12V TO 120V

INVERTER

JAGAN NATH UNIVERSITY

A

PROJECT REPORT ON

12VDC TO120VAC INVERTER

SUBMITTED IN

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OR THE REQUIREMENT OF

THE AWARD DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

SESSION 2010-2011

SUBMITTED TO: - SUBMITTED BY:-

Mr. DEVENDRA MITTAL DINESH
KUMAR SAINI
Ms.YASMIN KHAN PRAVEEN
KUMAR
GIRAJ KUMAWAT
MD GULFAM
HASAN
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

JAGAN NATH UNIVERSITY

CHAKSHU, JAIPUR (RAJ.)

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
PARTS LIST
CAPACITOR
RESISTER
DIODE
HISTORY
 SPECIFICATIONS
2N3055 TRANSISTOR
 VOLTS CENTER TAPPED
 COMMON APPLICATIONS OF CENTER-
TAPPED TRANSFORMERS
WORKING
PAPLICATION OF PROJECT
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION:-
Have you ever wanted to run a TV, stereo or other appliance while
on the road or camping? Well, this inverter should solve that
problem. It takes 12 VDC and steps it up to 120 VAC. The wattage
depends on which transistors you use for Q1 and Q2, as well as how
"big" a transformer you use for T1. The inverter can be constructed
to supply anywhere from 1 to 1000 (1 KW) watts.
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:-
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

1. Q1 and Q2, as well as T1, determine how much wattage the

inverter can supply. With Q1,Q2=2N3055 and T1= 15 A, the
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

inverter can supply about 300 watts. Larger transformers and

more powerful transistors can be substituted for T1, Q1 and Q2
for more power.
2. The easiest and least expensive way to get a large T1 is to re-wind
an old microwave transformer. These transformers are rated at
about 1KW and are perfect. Go to a local TV repair shop and dig
through the dumpster until you get the largest microwave you
can find. The bigger the microwave the bigger transformer.
Remove the transformer, being careful not to touch the large
high voltage capacitor that might still be charged. If you want,
you can test the transformer, but they are usually still good.
Now, remove the old 2000 V secondary, being careful not to
damage the primary. Leave the primary intact. Now, wind on 12
turns of wire, twist a loop (center tap), and wind on 12 more
turns. The guage of the wire will depend on how much current
you plan to have the transformer supply. Enamel covered
magnet wire works great for this. Now secure the windings with
tape. That’s all there is to it. Remember to use high current
transistors for Q1 and Q2. The 2N3055's in the parts list can only
handle 15 amps each.
3. Since this project produces 120 VAC, you must include a fuse
and build the project in a case.
4. You must use tantalum capacitors for C1 and C2. Regular
electrolytic will overheat and explode. And yes, 68uF is the
correct value. There are no substitutions
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

PARTS LIST:-

Part Total Qty. Description

C1, C2 2 68 uf, 25 V Tantalum Capacitor
R1, R2 2 10 Ohm, 5 Watt Resistor
R3, R4 2 180 Ohm, 1 Watt Resistor
D1, D2 2 HEP 154 Silicon Diode
Q1, Q2 2 2N3055 NPN Transistor
T1 1 24V, Center Tapped Transformer
MISC 1 Wire, Case, Receptical (For Output)

CAPACITOR:-
The tantalum capacitor is a highly reliable type of solid capacitor or
electrolytic capacitor. Surface mount tantalum capacitors are
increasingly being used in circuit designs because of their
volumetric efficiency, basic reliability and process compatibility .

RESISTOR:-
A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component which
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. When a
voltage V is applied across the terminals of a resistor, a current I
will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage.
This constant of proportionality is called conductance, G. The
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

reciprocal of the conductance is known as the resistance R, since,

with a given voltage V, a larger value of R further "resists" the flow
of current I as given by Ohm's law:

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and

electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic
equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds
and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity
alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented
within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also
be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.

The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its

resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a
range of more than 9 orders of magnitude. When specifying that
resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the
resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of
the chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The
temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in
some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as
having a maximum power rating which must exceed the
anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit:
this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications.
Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may
require heat sinking. In a high voltage circuit, attention must
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the

resistor

DIODE:-
In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that
conducts electric current in only one direction. The term usually
refers to a semiconductor diode, the most common type today.
This is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to
two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode (now little used
except in some high-power technologies) is a vacuum tube with
two electrodes: a plate and a cathode.

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric

current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward
direction) while blocking current in the opposite direction (the
reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an
electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is
called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to
direct current, and to extract modulation from radio signals in
radio receivers.

However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this

simple on-off action. This is due to their complex non-linear
electrical characteristics, which can be tailored by varying the
construction of their P-N junction. These are exploited in special
purpose diodes that perform many different functions. For
example, specialized diodes are used to regulate voltage (Zener
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

diodes), to electronically tune radio and TV receivers (varactor

diodes), to generate radio frequency oscillations (tunnel diodes),
and to produce light (light emitting diodes). Tunnel diodes exhibit
negative resistance, which makes them useful in some types of
circuits.

Diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The

discovery of crystals' rectifying abilities was made by German
physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The first semiconductor diodes,
called cat's whisker diodes, developed around 1906, were made of
mineral crystals such as galena. Today most diodes are made of
silicon, but other semiconductors such as germanium are
sometimes used.

2N3055 TRANSISTOR:-
The 2N3055 is a silicon NPN power transistor intended for general
purpose applications. It was introduced in the early 1960s by RCA
using their "hometaxial" power transistor process. [1] Its numbering
follows the JEDEC standard.[2] It is a transistor type of enduring
popularity.
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

2N3055 transistor mounted on an aluminum heat sink. A mica

insulator electrically isolates the transistor case from the heatsink.

 SPECIFICATIONS:-
The exact performance characteristics depend on the
manufacturer.

manufacturer Vcbe Ic PD hfe fT

ON-Semiconductor 60V 15A 115W 20-70 2.5MHz

Packaged in a TO-3 case style, it is a 15 amp, 60 volt, 115 watt power

transistor with a β (forward current gain) of 20 to 70 at a collector
current of 4 A. It can provide gain at frequencies up to 2.5 MHz
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

 HISTORY:-
The 2N3055 was designed for medium-current and high-power
circuits. Commercially, it was used in many linear power supplies,
audio amplifiers and low frequency power converters. It was
second sourced by other manufacturers; Texas Instruments listed a
single-diffused mesa version of the device in an August 1967
datasheet. [7] One limitation was that its frequency response was
rather low (typically the unity-gain frequency was 1 MHz).

With changes to semiconductor manufacturing technology, the

original process became economically uncompetitive in the mid
1970s, and a similar device was created using epitaxial base
technology.[1] The maximum voltage and current ratings of this
device are the same as the original, but it is not as immune from
secondary breakdown; the power handling (safe operating area) is
limited at high voltage to a lower current than the original.
However, the cut-off frequency is higher, allowing the newer type
of 2N3055 to be more efficient at higher frequencies. Also the
higher frequency response has improved performance when used
in audio amplifiers.

Although the original 2N3055 went into decline relative to

epitaxial-base transistors because of high manufacturing costs, the
epitaxial-base version continued to be used in both linear
amplifiers and switching supplies. Several versions of the 2N3055
remains in production; it is used in audio power amplifiers
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

delivering up to 40 W into an 8 ohm load in a push–pull output

configuration.

30V, CENTER TAPPED TRANSFORMER:-

In electronics, a center tap is a connection made to a point half way
along a winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element
of a resistor or a potentiometer. Taps are sometimes used on
inductors for the coupling of signals, and may not necessarily be at
the half-way point, but rather, closer to one end. A common
application of this is in the Hartley oscillator. Inductors with taps
also permit the transformation of the amplitude of alternating
current (AC) voltages for the purpose of power conversion, in
which case, they are referred to as autotransformers, since there is
only one winding. An example of an autotransformer is an
automobile ignition coil. Potentiometer tapping provides one or
more connections along the device's element, along with the usual
connections at each of the two ends of the element, and the slider
connection. Potentiometer taps allow for circuit functions that
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

would otherwise not be available with the usual construction of

just the two end connections and one slider connection

 VOLTS CENTER TAPPED:-

Volts center tapped (VCT) describes the voltage output of a center
tapped transformer. For example: A 24 VCT transformer will
measure 24 VAC across the outer two taps (winding as a whole),
and 12VAC from each outer tap to the center-tap (half winding).
These two 12 VAC supplies are 180 degrees out of phase with each
other, thus making it easy to derive positive and negative 12 volt
DC power supplies from them.

 COMMON APPLICATIONS OF
CENTER-TAPPED TRANSFORMERS:-
 In a rectifier, a center-tapped transformer and two diodes can
form a full-wave rectifier that allows both half-cycles of the
AC waveform to contribute to the direct current, making it
smoother than a half-wave rectifier. This form of circuit saves
on rectifier diodes compared to a diode bridge, but has poorer
utilization of the transformer windings. Center-tapped two-
diode rectifiers were a common feature of power supplies in
vacuum tube equipment. Modern semiconductor diodes are
low-cost and compact so usually a 4-diode bridge is used (up
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

to a few hundred watts total output) which produces the

same quality of DC as the center-tapped configuration with a
more compact and cheaper power transformer. Center-tapped
configurations may still be used in high-current applications,
such as large automotive battery chargers, where the extra
transformer cost is offset by less costly rectifiers.

A full- wave rectifier using two diodes and a center tap

transformer.

 In an audio power amplifier center-tapped transformers are

used to drive push-pull output stages. This allows two devices
operating in Class B to combine their output to produce
higher audio power with relatively low distortion. Design of
such audio output transformers must tolerate a small amount
of direct current that may pass through the winding.
Hundreds of millions of pocket-size transistor radios used this
form of amplifier since the required transformers were very
small and the design saved the extra cost and bulk of an
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

output coupling capacitor that would be required for an

output-transformerless design. However, since low-distortion
high-power transformers are costly and heavy, most
consumer audio products now use a transformerless output
stage.
The technique is nearly as old as electronic amplification and
is well documented, for example, in "The Radiotron
Designer's Handbook, Third Edition" of 1940.

 In analog telecommunications systems center-tapped

transformers can be used to provide a DC path around an AC
coupled amplifier for signaling purposes.

 In electronic amplifiers, a center-tapped transformer is used

as a phase splitter in coupling different stages of an amplifier.

 Power distribution, see 3 wire single phase.

 A center-tapped rectifier is preferred to the full bridge

rectifier when the output DC current is high and the output
voltage is low.

WORKING:-
Q1 and Q2, as well as T1, determine how much wattage the inverter
can supply. With Q1,Q2=2N3055 and T1= 15 A, the inverter can
supply about 300 watts. Larger transformers and more powerful
transistors can be substituted for T1, Q1 and Q2 for more power.
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

The easiest and least expensive way to get a large T1 is to re-wind

an old microwave transformer. These transformers are rated at
about 1KW and are perfect. Go to a local TV repair shop and dig
through the dumpster until you get the largest microwave you can
find. The bigger the microwave the bigger transformer. Remove the
transformer, being careful not to touch the large high voltage
capacitor that might still be charged. If you want, you can test the
transformer, but they are usually still good. Now, remove the old
2000 V secondary, being careful not to damage the primary. Leave
the primary in tact. Now, wind on 12 turns of wire, twist a loop
(center tap), and wind on 12 more turns. The guage of the wire will
depend on how much current you plan to have the transformer
supply. Enamel covered magnet wire works great for this. Now
secure the windings with tape. That’s all there is to it. Remember
to use high current transistors for Q1 and Q2. The 2N3055's in the
parts list can only handle 15 amps each.

Remember, when operating at high wattages, this circuit draws

huge amounts of current. Don't let your battery go dead :-).

Since this project produces 120 VAC, you must include a fuse and
build the project in a case.

You must use tantalum capacitors for C1 and C2. Regular

electrolytics will overheat and explode. And yes, 68uF is the correct
value. There are no substitutions.
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

This circuit can be tricky to get going. Differences in transformers,

transistors, parts substitutions or anything else not on this page
may cause it to not function.

If you want to make 220/240 VAC instead of 120 VAC, you need a
transformer with a 220/240 primary (used as the secondary in this
circuit as the transformer is backwards) instead of the 120V unit
specified here. The rest of the circuit stays the same. But it takes
twice the current at 12V to produce 240V as it does 120V.

PAPLICATION OF PROJECT: -
Have you ever wanted to run a TV, stereo or other appliance while
on the road or camping? Well, this inverter should solve that
problem. It takes 12 VDC and steps it up to 120 VAC. The wattage
depends on which tansistors you use for Q1 and Q2, as well as how
"big" a transformer you use for T1. The inverter can be constructed
to supply anywhere from 1 to 1000 (1 KW) watts.

CONCLUSION:-
Well, this inverter should solve that problem. It takes 12 VDC and
steps it up to 120 VAC. The wattage depends on which transistors
you use for Q1 and Q2, as well as how "big" a transformer you use
for T1. The inverter can be constructed to supp anywhere from 1 to
1000 (1 KW) watts.
 12V TO 120V
INVERTER

BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
1. http://www.electronicsprojectdesign.com/FMTr
ansmitter.html
2. http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_p
df/B/C/5/4/BC547.shtml
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_
%28547_BC%29\
4. http://www.google.co.in/