A.

Formation of Volcanoes

B. Classification of Volcanoes based on Behavior

CHAPTER 7: VOLCANOES AND THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH

Objectives of the lesson:

Explain Differentiate Identify

Explain how Differentiate Identify some of

volcanoes are between active the active and
formed. and inactive inactive
volcanoes. volcanoes in the
Philippines.

Read pages 280-291 first edition or pages 227-241 second edition

Introduction (287) Volcanoes 101 | National Geographic - YouTube
Introduction
 Volcanoes are vents in Earth’s crust,
continental and oceanic crusts, from
which volcanic materials are released. It
is reported that 1500 volcanoes are
active worldwide.
  The Philippines is located
Introduction along the Ring of Fire. The
boundaries of the Pacific
Ring of Fire are the regions
where plates collide or
move toward each other,
resulting in earthquakes as
well as formation of
volcanoes.

Plate Boundaries
Introduction

 As a result, countries such as Philippines is

a home to many volcanoes and a region
of high seismic and volcanic activities.
The boundaries are marked by long,
deep depressions called trenches.
A. Formation of Volcanoes

 The formation of
volcanoes is explained
in Plate Tectonics
Theory. According to
this theory, the Earth’s
mechanical outer layer
called the lithosphere,
which consist of the
crust and the uppermost
portion of the mantle, is
divided into several
segments called
tectonic plates.
A. Formation of Volcanoes

 These tectonic plates float on the

weak, semi-solid asthenosphere,
which consists of the upper
mantle. This allows the movement
of the plates and forms the
continents we know today.
A. Formation of Volcanoes

 One of the proposed forces that causes the plates to move is Mantle
Convection. Convection is a method of heat transfer in liquid and gas by
which cold, dense material sinks, whereas hot, dense material rises. The
sinking and rising of melted rocks causing the movement of plates toward,
away from, or alongside each other.
A. Formation of Volcanoes

 Plates are classified as

continental plate and
oceanic plate and they
differ in density. In general,
the oceanic plate is denser
than continental plate.
A. Formation of Volcanoes (287) How Do Volcanoes Form? - YouTube
A. Formation of Volcanoes
 The following are three major
explanations/examples on how
volcanoes are formed:
1. In Convergent Boundary when two
plates of different densities collide, the
denser plate moves beneath the less
dense plate. This process is called
subduction which happens at specific
location on the plate boundaries called
subduction zone. As one plate
subducts, the rigid rocks of the
lithosphere melt and become magma.
The magma then rises toward the
surface of the earth forming volcanoes
along the boundaries.
A. Formation of Volcanoes
 The following are three major
explanations/examples on how
volcanoes are formed:
2. In Divergent boundary when two plates
move away from each other, a gap is
formed between them. The magma
from the mantle rises and forces its way
through the gap, forming volcanoes
called Mid-ocean ridges in the ocean
floor. When a volcano in an ocean
erupts, the volcanic materials solidify,
and may rise above the water surface,
forming an island.
A. Formation of Volcanoes
 Example of islands formed from solidification of volcanic materials:

Didicas volcanic island

➢ in Cagayan, Philippines Kavachi Submarine Island
➢ in Solomon Islands
Birth of new Island
A. Formation of Volcanoes

 The following are examples on how

volcanoes are formed:
3. Volcanoes can also be formed by hot spots,
areas in the mantle where rocks melt
because of the intense heat emanating
deep within the mantle. The magma from
the hot spot rises toward the Earth’s surface,
causing the overlying crust to thin out and
fracture forming an active volcano. As the
crustal plate moves over the stationary hot
spot, new volcanoes are formed.
❖ Hawaiian Islands are an example of
volcanic island chain created by a hotspot.
A. Formation of Volcanoes: Structure of Volcano
 Flanks – sides of a volcano
 Summit – highest point of a volcano
 Crater – mouth of the volcano
 Vent – opening through which
Summit
volcanic materials are ejected,
extension of the conduit
Flank (A crater is what you can see on the top
of a volcano and the vent is the tube
leading to the crater.)
Conduit  Conduit – pipe or channel that
conveys the magma
 Branch pipes – secondary pipe
 Magma chamber – molten rocks
reservoir
 Crater vs. Caldera

Crater of Mt. Kanlaon A Caldera is a large depression formed when

a volcano erupts and collapses. During a
volcanic eruption when large amount of magma is
expelled, the magma chamber empties. The support
that the magma had provided inside the chamber
disappears. As a result, the sides and top of the
volcano collapse inward.
B. Classification of Volcanoes based on Behavior

 Volcanoes can be classified as active, potentially active, or inactive

based on their behavior or historical records of eruptions. According
to PHIVOLCS, our country has more than a hundred volcanoes as of
2013. Twenty-three are active while the rest are inactive. The
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is the
country’s government agency that deals with volcanic activities
and earthquakes.
 Volcanoes can be active, potentially active, or inactive, depends
on whether there is the possibility of magma in their magma
chambers.
 B. Classification of Volcanoes based on Behavior
1. Active Volcanoes - erupted within the last 600 years. These are expected to
erupt in the future. There are 23 active volcanoes in the Philippines and 1500
active volcanoes worldwide.
2. Potentially Active Volcanoes - old volcanoes that erupted at least once in the
last 10,000 years, volcanoes that are recently discovered , and those with no
historical record of eruption.
- Morphologically young-looking but with no historical or analytical records
of eruption.
3. Inactive Volcanoes – also known as Dormant Volcano; no record of eruptions
for more than 10,000 years. There are more than 300 inactive volcanoes in the
Philippines.
- No recorded eruptions physical form has been intensively weathered
and eroded, bearing deep and long gullies.
B. Classification of Volcanoes based on Behavior
Most active volcanoes in the Philippines:

1. Mayon Volcano

➢ Located in the Province of Albay (Luzon)

➢ Most active volcano in the Philippines
➢ Known for having a “perfect cone”
➢ Natural park in the country
➢ 52 historical eruptions recorded in 2018
B. Classification of Volcanoes based on Behavior
Most active volcanoes in the Philippines:

2. Taal Volcano

➢ Located in the Province of Batangas (Luzon)

➢ Second most active
➢ A volcano island on a lake (Taal Lake)
➢ 33 historical eruptions recorded in 1977

Taal lake is a freshwater lake on the Luzon island of

Philippines. Almost at the center of this lake, is an island
called the volcano island. At the center of this island is
another lake called the main crater lake. And in this lake
is a small landmass called the Vulcan point.
B. Classification of Volcanoes based on Behavior
Most active volcanoes in the Philippines:

3. Kanlaon Volcano

➢ Located in the Province of Negros Oriental

(Visayas)
➢ Third most active volcano
➢ Main attraction in Mt. Kanlaon Natural Park
➢ 26 historical eruptions recorded in 2017
B. Classification of Volcanoes based on Behavior
Most active volcanoes in the Philippines:

4. Bulusan Volcano

➢ Located in the province of Sorsogon (Luzon)

➢ Fourth most active volcano
➢ 30 historical eruptions recorded in 2016

➢ Refer to your book for the list of other active

volcanoes in the Philippines
 B. Classification of Volcanoes based on Behavior
Some active volcanoes worldwide:

1. Kilauea Volcano 2. Mt. Etna

➢ Most active volcano in the world ➢ Located in Sicily, Italy
➢ Located on the island of Hawaii ➢ Recent eruption was in 2018
➢ Recent eruption was in 2018
B. Classification of Volcanoes based on Behavior
Some active volcanoes worldwide:

3. Piton de la Fournaise (French 4. Santa Maria Volcano

for "Peak of the Furnace") ➢ Located in the Western
➢ Located in Reunion Island in the Highlands of Guatemala
Indian Ocean. ➢ Recent eruption was in 2016
➢ Recent eruption was in 2018
B. Classification of Volcanoes based on Behavior
Some active volcanoes worldwide:

5. Mt. Nyiragongo 6. Island of Stromboli

➢ Located in Republic of Congo, ➢ Known as the “Lighthouse of the
Africa Mediterranean”
➢ Recent eruption was in 2016 ➢ Located in Italy
➢ Recent eruption was in 2018
B. Classification of Volcanoes based on Behavior
Some active volcanoes worldwide:

7. Mt. Yasur 8. Sangay Volcano

➢ Known as the “Lighthouse of the
Pacific” ➢ Located in Ecuador
➢ Located on Tanna Island in ➢ Recent eruption was in 2020
Vanuatu
➢ Recent eruption was in 2016
B. Classification of Volcanoes based on Behavior
Some active volcanoes worldwide:

9. Mt. St. Helens

➢ Located in Washington, USA
➢ Recent eruption was in 2008
B. Classification of Volcanoes based on Behavior
Potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines:

Mt. Apo
➢ Located in the Province of Davao
➢ Highest point in the country

➢ Refer to your book for the list of

other potentially active volcanoes
in the Philippines
B. Classification of Volcanoes based on Behavior
Inactive volcanoes in the Philippines:

Alligator Lake / Tadlac Lake

➢ volcanic crater lake
➢ Located in the Province of Laguna

➢ Refer to your book for the list of

other inactive volcanoes in the
Philippines