Course Description: The course deals with the history and development of badminton and

volleyball, facilities and equipment, rules and regulation of badminton and volleyball, basic
skills in badminton and volleyball, calisthenics and drills, actual tournament of badminton
and volleyball.

Pre-requisite: None
Unit Credits: 2 units
No. of Hours: 2 hours/week

Topics:
1. Chapter I: Definition and brief history of badminton
2. Chapter II: Supplies and equipment and two types of hand stroke
3. Chapter III: Basic skills in badminton (footwork), tips, faults, and law of badminton
4. Chapter IV: Definition, history, supplies and equipment of volleyball.
5. Chapter V: Basic skills in volleyball (serving, setting, block)

CHAPTER I: Definition and brief history of Badminton

History

The game of badminton originated in Siam, China over 2,000 years ago. It was brought to
England in 1870 and was played somewhat like tennis. After being played in Canada,
badminton arrived in America and has been popular since 1929. Since 1992, badminton has
been an Olympic sport, with bird speeds reaching 100 m.p.h.

A badminton-like game was known in ancient Greece and Egypt - a game called battledore
and shuttlecock - in which two players hit a feathered shuttlecock back and forth with tiny
rackets.
The game was played in India during the 18th Century, at which time it was called "Poona" .
In the 1860s it was adopted by British Army officers stationed in India. The officers took the
game back to England, where it became a success at a party given by the Duke of Beaufort in
1873 at his estate called "Badminton" in Gloucestershire.

Nature of the Game Badminton is played as a singles or doubles game with one or two
players on a side. The object of the game is to hit the shuttlecock or ―bird‖ back and forth
with a racket across a net five feet high at its center. The bird should be hit with such speed
and accuracy that the opponent is unable to return the shot successfully. The game can either
be fast or slow paced, depending on the skill level of the players.

CHAPTER II: Supplies and equipment and two types of hand stroke

Facilities and Equipments

Court-
For Singles- 44 feet long and 17 feet
wide
For Doubles- 44 feet long and 20 feet
wide
Net- Stretched from post to post, 2 feet and 6 inches in depth, and 5 feet in height from the
floor.
Post- 5 ft and 1 inch in height from the floor.

Racket- It is lightweight and can be made of wood, aluminum metal or

synthetic material such as graphite or carbon. It can be up to 68 cm long
and it’s usually weighs about 100 grams.

Shuttlecock- it is made from 14- 16 goose feathers that are placed in a

leather-covered cork head, made of
either plastic or nylon.

Common stroke in Badminton

Badminton offers a wide variety of basic strokes, and players require a high level of skill to perform
all of them effectively. All strokes can be played either forehand or backhand. A player's forehand
side is the same side as their playing hand: for a right-handed player, the forehand side is their right
side and the backhand side is their left side. Forehand strokes are hit with the front of the hand leading
(like hitting with the palm), whereas backhand strokes are hit with the back of the hand leading (like
hitting with the knuckles). Players frequently play certain strokes on the forehand side with a
backhand hitting action, and viceversa.

CHAPTER III: Basic skills in badminton (footwork), tips, faults, and law of badminton

Basic Skills

A. Grip
1. Forehand – with the racket head perpendicular to the floor, shake hands with the grip so
the ―V‖ formed by the thumb and forefinger is on the top of the handle.

2. Backhand – using a forehand grip, rotate the hand slightly so the thumb is along and
parallel to the wide side of the handle.

B. Footwork

1. Move toward the shot with short steps and end with a long stride.

2. In the ready position the racket is held high, the knees are slightly bent, and the body
weight is on the balls of the feet.

C. Strokes

By using the same motion for all shots, the opponent is unable to detect what shot you are
going to make until the bird is actually hit. A good wrist action allows more power and
control with much less effort. A forehand stroke is one from the dominant side; the
backhand stroke is from the non-dominant side. The racket is swung back, the arm is bent
with the elbow up, the wrist is cocked, and the body weight is placed on the back foot. From
this position, the stroke is made by throwing the hand at the point of contact between bird
and racket with weight being transferred to the forward foot. If possible, shots should be
made with an overhand stroke.

1. Clear – a shot used to drive your opponent away from the net or forecourt or to slow the
game. The bird should fly above the opponent’s reach and fall within one foot of the
baseline.
2. Smash – an attacking shot made at the limit of one’s upward reach and slightly in front of
the shoulder. At the moment of contact, the arm and wrist come down forcibly.
3. Drive – A flat shot kept as low as possible and is second only to the smash as an attacking
shot.
4. Drop Shot – any shot that drops immediately after crossing the net. The descent of the
bird is controlled with little follow-through.
5. Net Shot – any shot played as near to the net as possible, controlled by wrist and forearm.
The hairpin shot is an example of a net shot.

D. Serves

1. High and deep (singles) – take a position near and on the proper side of the center line
and about four feet behind the short service line. Drop the bird on the racket side and swing
the racket forward.
2. Low and short (doubles) – take a position closer to the front service line. The racket is
swung forward with little follow-through.
3. Drive (flick) – a quick snap of the wrist in the backhand grip with the bird held directly in
front of the body. The bird travels in a direct line at the receiver.
E. Flight Patterns (left to
right)

Playing Strategy

A. Singles – serve long most of

the time. Return a high serve
with a drop or clear. Build
the game plan on a basis of
alternate drop and clear shots,
and then use the smash/drive
as openings occur. Run your
opponent from the front to
back and from side to side of the court.

B. Doubles – make shots, the return of which will leave an opening for your partner to
play a winning shot. Never play a shot that leaves your partner open to smashes. Always
make an attacking shot. This implies that all shots should be hit down. Most serves should
be short and low. Attack short serves when
receiving.
1. Side-by side – each partner is responsible for half of the playing court, net to baseline.
2. Up-and-back – one member plays the front portion of the court, operating from the
centerline and just behind the short service line. The partner plays the rear portion of the
court from the centerline and just in front of the double rear service line.
3. Up/back rotation – combines the two doubles’ strategies, using the side- by-side
position for defense, and up and back formation for attack.

Rules and Regulations in Badminton

For Single:

You shall serve from, and receive in, the right service court when you or your opponent has scored an
even number of points in that game. You shall serve from, and receive in, the left service court when
you or your opponent has scored an odd number of points in that game.
You and your opponent will hit the shuttle alternately until a 'fault' is made or the shuttle ceases to be
in play.

For Double:

At the start of the game, and each time a side gains the right to serve, the service shall be delivered
from the right service court. Only your opponent standing diagonally opposite of you shall return the
service.
Should your opponent's partner touched or hit the shuttle, it shall be a 'fault' and your side scores a
point.

Lets
 'Let' is called by the umpire, or by a player (if there is no umpire), to halt play.
 A 'let' may be given for any unforeseen or accidental occurrence. The rules of badminton
consider the following as 'lets':
  If a shuttle is caught in the net and remains suspended on top or, after passing over the net, is
caught in the net, it shall be a 'let' except on service.
 If, during service, the receiver and server are both faulted at the same time, it shall be a 'let'.
 If the server serves before the receiver is ready, it shall be a 'let'.
 If, during play, the shuttle disintegrates and the base completely separates from the rest of the
shuttle, is shall be a 'let'.
 If a line judge is unsighted and the umpire is unable to make a decision, it shall be a 'let'.
 A 'let' may occur following a service court error. When a 'let' occurs, the play since the last
service shall not count and the player who served shall serve again, except where in situations
where the Law of Service Court Errors is applicable.

Shuttle not in play

 A shuttle is not in play when it strikes the net and remains attached there or suspended on top.
 A shuttle is not in play when it strikes the net or post and starts to fall towards the surface of
the court on the striker's side of the net.
 A shuttle is not in play when it hits the surface of the court or a 'fault' or 'let' has occurred.

Faults
 The rules of badminton consider the following as faults:
 If the shuttle lands outside the boundaries of the court, passes through or under the net, fail to
pass the net, touches the ceiling or side walls, touches the person or dress of a player or
touches any other object or person.
 If the initial point of contact with the shuttle is not on the striker's side of the net. (The striker
may, however, follow the shuttle over the net with the racket in the course of a stroke.)
 If a player touches the net or its supports with racket, person or dress, invades an opponent's
court over the net with racket or person except as permitted.
 If a player invades an opponent's court under the net with racket or person such that an
opponent is obstructed or distracted or obstructs an opponent, that is prevents an opponent
from making a legal stroke where the shuttle is followed over the net.
 If a player deliberately distracts an opponent by any action such as shouting or making
gestures.
 If the shuttle is caught and held on the racket and then slung during the execution of a stroke.
 If the shuttle is hit twice in succession by the same player with two strokes.
 If the shuttle is hit by a player and the player's partner successively or touches a player's
racket and continues towards the back of that player's court.
 If a player is guilty of flagrant, repeated or persistent offences under Law of Continuous Play,
Misconduct, Penalties.
 If, on service, the shuttle is caught on the net and remains suspended on top, or, on service,
after passing over the net is caught in the net.

Officials and appeals

The referee is in overall charge of the tournament. The umpire, where appointed, is in charge of the
match, the court and its immediate surrounds. The umpire shall report to the referee. The service
judge shall call service faults made by the server should they occur. A line judge shall indicate
whether a shuttle landed 'in' or 'out' on the line or lines assigned. An official's decision is final on all
points of fact for which that official is responsible.
An umpire shall:

 Upload and enforce the Rules of Badminton and, especially, call a 'fault' or 'let' should either
occur.
 Give a decision on any appeal regarding a point of dispute, if made before the next service is
delivered.
 Ensure players and spectators are kept informed of the progress of the match.
 Appoint or remove line judges or a service judge in consultation with the referee.
 Where another court official is not appointed, arrange for that official's duties to be carried
out.
 Where an appointed official is unsighted, carry out the official's duties or play a 'let'.
 Record and report to the referee all matters in relation to continuous play, misconduct and
penalties.
 Take to the referee all unsatisfied appeals on questions of law only. (Such appeals must be
made before the next service is delivered, or, if at the end of the game, before the side that
appeals has left the court.

Terminologies:

-
- Backcourt: Back third of the court, in the area of the back boundary lines.

- Carry : An illegal stroke in which the shuttle is not hit, but caught and held on the racket
before being released; also called a "sling" or "throw".

- Centre line : A line perpendicular to the net that separates the left and right service courts.

- Doubles sideline : The side boundary of a doubles court.

- Feint : Any deceptive movement that disconcerts an opponent before or during the serve; also
called a "balk".

- Flick : A quick wrist-and-forearm rotation used to surprise an opponent by changing an

apparently soft shot into a faster passing shot.

- Hairpin net shot : A shot made from below and very close to the net and causing the shuttle
to rise, just clear the net, then drop sharply down the other side so that the flight of the
shuttlecock resembles the shape of a hairpin.

- Long Service Line : In singles, the back boundary line. In doubles a line 2-1/2 feet inside the
back boundary line. The serve may not go past this line.

- Rally : The exchange of shots that decides each point.

- Serve : The stroke used to put the shuttlecock into play at the start of each rally; also called a
"service".

- Service court : The area into which a service must be delivered. Different for singles and
doubles.

- Set : To choose to extend a game beyond its normal ending score if the score is tied with one
point to go.
 - Short service line : The front line of the service courts 1.98 meters from the net. Singles: A
game where one player plays against another player.

- Wood shot : A legal shot in which the shuttle hits the frame of the racket

CHAPTER IV: Definition, history, supplies and equipment of volleyball.

Volleyball, game played by two teams, usually of six players on a side, in which the players
use their hands to bat a ball back and forth over a high net, trying to make the ball touch the
court within the opponents’ playing area before it can be returned. To prevent this a player on
the opposing team bats the ball up and toward a teammate before it touches the court
surface—that teammate may then volley it back across the net or bat it to a third teammate
who volleys it across the net. A team is allowed only three touches of the ball before it must
be returned over the net.

HISTORY

• The sport originated in the United States. In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the
Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements
of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen
which would demand less physical contact than basketball.

• He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette).

• Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just
above the average man's head.

• During a demonstration game, someone remarked to

Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball
back and forth over the net, and perhaps "volleyball" would
be a more descriptive name for the sport.

• On July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of

"volleyball" was played. In 1900, a special ball was
designed for the sport.

• In 1900 the YMCA spread volleyball to Canada, the

Orient, and the Southern Hemisphere.

Court
Today, courts must meet the specifications set forth by USA
Volleyball and the international governing body, FIVB.
Indoor courts must measure 18 meters long by 9 meters
wide and have an attack area demarcated 3 meters back
from the centerline. The lines used on the court should not be any wider than 5 cm. A free
space measuring 2 meters in any direction is recommended around the playing area of the
court to prevent any accidental obstructions of play. Above the highest point of the net, there
should be at least 7 meters of space to allow the ball free travel, though 12 meters is
recommended.

Ball
The ball used for volleyball is smaller than the
basketball bladder that was used originally.
For indoor volleyball, it should have a
circumference between 65 a nd 67 cm when
fully inflated to an inner pressure between 4.3
and 4.6 lbs. psi. Once inflated, the ball must
weigh between 260 and 280 g. During FIVB
competitions and world events, three balls are
used and must meet the same standards as the
other balls before being approved for play.

Net
Net height can vary depending on the age of the
players and the class of volleyball being played. The
standard height used for men over the age of 15 is
2.43 meters measured from the lowest point of the
net to the court floor. For women over the age of 13,
the standard measurement is 2.24 meters. The net
extends to each of the sidelines on the court and
should be the same height at both sidelines. The net
itself is 1 meter wide. At either end of the net, an
antenna is attached that is 10 mm in diameter and
extends 1.8 meters above the net. These antennae are
considered part of the net and are used to delineate the vertical crossing space.

Chapter V: Basic skills in volleyball (serving, setting, block)

1. Serving

Serving is the first weapon that can generate an immediate point, begin a game, or ignite an
offense. A well-placed serve (whether to a weak passer, at the setter, at the quick attacker, or
to a weak formation) that is also difficult to pass puts the opponent at a disadvantage. Focus on
correct technique and strive for success. In addition, always serve to score points, NOT just to
get the ball into the opponent’s court.

2. Passing (Forearm Underhand)

Accurate and consistent passing can result in an aggressive multiple attack. Be sure that players
are in the ready position preparing to execute the proper technique before the serve and during a
 rally. The athlete must face and focus on the oncoming ball. Ensure that the athlete’s arms and
hands are in the correct position with wrists together. The legs are a little further than shoulder
width apart with feet parallel. The ball is contacted on the forearms. Upon contact, the athlete
maintains a stationary straightarm position so that the ball rebounds off the lower part of the
forearms and is directed to the target. The knees are extended to raise the arms forward upon
contact. Straightening the legs completes the pass; the arms are behind the ball, and weight is
transferred in the direction of the pass.

3. Passing (Overhand, Overhead or Setting)

Overhead passing or setting is the next important part of the pass-set-spike sequence for a
successful attack. In fact, an excellent set from a bad pass can still result in a ―kill‖. The
athlete forms a triangle with the fingers and thumbs of both hands around the ball above the
forehead (thumbs do not touch). Index fingers and thumbs form the triangle around 3 panels
(18-panel ball). The elbows point slightly forward. Feet are approximately shoulder-width
apart with right foot slightly forward. Knees are slightly bent, and body is leaning slightly
forward. Eyes are focused on the ball. The athlete receives the ball with hands on the outside
of the ball. The athlete extends the knees and straightens the arms to follow-through in the
desired direction.
Drills introducing the proper setting technique:
a. Toss ball above head and catch. (Each player stands in correct setting position by
straddling a line, preferably the attack line or end line.)
1) Toss ball above the head and catch ball with hands in correct setting position.
2) Toss ball above the head: perform 1/2 turn; repeat and perform full 360-
degree turn.
3) Toss ball in different directions and catch ball with hands in correct setting
position.
4) Toss ball above the head: perform quick-quick (complete half turn and back to
position).

b. Toss two-handed underhand between players (hands and body in correct setting
position).
Toss ball two-handed underhand; partner catches ball with hands in correct setting
position.

c. Progression for Training Setters

(Coach at net; setters receive passes when in left back, right back and center back
positions and sets to LF and RF.)
1) Technique training
2) Training for setter to move into position
3) Training for sets near the net in front court (coach in backcourt: LB, CB, &
RB)
4) 4) Training for backcourt sets

4. Attack (Hitting) Options

There are several attack options that can be effectively performed in a game. An attacker
should be able to hit the following: shots off the block (using the hands), high sets, low sets,
sets off the net, off speed shots, tipping, and a variation of play sets including back court
hitting options. Providing a great deal of practice and repetition of each will depend on the age
 and ability of the athletes. Ensure the fundamental technique of hitting is effective and
efficient so that it can be performed at a high level during competition.

5. Blocking – Attack; Defend

A well-timed and effective block diffuses an offensive attack. The athlete is near the net,
moves into position with hands up quickly. Athlete focuses on the ball and jumps vertically so
that maximum height is achieved when the ball is above net and contacted. Arms are raised
and extended above the head; hands are close together with fingers open; wrists are in line
with arms (wrist parallel), and hands are slightly forward. A firm and straight-arm position is
maintained so that the ball rebounds off hands and is not struck. If possible, athlete reaches up
and over the net with arms and hands pointed in a downward position for a rebound. The
athlete lands facing the net while keeping the upper body in control and knees bent to absorb
the shock. Depending upon whether right side or left is blocking will determine which hand
should be turned inside.

6. Defensive Skills – Rolling; Sliding

When the ball does not come directly at an athlete, it may be impossible to play the ball from a
regular underhand passing standing position. The athlete still focuses on the ball and takes a
step with the near foot in the direction of the oncoming ball. The body is extremely low when
playing the ball. To ensure that the athlete does not hurt himself/herself, the athlete will
continue the momentum and either slide or roll out of the play. The goal is to get the ball up to
the target and safely return to the ready position as quickly as possible.