How Window glass made

1. Sand (silica sand)

2. Sand mixed with Soda ash (sodium
Carbonate) and Lime (calcium
carbonate)
 Soda ash and lime Lower the
melting point of silica sand and
alter its basic molecular structure
 These chemicals soften the
glass and make it easier to melt
 They terminate the silicon-
oxygen chains
3. All of raw materials have been mixed
together and dumped into tanks.
 Cool low 3000 degrees. Hotter
than molten lava.
 Will take 3 days for a single
molecule of sand to starts to
resemble a sheet of glass
4. Rake the materials quickly. Spread
out the mix to reduce air pockets that
might fool
5. For 10 hrs. Molten mix is
superheated behind thick walls to allow
gas to bubble up and out
6. Glass has been made by pouring
molten glass on a river of liquid tin.
 Tin ingots are melted down
creating that perfectly flat surface
7. The glass pours out of the tin and
immediately begins to cool
 Tin are still liquid but glass is
solidified
8. The glass moves down the line in
one long continuous sheet
 Glass is elastic and strong
enough
9. A robot cuts the long ribbon of glass
into slabs
 long pieces of glass has been
packed and any moment they’ll
 be packaged and then shipped
to their distributors

Glass making industry process

Step 1: Fusion of raw materials

o soda ash (Na2CO3)
o Limestone (CaCO3)
o Sand (SiO2)
 Raw materials are thoroughly
mixed and ground to get batch
 Batch is mixed with cullet
(broken glass)
o Cullet helps in lowering
melting temperature of raw
materials
 Whole mass is heated to 1000
degrees centigrade in a furnace
 o Chemical reaction takes
place and give glass in a
liquid state
o Na2CO3 + CaCO3 +4SiO2 ->
Na2Si03.CaSiO3. 4SiO2 +
2CO2
 Glass Gall (impurities) rise to
surface and are removed
 Salt are added to get colored
glass
Step 2: Working with molten mass
 Fused mass cools down but still
in liquid state
 Liquid glass is poured into molds
of required shape
Step 3: Annealing
 Glass is passed through a high
temperature zone then low
temperature zone in long narrow
chamber by conveyor belt
(process called Annealing)
o Where it cools slowly giving
transparent glass
o Annealing strengthens the
glass