Internet

M.Sc. 2nd sem

What is Internet?

• The internet is a network of computers linking many different types of

computers all over the world.
• It makes it possible for millions of users to connect to one another via
telephone lines, cable lines and satellites.
• The vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a single huge
networks for transport of data and messages across distances which can be
anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the world
❑The Internet or “Net” (network of networks) is the largest computer network
in the world that connects billions of computer users.
❑The word internet comes from combination between “interconnection” and
“Network”
❑Network is a collection of computers and devices connected via
communication channels and transmission media allow to share resources
(hardware, software, data, information).
❑Generally nobody own internet.
❑It is a very large wide area network (WAN) connecting computers and
networks around the world.
 Brief History
How did the Internet developed?
➢Internet was born in late 1960’s
➢The internet has its root in the ARPANET system of the Advanced Research Project
Agency of U.S. Department of Defense which linked together mainframe computers
to form a communication networks.
➢ ARPANET is known as the forefather of internet.
➢ARPA – Advanced Research Project Agency.
➢1969 January 2 – started an experimental Computer Network.
➢Concept – No Server, but equal importance/participation to every computer in the
Network.
➢Even if, one or two node destroyed that will not affect the Network.
 Brief History

➢ In 1982 the word internet started.

➢1986: First “freenet” created in Case Western Reserve University
➢1991: US government allowed business agencies to connect to internet.
➢Now all peoples can connect to internet and improve their life and work
quality.
➢The internet support various aspects in our life.
➢Father of Internet
➢Vinton Cerf
➢Co-designer of the TCP/IP networking protocol.
Internet Components and Services
• WWW
• Webpage / Homepage • DNS
• Web browser • E-mail

• Search Engine • Newsgroup

• HTML • Web Publishing

• HTTP • Video conferencing

• FTP
• URL
• Telnet
• ISP • Forum
• Protocol
World Wide Web (www)
➢The World Wide Web is a most popular method of accessing internet.
➢The World Wide Web, commonly known as the Web, is a system of
interlinked hypertext/hypermedia documents accessed via the Internet
➢It uses a concept called hypertext.
➢Hypertext documents on internet are known as web pages.
➢Web pages are created by using a special language called Hyper Text
Markup Language (html)
➢Creator: Tim Berners-Lee - 1989
• Father of www. Invented WWW while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics
Laboratory
Difference b/w the Web and Internet

• Internet = collection of networks that connect millions of businesses,

government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.
• WWW = the means we use to access information over the internet – Different
communication protocols – Special link (hyperlink) that enable users to jump
from one place to another on the web.
Web Browser
➢A software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information
resources on the World Wide Web.
➢It allows to locate, view, and navigate the web.
➢It can have a Graphical User Interface, meaning they can display pictures
(graphics) in addition to text and other forms of multimedia such as sound and
video
➢First web browser was develop in 1991: Mosaic develop by Marc
Andreessen.
➢Different Types of Web Browsers:
➢Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet explorer, Safari, Opera Mini, Netscape
Navigator, etc.
Web Page

• A web page is a document or resource of information that is suitable for the

World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser and displayed
on a monitor or mobile device.
• This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide
navigation to other webpages via hypertext links.
• It can contain text, graphics, audio, video and has built- in connection or links
to other web documents.
• A web page has a unique address called a Uniform Resource Locator
(URL).
➢URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is the address of a resource,
which can be a specific webpage or a file, on the internet. It is also known as
web address when it is used with http.
➢It was created in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee. URL is a specific character string
that is used to access data from the World Wide Web. It is a type of URI
(Uniform Resource Identifier).

➢https://www.example.com/index/data.htm
Protocol Subdomain Domain name Top level domain Dir Web Page & extention

➢Hypertext is text displayed on a computer or other electronic device with

references to other text that the reader can immediately access, usually by a
mouse click or key press sequence.
➢Hypermedia is used as a logical extension of the term hypertext in which
graphics, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks intertwine to create a
generally non- linear medium of information.
Search Engines
➢Internet search engine is an application, which helps users to locate Web sites
containing useful information and references.
➢To search Information: A user types the description of the information using
the user interference of the search engine.
➢The search engine then searches the requested information on the WWW and
returns the results to the user.
➢Results enable the user to locate the request quickly from the vast ocean of
information available on the internet.
➢E.g. Google Search, Bing, Yahoo, Duckduckgo, ask.com, etc
• Major Elements of Internet Search Engines
• Search Request Interface
• It enables users to provide description of desired information to the search engine
• Search engine may allow specifications of simple keywords and phrases, combination of
keywords and phrases using Boolean operators and exclusion/inclusion operators, and
title and URL limiters
• Information Discoverer
• Discovers information from the WWW and creates a database for the search engine.
Search engine uses the database to locate useful information during the search process.
• Presenter of search results
• Presents the discovered information according to the search made on the web browser
• Search engines often list search results in accordance to a relevance score.
• Relevance scores reflect the number of times a search term appears in a web page. Some
search engines also allow users to control relevance score by giving different weights.
Protocol
• A set of guidelines or rules.
• Communications protocol is a formal description of message formats and the
rules for exchanging those messages.
• Format that agreed to transfer data between two devices.
• Some Commonly used protocols are
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• File transfer protocol (FTP)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP); Normally use together with IP
HTTP

• http:// or https://
• The "http" stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
• It let's the browser to know which protocol it is going to use to access the
information specified in the domain.
• An "https" protocol is short for "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure" and
indicates that information transmitted over HTTP is encrypted and secure.
• After the http or https is the colon ( : ) and two forward slashes ( // ) that
separate the protocol from the remainder of the URL.
Domain Name

• A domain name is the name of a website and typically consists of a top-level

and second-level domain.
• A top-level domain (TLD) is the part of the domain name located to the right
of the dot, with the most common TLDs being .com, .net and .org as they can
be registered by anyone.
• It is used as more convenient way to use internet for human being.
Website

• A website (also written as web site) is a collection of web pages and related
content that is identified by a common domain name and published on at least
one web server.
• Notable examples are wikipedia.org, google.com, and amazon.com.. All
publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web.
How it functions smoothly?
• Every computer connected to the internet uses same set of rules for
communication.
• Set of rules is called protocol
• Communication protocol used by internet is TCP/IP
• The TCP (Transmission control protocol) part is responsible for dividing the
message into packets on the source comp and reassembling them at the
destination comp.
• The IP (Internet Protocol) is responsible for handling the address of the
destination comp so that the packet is sent to its proper destination.
Learn more at
• How does the INTERNET work? | ICT #2 –YouTube
• The Internet: Crash Course Computer Science #29 -YouTube

Thank You