MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

English For Health Sciences

PART III

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION

The lymphatic system consists of an extensive

network of extremely variable lymph vessels
and lymph nodes through which lymph (“used”
extracellular fluid) circulates. The lymphatic
system defends the body from bacteria,
viruses and other harmful agents.
- defend sb/sth from sb/sth:
bảo vệ … khỏi bị ....
- agent (n.): tác nhân/chất
The lymphatic system is essentially a In addition to lymph vessels and lymph
drainage system which is accessory nodes, the lymphatic system consists of
to the venous system. large amount of lymphatic tissue
present in the body in different forms.

The movement of lymph through the lymphatic

The relationship between
vessels is generated mainly by the indirect
lymphatic system &
action of adjacent structures, particularly by
cardiovascular system.
contraction of skeletal muscles and pulses in
arteries. Unidirectional flow is maintained by
the presence of valves in the vessels . INTRODUCTION
 LYMPH

The tissue fluid that enters the lymph

capillaries is called lymph.

Generally, it is clear watery fluid similar

in composition to plasma, with the
important exception of plasma proteins.

However, the lymph from small intestine

is milky white (called chyle) because it
contains large droplets of fat absorbed
from intestine.

The lymph transports the plasma proteins

that seep out of the capillary beds back to
the blood stream.

It also carries away larger particles, e.g.

bacteria and cell debris which is then
filtered out and destroyed by the lymph
nodes.
The lymph capillaries are microscopic - intercellular space: khoang gian bào
blind-ended lymph vessels which begin
- lymph capillary: mao mạch BH
in the intercellular spaces.

They form vast network in

intercellular spaces of most
of the tissues of the body.

The walls of the lymph

capillaries like those of
blood capillaries are made
up of single layer of
endothelial cells but they
are more permeable to
tissue fluid containing large
molecules. LYMPH CAPILLARIES
- villus (n.): vi nhung mao LYMPH CAPILLARIES
- lacteal (n.): mạch dưỡng trấp
- venule (n.): tiểu TM
Villus
(enlarged)

Lymph capillaries within the villi of small intestine are called lacteals .
They absorb fat and transport it to the blood.
The lymph capillaries unite
to form lymphatic vessels.
Upper R quadrant
of the body drains
into the right
lymphatic duct.
- lymph node: hạch bạch huyết
- pathogen (n): mầm bệnh
The flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels is
unidirectional towards the large veins at
the root of the neck due to the presence
of these valves.
The remaining body drains
into the thoracic duct.
LYMPH VESSELS
The lymphatic vessels pass through a
series of lymph nodes before the lymph is
drained into the venous system. The
lymph nodes filter the lymph to make it
free from pathogens and harmful agents.
- cysterna chyli: bể dưỡng trấp - vertebra (n.): đốt sống

Thoracic duct

- is the largest lymphatic duct

(about 45 cm long) in the body.
- begins as the large sac-like dilated
lymph channel called cysterna chyli
lying in front of the bodies of L1 & L2
vertebrae and ends in the angle
between the left internal jugular vein
and left subclavian vein.

Right lymphatic duct

- is a dilated lymph vessel about 1 cm

long.
- it lies in the root of neck on the right
side and ends by opening in the angle
between right brachiocephalic vein
and right subclavian vein. LYMPH VESSELS
 LYMPH NODES Macrophage & plasma cell area Efferent lymph
Lympho T area vessel
The lymph nodes are oval or bean-shaped
bodies, 0.1–2.5 cm long that lie along the
course of lymph vessels.
Lympho B area
The lymph passes through a number of
lymph nodes before reaching the large
lymphatic ducts. The size of lymph nodes
varies from pinhead to a large bean and Germinal
are somewhat flattened. center
Afferent lymph
The lymph nodes contain elements of the
vessel
body's defense system, such as clusters of Lymph
lymphocytes and macrophages. follicle

- defense (n.): sự đề kháng

- lymphocyte: bạch cầu
- macrophage: đại thực bào
 LYMPH NODES
Photograph of dissection of the
Functions of lymph nodes inguinal lymph nodes (asterisks).

1. Filter the lymph (i.e. when lymph passes

through the lymph node, foreign particles,
injurious substances, including pathogens
*
are removed by phagocytic activities of *
macrophages of the lymph nodes). *
2. Evoke immunological response. *
(The plasma cells of lymph node produce
antibodies in response to infection.)
3. Produce various types of lymphocytes.
(The germinal centers of lymphatic follicles
within the node are sites of lymphocyte - inguinal (adj.): thuộc về bẹn
production). - evoke (v.): khởi phát/gợi lên
4. Provide portal of entry for lymphocytes - follicle (n.): nang
into lymphatic channels.