BAHASA INGGRISI

(TEKNIK INFORMATIKA/SISTEM KOMPUTER)

TIM PENYUSUN:
A.A. GEDE RAKA WAHYU BRAHMA, S.S., M.HUM
SANG AYU MADE KRISNADEWI NATALIA, S.PD., M.PD.
KOMANG TRISNADEWI, S.S., M.HUM

DENPASAR
AGUSTUS 2020
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 Conversation Strategies and Language Variation

1. Conversation Strategies

Dialogue is the main foundation of our relationships. It’s how we get in touch with our
society and our culture. Hence, knowing how to maintain a good conversation is important to
building, preserving, and enriching our circle of support.

In this sense, the best news is that all those social skills can be improved with the right techniques
and practice. This is an art that we can only learn through practice.

The most important thing about keeping a good conversation going is having an open attitude
towards the other person. You can learn from people all around the world. You can have a
pleasant exchange with anyone if you approach them the right way. That being said, there are
some guidelines that contribute to making dialogue as good as possible.

“A good conversation should exhaust the issue, not the speakers.”

-Winston Churchill-

1. Active listening
 Maintaining a good conversation is something that directly depends on the ability to
listen. Knowing how to listen to another person doesn’t mean increasing the sounds our ears
can comprehend. Good listening is active and participatory.

Active listening keeps the dialogue from becoming a monologue. When only one of the two
participants is talking, there is no conversation. Yes, there’s always going to be a certain level of
asymmetry. Usually, one person talks more and the other person listens more. This is because it’s
very difficult to achieve absolute balance. But the closer we get to it, the better the dialogue will
be.

2. Pauses are important

Silence always manages to slither into a conversation. Some people are deeply disturbed
by this. It’s really not that bad since pauses are also necessary. However, when the silence is too
long and you don’t want to end the conversation, you need to rescue the conversation.
How do you do that? The best way is to use transition phrases. These are affirmations that allow
the dialogue to start back up again. You can start to talk about a previous topic or a new one. You
can use expressions like “Regarding what you said before…” or “Changing the subject, I’d like to
know what you think of…”. You could also say something like “I hadn’t commented on that”.
These are all phrases that help you chain together thoughts and maintain a lively conversation.

3. Share information
 Sharing information has to do with answering the other person’s questions adequately. If
we answer laconically or confine ourselves to monosyllables, we’ll frustrate the other person’s
will to nourish and maintain a good conversation.

If we answer the other person’s questions with additional information, we’ll facilitate the
dialogue. It also shows openness and the desire to express what we think, feel, or believe. This
facilitates interaction. This doesn’t mean we should always give extensive responses, but that we
must provide additional information to those who ask it of us.

4. Self-disclosure: One of the keys to maintaining a good conversation

Human beings are more likely to trust people who trust them, just like we tend to be more
open to those who adopt similar attitudes with us. If you want a conversation to turn more
personal, we recommend sharing personal information. This means you should reveal other
aspects of yourself that are more private.

Therefore, if we speak spontaneously of those personal things, the other person will be more
likely to feel motivated to do so. All this leads to a successful transition from an educated and
formal conversation to a more personal one.

5. Questions: The driving force of conversations

 Questions help conversations move forward. They not only allow us to explore and get to
know the other person better, but they’re also indispensable keys to maintaining a good
conversation. Obviously, you have to have enough criteria to choose the questions that you’re
going to ask the other person. The goal isn’t to make them feel interrogated.

If you don’t know a person well, it’s best to ask questions that go from a superficial level to a
more personal one. This way, you’ll give them time to trust in you and you won’t create moments
of discomfort.

Cultivating the art of good conversation is worth it. Not only does it lead you to entertaining
situations, but it’s also therapeutic. It allows you to express yourself, listen, and learn from others.
It also enriches your life and spices up your relationships with others.

2. Language Variation

Language Varieties In sociolinguistics a language variety, also called a lect, is a specific

form of a language or language cluster. It is a general term for any distinctive form of a language
or linguistic expression. This may include languages, dialects, registers, styles or other forms of
language, as well as a standard variety. The use of the word "variety" to refer to the different
forms avoids the use of the term language, which many people associate only with the standard
language, and the term dialect, which is often associated with nonstandard varieties, thought of
as less prestigious or "correct" than the standard. Linguists speak of both standard and non-
standard varieties. "Lect" avoids the problem in ambiguous cases of deciding whether two
varieties are distinct languages or dialects of a single language. Linguistic commonly use
language variety as a cover term for any of the overlapping subcategories of a language.
Variation at the level of the lexicon, such as slang, argot, jargon, register, and idiom is often
considered in relation to particular styles or levels of formality (also called registers), but such
uses are sometimes discussed as varieties as well.

a. Jargon
Jargon is a type of language that is used in a particular context and may not be well
understood outside that context. The context is usually a particular occupation (that is, a
 certain trade, profession, or academic field), but any in group can have jargon. The main trait
that distinguishes jargon from the rest of a language is special vocabulary including some
words specific to it, and often different senses or meanings of words that out groups would
tend to take in another sense; therefore misunderstanding that communication attempt.
Jargon is thus "the technical terminology or characteristic idiom of a special activity or
group". Most jargon is technical terminology, involving terms of art or industry terms, with
particular meaning within a specific industry. A main driving force in the creation of
technical jargon is precision and efficiency of communication when a discussion must easily
range from general themes to specific, finely differentiated details without circumlocution. A
side-effect of this is a higher threshold for comprehensibility, which is usually accepted as a
trade-off but is sometimes even used as a means of social exclusion (reinforcing ingroup-
outgroup barriers) or social aspiration (when intended as a way of showing off).

b. Argot
An argot (English: /ˈɑːrɡoʊ/; from French argot [aʁˈɡo] 'slang') is a secret language used by
various groups—e.g., schoolmates, outlaws, colleagues, among many others—to prevent
outsiders from understanding their conversations. The term argot is also used to refer to the
informal specialized vocabulary from a particular field of study, occupation, or hobby, in
which sense it overlaps with jargon. The discipline of medicine has been referred to as
having its own argot which includes abbreviations, acronyms, and "technical
colloquialisms". Author Victor Hugo was one of the first to research argot extensively. He
describes it in his 1862 novel Les Misérables as the language of the dark; at one point, he
says, "What is argot; properly speaking? Argot is the language of misery."The earliest
known record of the term argot in this context was in a 1628 document. The word was
probably derived from the contemporary name les argotiers, given to a group of thieves at
that time. Under the strictest definition, an argot is a proper language with its own grammar
and style. But such complete secret languages are rare because the speakers usually have
some public language in common, on which the argot is largely based. Such argots are
mainly versions of another language, with a part of its vocabulary replaced by words
unknown to the larger public; argot used in this sense is synonymous with cant. For example,
argot in this sense is used for systems such as verlan and louchébem, which retain French
 syntax and apply transformations only to individual words (and often only to a certain subset
of words, such as nouns, or semantic content words). Such systems are examples of argots à
clef, or ―coded argots‖ Specific words can go from argot into common speech or the other
way. For example, modern French loufoque 'crazy, goofy', now common usage, originates in
the louchébem transformation of Fr. fou 'crazy'."Piaf" is a Parisian argot word for "bird,
sparrow". It was taken up by singer Edith Piaf as her stage name.

c. Register
In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a
particular social setting. For example, when speaking in a formal setting, an English speaker
may be more likely to use features of prescribed grammar than in an informal setting—such
as pronouncing words ending in -ing with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal (e.g.
"walking", not "walkin'"), choosing more formal words (e.g. father vs. dad, child vs. kid,
etc.), and refraining from using words considered nonstandard, such as ain't. As with other
types of language variation, there tends to be a spectrum of registers rather than a discrete set
of obviously distinct varieties—numerous registers could be identified, with no clear
boundaries between them. Discourse categorisation is a complex problem, and even in the
general definition of "register" given above (language variation defined by use not user),
there are cases where other kinds of language variation, such as regional or age dialect,
overlap. Consequent to this complexity, scholarly consensus has not been reached for the
definitions of terms including "register", "field" or "tenor"; different scholars' definitions of
these terms are often in direct contradiction of each other. Additional terms including
diatype, genre, text types, style, acrolect, mesolect, basilect, sociolect and ethnolect among
many others, may be used to cover the same or similar ground. Some prefer to restrict the
domain of the term "register" to a specific vocabulary (Wardhaugh, 1986) (which one might
commonly call slang, jargon, argot or cant), while others[who?] argue against the use of the
term altogether. These various approaches with their own "register", or set of terms and
meanings, fall under disciplines including sociolinguistics, stylistics, pragmatics or systemic
functional grammar.

d. Slang
 Slang denotes low linguistic register words, phrases, and usages that in their conversation
special groups like teenagers, musicians, or criminals favor over standard counterparts in
order to establish group identity and exclude outsider in its earliest attested use (1756), the
word slang referred to the vocabulary of "low or disreputable" people. By the early
nineteenth century, it was no longer exclusively associated with disreputable people, but
continued to be applied to usages below the level of standard educated speech. The origin of
the word is uncertain, although it appears to be connected with thieves' cant. A Scandinavian
origin has been proposed (compare, for example, Norwegian slengenavn, which means
"nickname"), but based on "date and early associations" is discounted by the Oxford English
Dictionary. Jonathan Green, however, agrees with the possibility of a Scandinavian origin,
suggesting the same root as that of sling, which means "to throw", and noting that slang is
thrown language - a quick, honest way to make your point.

e. Idiom
An idiom (Latin: idiomī, "special property", from Ancient Greek: ἰδίωμα, translit. idíōma,
"special feature, special phrasing, a peculiarity", f. Ancient Greek: ἴδιος, translit. ídios, "one's
own") is a phrase or an expression that has a figurative, or sometimes literal, meaning.
Categorized as formulaic language, an idiom's figurative meaning is different from the literal
meaning. There are thousands of idioms, occurring frequently in all languages. It is
estimated that there are at least twenty-five thousand idiomatic expressions in the English
language. Many idiomatic expressions, in their original use, were not figurative but had
literal meaning. Also, sometimes the attribution of a literal meaning can change as the phrase
becomes disconnected from its original roots, leading to a folk etymology. For instance, spill
the beans (meaning to reveal a secret) has been said to originate from an ancient method of
democratic voting, wherein a voter would put a bean into one of several cups to indicate
which candidate he wanted to cast his vote for. If the jars were spilled before the counting of
votes was complete, anyone would be able to see which jar had more beans, and therefore
which candidate was the winner. Over time, the practice was discontinued and the idiom
became figurative. However, this etymology for spill the beans has been questioned by
linguists. The earliest known written accounts come from the USA and involve horse racing
around 1902–1903, and the one who "spilled the beans" was an unlikely horse who won a
 race, thus causing the favorites to lose. By 1907 the term was being used in baseball, but the
subject who "spilled the beans" shifted to players who made mistakes, allowing the other
team to win. By 1908 the term was starting to be applied to politics, in the sense that
crossing the floor in a vote was "spilling the beans". However, in all these early usages the
term "spill" was used in the sense of "upset" rather than "divulge". A stackexchange
discussion provided a large number of links to historic newspapers covering the usage of the
term from 1902 onwards.

3. Code Mixing And Code Switching

Code-mixing is the mixing of two or more languages or language varieties in speech.

Code-mixing may occur within a multilingual setting where speakers share more than one
language. While Code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more
languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation. Multilingual, speakers
of more than one language, sometimes use elements of multiple languages when conversing with
each other. Thus, code-switching is the use of more than one linguistic variety in a manner
consistent with the syntax and phonology of each variety. Some work defines code-mixing as the
placing or mixing of various linguistic units (affixes, words, phrases, clauses) from two different
grammatical systems within the same sentence and speech context, while code-switching is the
placing or mixing of units (words, phrases, sentences) from two codes within the same speech
context. The structural difference between code-switching and code-mixing is the position of the
altered elements for code-switching, the modification of the codes occurs intersententially, while
for code-mixing, it occurs intrasententially. Some scholars use the terms "code-mixing" and
"code-switching" interchangeably, especially in studies of syntax, morphology, and other formal
aspects of language. Others assume more specific definitions of code-mixing, but these specific
definitions may be different in different subfields of linguistics, education theory,
communications etc. Code switching entails that the language codes are used intersententially,
change from one language or dialect to another sentences or utterances in one language. Code
switching is the alternation of the use of at least two languages or their varieties or styles in the
same conversation in a bilingual community, and structurally it is inter-sentential. It is also
functional (done on purpose). In code mixing there is a base code that is used and has its own
function and autonomy, whereas the other codes involved are not more than pieces without
having function or autonomy as a code.

Research Finding

SLANG

No Kind Of Slang
1 Bro
2 Nah
3. Guys
4 Hah ?
5 Gimme a break
6 Oh shit !
7 Freakin’ out
8 Screwed up
9 Goddamn
10 Get be shit

ARGOT

No Kind Of Argot
1. Sea lock
2 Chiper
3 Night side
4 Apple Big
5 Little Nobody
6 Off grid
7 Zombie time
8 God eyes
 9 Micro router
10 Tay-Tay

IDIOM

No Kind of Idiom
1 You like a first baby sit !

JARGON

No Kind Of Jargon
1 God eyes !
2 Be you, you are

CODE SWITCHING

No Kind Of Code Switching

1 tuhermano, élestá en problemas
2 Tienesquemostrarrespeto a las personas
3 estoes La Habana
4 ten cuidado
5 Adios, Toretto

CODE MIXING

No Kind Of Code Mixing

1 If I said again, alguien se lastimará !
2 espera hasta quetermine mi bebida, I’m Fucking thirsty

References :
1. Chambers, J. K. 1995. Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and It's Social
Significance, Oxford: Blackwell Fishman,
2. Joshua. 1972. Language in Social Cultural Change. California: Stanford University Press
Holmes,
3. Janet. 2001. An introduction to Sociolinguistic. 2001. London: Longman Leech,
4. G. and J. Svartvik . 1975. A communicative grammar of English. London: Longman
Wardhaugh,
5. Ronald. 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Australia: Blackwell Publishing