
technology and the roles played by the media has
contributed to the expansion of religion.

A great many religious commentators understand

globalization as at once a largely economic,
imperialistic, and homogenizing process. They share
the economic/mass cultural/ political perspective,
evaluating globalization as anywhere from a
threatening challenge to the manifestation of evil in
our world. In many respects globalization in this
segment of the literature is a successor term for what
used to be censured as the capitalist system or cognate
terms. Accordingly, globalization results in violence
and the unjust oppression of the majority of people
around the world. It threatens local and indigenous
cultures, imposing a particularly heavy burden on
women. It is the chief cause of global and local
environmental degradation, again to the principal
detriment of the mass of marginalized humanity. Such
theologically inspired positions are not restricted to
the representatives of a particular religious tradition.