Topic

Shear Flow in Closed

Sections
Part 4

Program : B. Tech Aeronautical Engineering Prepared by

B. Tech Aerospace Engineering Dr. Hamza Naseem

Course Code : U18PCAE501/ U18PCAS501 Assistant Professor,
Department of Aeronautical Engg., BIHER
Course Name : Aircraft Structural Mechanics hamzanaseem.aero@bharathuniv.ac.in
Syllabus
CO 1 Compute the bending stress
distribution in beams of symmetric and
unsymmetrical sections. (Apply)
CO 2 Calculate the shear flow
distribution in symmetrical and
unsymmetrical thin-walled open section
and its shear center. (Apply)

CO 3 Calculate the shear flow

distribution in thin walled single and
multi-cell structures subjected to
combined loading. (Apply)

CO 4 Compute the crippling strength

of thin plates and effective width of sheet
stiffener panels. (Apply)

CO 5 Analyze the stress developed in

aircraft wings and fuselage. (Analyze)

Text book: Aircraft Structures by THG Megson

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Topics to be covered in today’s lecture

➢Shear flow distribution in thin-walled closed section – single cell

➢Due to torsional load – BBT (DONE)
➢Due to shear loads– combined bending (shear) and torsional loading (DONE)
➢Example problems
➢Finding shear center

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

Steps to calculate shear flow in closed section
If loads are applied at SC ➔ no twisting ➔ RoT= 0
qs,cs
ds
𝑑𝜃 1 𝑞𝑠, 𝑐𝑠
⇒ = ර 𝑑𝑠 = 0
CG 𝑑𝑧 𝐺𝐴 𝑡
Sy

qs,cs = qs,os + qs,0

Sx
𝑞𝑠, 𝑜𝑠 1
SC ර 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑞𝑠, 𝑜 ර 𝑑𝑠 = 0
𝑡 𝑡
(unknown)

If t is constant then ‫𝑠𝑞ׯ‬, 𝑐𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 0 ⇒ ‫𝑠𝑞ׯ‬, 𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑠 + ‫𝑠𝑞ׯ‬, 0 𝑑𝑠 = 0

‫𝑠𝑞ׯ‬, 𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑞𝑠, 0 = − ‫𝑠𝑑 ׯ‬
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Example problem
1)- DoAS ➔ Ixy = 0 and CG = SC
Sy Sy qs = qs,cs = qs,os + qs,0
2)- Sx = 0

CG SC

R
𝑆𝑦 𝑠
3) − 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞𝑠,0 = න 𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑠
𝐼𝑥𝑥 0
2𝜋 ds
Find shear flow distribution in the 2 2
4) − 𝐼𝑥𝑥 = ඵ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑦 𝑡𝑑𝑠
ring when it is subjected to vertical R dƟ
0 y
shear force Sy applied at:
2𝜋
CG
2
(i) shear center 𝐼𝑥𝑥 = න 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑡(𝑅𝑑𝜃)
(ii) the edge of horizontal diameter 0
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝑅 3 𝑡
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Example problem
𝑆𝑦 𝑠 𝑆𝑦 𝜃 𝑡𝑅2𝑆𝑦 𝜃
5) − 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞𝑠,0 = න 𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑠 = 3
න 𝑡𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑅𝑑𝜃 = 3
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐼𝑥𝑥 0 𝜋𝑅 𝑡 0 𝜋𝑅 𝑡 0

𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑦
𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞𝑠,0 =− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 1 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 qs - qs,0 = qs,os (1)
𝜋𝑅 𝜋𝑅

2𝜋𝑅 𝑆𝑦
‫𝑠𝑞ׯ‬, 𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ‫׬‬0 𝜋𝑅 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝑠
6)- Sy is applied at SC ➔ 𝑞𝑠 , 0 =−
= − ‫𝑠𝑑 ׯ‬ 2𝜋𝑅 Shear flow disbn

𝑆𝑦 2𝜋 𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑦
𝑞𝑠 , 0 = − 2𝜋 2 𝑅2
න 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑅𝑑𝜃 = − 2 2𝜋 = −
0 2𝜋 𝑅 𝜋𝑅
𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑦
𝑞𝑠 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − =− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑆𝑦 𝜋𝑅 𝜋𝑅 𝜋𝑅
𝑞𝑠 , 0 = −
𝜋𝑅 Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Example problem
7)- Sy is applied at edge of horizontal diameter
Sy
Moment About CG 𝑆𝑦 𝑅 = ර 𝑅𝑞𝑠𝑑𝑠 R

𝑆𝑦 PoLA CG
𝑆𝑦 𝑅 = ර 𝑅 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑞𝑠, 0 𝑑𝑠
𝜋𝑅

𝑆𝑦 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑆𝑦 = න 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑅𝑑𝜃 + න 𝑞𝑠, 0 𝑅𝑑𝜃
𝜋𝑅 0 0 Shear flow disbn

𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑦
𝑆𝑦 = 2𝜋𝑅 + 2𝜋𝑅𝑞𝑠 , 0 𝑞𝑠 , 0 = −
𝜋𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑦
𝑞𝑠 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − =− [1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]
𝜋𝑅 2𝜋𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
 Topic

Shear Flow in Closed

Sections
Part 5

Program : B. Tech Aeronautical Engineering Prepared by

B. Tech Aerospace Engineering Dr. Hamza Naseem

Course Code : U18PCAE501/ U18PCAS501 Assistant Professor,
Department of Aeronautical Engg., BIHER
Course Name : Aircraft Structural Mechanics hamzanaseem.aero@bharathuniv.ac.in
Syllabus
CO 1 Compute the bending stress
distribution in beams of symmetric and
unsymmetrical sections. (Apply)
CO 2 Calculate the shear flow
distribution in symmetrical and
unsymmetrical thin-walled open section
and its shear center. (Apply)

CO 3 Calculate the shear flow

distribution in thin walled single and
multi-cell structures subjected to
combined loading. (Apply)

CO 4 Compute the crippling strength

of thin plates and effective width of sheet
stiffener panels. (Apply)

CO 5 Analyze the stress developed in

aircraft wings and fuselage. (Analyze)

Text book: Aircraft Structures by THG Megson

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Topics to be covered in today’s lecture

➢Shear flow distribution in thin-walled closed section – single cell

➢Due to torsional load – BBT (DONE)
➢Due to shear loads– combined bending (shear) and torsional loading (DONE)
➢Example problems (DONE)
➢Finding shear center
➢Example problems

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

Shear center of thin-walled closed section
Sy
Need to find shear center of given x-section
1. Assume the shear center is at (m,n) location from CG of x-section
SC (m,n) Sx 2. If cross-section has DAoS ➔ CG=SC
(unknown)
3. If cross-section has SAoS ➔ SC lies on AoS
qs,cs ds CG x-axis of symmetry ➔ n=0 then apply only Sy and calculate ‘m’
y-axis of symmetry ➔ m=0 then apply only Sx and calculate ‘n’
qs,os
Assuming that x-section has no symmetry qs,cs

1. Apply only Sy at SC and calculate shear flow using

2. Find qs,0 using RoT = 0 as Sy is applied at SC ➔ no twist Unknown

𝑑𝜃 1 𝑞𝑠, 𝑐𝑠 ‫𝑠𝑞ׯ‬, 𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑠
=
𝑑𝑧 𝐺𝐴
ර
𝑡
𝑑𝑠 = 0 If t is constant then 𝑞𝑠 , 0 = −
‫𝑠𝑑 ׯ‬
3. Once qs,0 is known ➔ qs,cs is known in terms of Sy
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Shear center of thin-walled closed section
Sy

4. Apply moment equilibrium about CG

𝑆𝑦 ∗ 𝑚 = ර 𝑞𝑠,𝑐𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝑝 = ර 𝑞𝑠,𝑜𝑠 𝑝 ∗ 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑞𝑠 , 0 ර 𝑝𝑑𝑠 = ර 𝑞𝑠,𝑜𝑠 𝑝 ∗ 𝑑𝑠 + 2𝐴𝑞𝑠, 0

SC (m,n) Sx
(unknown)
5. Solve the above equation for ‘m’
qs,cs ds CG 6. To obtain the coordinate ‘n’ of SC, remove Sy and apply Sx only
7. Repeat the process of finding qs,0 and qs,cs in term of Sx
p
8. Apply moment equilibrium about CG

𝑆𝑥 ∗ 𝑛 = ර 𝑞𝑠,𝑐𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝑝 = ර 𝑞𝑠,𝑜𝑠 𝑝 ∗ 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑞𝑠 , 0 ර 𝑝𝑑𝑠 = ර 𝑞𝑠,𝑜𝑠 𝑝 ∗ 𝑑𝑠 + 2𝐴𝑞𝑠, 0

9. Solve the above equation for ‘n’

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

Example problem (Find the shear center)
1. CG calculation
t 1 𝜋 2𝐷
2𝐷2 −𝐷 + ∗ 𝐷2 (−2𝐷 − )
𝑥ҧ = 2 4 3𝜋
D 𝜋 From B
2𝐷2 + 𝐷2
8
1 𝜋 2𝐷
2𝐷2 𝐷 + ∗ 𝐷2 (− )
𝑥ҧ = 2 4 3𝜋 From A
A 2D B 𝜋
2𝐷2 + 𝐷2
8

2. X-section has one axis of symmetry (x-axis) ➔ SC will lie on x-axis and (m,n) = (m,0) & Ixy =0

3. Need to apply Sy to get ‘m’ co-ordinate of SC

4. Ixx calculation
s
s 3
2
Sy s Ixx = tD3/12 +1/2*pi* (D/2)3t
1
s=0 Ixx = tD3/12 + piD3t/16
CG SC

4 5 Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

Example problem
5. Shear flow due to Sy application at SC

𝑆𝑦 𝑠
𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞𝑠,0 =− න 𝑡𝑦𝑑𝑠
𝐼𝑥𝑥 0

𝐷
1-2 Web: y = s 𝑆𝑦 2 𝑡𝑆𝑦 2 𝐷/2 𝑡𝑆𝑦𝐷2
𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞1 = − න 𝑡𝑠𝑑𝑠 = − [𝑠 ]0 = −
𝐼𝑥𝑥 0 2𝐼𝑥𝑥 8𝐼𝑥𝑥 3
s y
2-3 Web: y = D/2
𝑆𝑦 2𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝑆𝑦𝑡𝐷 2𝐷 𝑆𝑦𝑡𝐷2 D/2 Ɵ
D/2
𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞2 = − න 𝑑𝑠 = − [𝑠]0 = −
𝐼𝑥𝑥 0 2 2𝐼𝑥𝑥 𝐼𝑥𝑥
3-4 Web: y = D/2-D/2cosƟ;
𝑆𝑦 𝑠
ds =D/2dƟ; 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞3 = − න 𝑡𝑦𝑑𝑠
Ɵ = 0 to pi 𝐼𝑥𝑥 0
4
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Example problem
𝑆𝑦 𝑠 𝑡𝑆𝑦 𝜋 𝐷 − 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐷 𝑡𝐷2𝑆𝑦 𝜋
𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞3 = − න 𝑡𝑦𝑑𝑠 = − න 𝑑𝜃 = − න 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐼𝑥𝑥 0 𝐼𝑥𝑥 0 4 4𝐼𝑥𝑥 0

𝑡𝐷2𝑆𝑦 𝜋 𝜋𝑡𝐷2𝑆𝑦
𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞3 = − [𝜃]0 = −
4𝐼𝑥𝑥 4𝐼𝑥𝑥

4-5 Web: y = -D/2 𝑆𝑦 2𝐷 𝑡𝐷 𝑆𝑦𝑡𝐷 2𝑆𝑦𝑡𝐷2

2𝐷
𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞4 = + න 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑠 0 =
𝐼𝑥𝑥 0 2 2𝐼𝑥𝑥 𝐼𝑥𝑥
1
5-1 Web: y = -D/2+s
y
𝐷 s D/2
𝑆𝑦 𝐷2 𝑡𝑆𝑦 𝐷2 𝐷2 𝑡𝑆𝑦𝐷2
𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞5 = − න 𝑡 − + 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = − [− + ] =
𝐼𝑥𝑥 0 2 𝐼𝑥𝑥 4 8 8𝐼𝑥𝑥 5

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

Example problem
1-2 Web
@s=0; p1 ➔ qs=q1
𝑡𝑆𝑦𝐷2
@s=D/2; p2 ➔ qs=q2=− 8𝐼𝑥 +q1
𝑥

2-3 Web

@s=0; p2 ➔ qs=q2
𝑆𝑦𝑡𝐷2 𝑆𝑦𝑡𝐷2 𝑡𝑆𝑦𝐷2 9𝑡𝑆𝑦𝐷2
@s=2D; p3➔ qs=q3=− 𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝑞2 = − 𝐼 − 8𝐼𝑥𝑥 + q1= − 8𝐼𝑥𝑥 + q1
𝑥𝑥

3-4 Web
@s=0; p3; Ɵ = 0 ➔ qs=q3
𝜋𝑡𝐷2𝑆𝑦
Ɵ = pi/2➔ qs=− +q3
8𝐼𝑥𝑥
𝜋𝑡𝐷2𝑆𝑦
p4; Ɵ = pi ➔ qs=q4=− +q3
4𝐼𝑥𝑥
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
 q3
q2

q2

q1

q5

q5

q4
Example problem
Finding q1 or qs,0
‫𝑠𝑑𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑞ׯ‬
𝑞𝑠 , 0 = − , =qa+qb+qc+qd+qe
‫𝑠𝑑 ׯ‬

1-2 web 3-4 web

‫׬‬0
𝐷/2
−
𝑡𝑆𝑦 2
𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝜋 𝑡𝐷2𝑆𝑦
qa= − 2𝐼𝑥𝑥 ‫׬‬0 − 4𝐼𝑥𝑥 𝜃 𝐷/2𝑑𝜃
𝐷/2 𝑞𝑐 = −
𝜋𝐷/2

2𝐷 𝑆𝑦𝑡𝐷 4-5 web

2-3 web ‫׬‬0 − 2𝐼𝑥𝑥 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑞𝑏 = − 2𝐷 𝑆𝑦𝑡𝐷
2𝐷 ‫׬‬0 2𝐼𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑑𝑠
𝑞𝑑 = −
2𝐷

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

 Topic

Shear Flow in Closed

Sections
Part 6

Program : B. Tech Aeronautical Engineering Prepared by

B. Tech Aerospace Engineering Dr. Hamza Naseem

Course Code : U18PCAE501/ U18PCAS501 Assistant Professor,
Department of Aeronautical Engg., BIHER
Course Name : Aircraft Structural Mechanics hamzanaseem.aero@bharathuniv.ac.in
Syllabus
CO 1 Compute the bending stress
distribution in beams of symmetric and
unsymmetrical sections. (Apply)
CO 2 Calculate the shear flow
distribution in symmetrical and
unsymmetrical thin-walled open section
and its shear center. (Apply)

CO 3 Calculate the shear flow

distribution in thin walled single and
multi-cell structures subjected to
combined loading. (Apply)

CO 4 Compute the crippling strength

of thin plates and effective width of sheet
stiffener panels. (Apply)

CO 5 Analyze the stress developed in

aircraft wings and fuselage. (Analyze)

Text book: Aircraft Structures by THG Megson

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Topics to be covered in today’s lecture

➢Shear flow distribution in thin-walled closed section – single cell

➢Due to torsional load – BBT (DONE)
➢Due to shear loads– combined bending (shear) and torsional loading (DONE)
➢Example problems (DONE)
➢Finding shear center
➢Example problems

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

Shear center of thin-walled closed section
Sy
Need to find shear center of given x-section
1. Assume the shear center is at (m,n) location from CG of x-section
SC (m,n) Sx 2. If cross-section has DAoS ➔ CG=SC
(unknown)
3. If cross-section has SAoS ➔ SC lies on AoS
qs,cs ds CG x-axis of symmetry ➔ n=0 then apply only Sy and calculate ‘m’
y-axis of symmetry ➔ m=0 then apply only Sx and calculate ‘n’
qs,os
Assuming that x-section has no symmetry qs,cs

1. Apply only Sy at SC and calculate shear flow using

2. Find qs,0 using RoT = 0 as Sy is applied at SC ➔ no twist Unknown

𝑑𝜃 1 𝑞𝑠, 𝑐𝑠 ‫𝑠𝑞ׯ‬, 𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑠
=
𝑑𝑧 𝐺𝐴
ර
𝑡
𝑑𝑠 = 0 If t is constant then 𝑞𝑠 , 0 = −
‫𝑠𝑑 ׯ‬
3. Once qs,0 is known ➔ qs,cs is known in terms of Sy
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Shear center of thin-walled closed section
Sy

4. Apply moment equilibrium about CG

𝑆𝑦 ∗ 𝑚 = ර 𝑞𝑠,𝑐𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝑝 = ර 𝑞𝑠,𝑜𝑠 𝑝 ∗ 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑞𝑠 , 0 ර 𝑝𝑑𝑠 = ර 𝑞𝑠,𝑜𝑠 𝑝 ∗ 𝑑𝑠 + 2𝐴𝑞𝑠, 0

SC (m,n) Sx
(unknown)
5. Solve the above equation for ‘m’
qs,cs ds CG 6. To obtain the coordinate ‘n’ of SC, remove Sy and apply Sx only
7. Repeat the process of finding qs,0 and qs,cs in term of Sx
p
8. Apply moment equilibrium about CG

𝑆𝑥 ∗ 𝑛 = ර 𝑞𝑠,𝑐𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝑝 = ර 𝑞𝑠,𝑜𝑠 𝑝 ∗ 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑞𝑠 , 0 ර 𝑝𝑑𝑠 = ර 𝑞𝑠,𝑜𝑠 𝑝 ∗ 𝑑𝑠 + 2𝐴𝑞𝑠, 0

9. Solve the above equation for ‘n’

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

Example problem (Megson’s P17.3)
1. CG calculation ➔ NOT required

2. X-section has one axis of symmetry (x-axis) ➔

SC will lie on x-axis and (m,n) = (ξs,0) & Ixy =0
β2 β1
3. Need to apply Sy to get ‘m’ co-ordinate of SC

4. Ixx calculation

Ixx = 2*[(10a)3tsin2β1/12 +10at*(4a)2

+ (17a)3tsin2β2/12 + 17at*(4a)2]
Ixx = 2*[ (10a)3t(8/10)2/12 + 160ta3
+ (17a)3t(8/17)2/12 + 272ta3]

Ixx = 2*[10a3t*64/12 + 160ta3 + 17a3t*64/12 + 272ta3 ] = 1152 a3t

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
MoI of inclined thin strip
𝑎/2
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = ඵ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑦 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑠
−𝑎/2

𝑎/2 𝑎/2
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = ඵ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑥 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝐼𝑥𝑦 = ඵ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑥𝑦𝑡 𝑑𝑠
−𝑎/2 −𝑎/2
𝑎/2
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 2 න 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑠
0
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Example problem (Megson’s P17.3)
5. Shear flow due to Sy application at SC

𝑆𝑦 𝑠
𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞𝑠,0 = − න 𝑡𝑦𝑑𝑠
𝐼𝑥𝑥 0

4-1 Web: 1
y = s*sinβ1 = s* (8/10)
s
𝑆𝑦 𝑠 8 2𝑡𝑆𝑦 2
y
8a 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞4 = − න 𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = − 𝑠
4 β1 𝐼𝑥𝑥 0 10 5𝐼𝑥𝑥
40𝑡𝑆𝑦 2 40𝑡𝑆𝑦 2
@1 ⇒ 𝑠 = 10𝑎 ⇒ 𝑞1 − 𝑞4 = − 𝐼𝑥𝑥
𝑎 ⇒ 𝑞1 = − 𝐼𝑥𝑥
𝑎 + 𝑞4
1
1-2 Web
𝑆𝑦 𝑠 8 s
y = 8a- s*sinβ2 = 8a-s* (8/17) 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞1 = − න 𝑡(8𝑎 − 𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝐼𝑥𝑥 0 17 y 8a
2 β2
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Example problem (Megson’s P17.3)
1-2 Web 𝑡𝑆𝑦 4 2
𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞1 = − 8𝑎𝑠 − 𝑠 @1 ⇒ 𝑠 = 0 ⇒ 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞1 = 0
𝐼𝑥𝑥 17
𝑡𝑆𝑦 4 17𝑡𝑆𝑦 2
@2 ⇒ 𝑠 = 17𝑎 ⇒ 𝑞2 − 𝑞1 = −𝐼 8𝑎(17𝑎) − 17
(17𝑎)2 ⇒ 𝑞2 = − 𝐼 𝑎 [8 − 4] + 𝑞 1
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

68𝑡𝑆𝑦 2 40𝑡𝑆𝑦 2 108𝑡𝑆𝑦 2 40𝑡𝑆𝑦 2

𝑞1 = − 𝑎 + 𝑞4
𝑞2 = − 𝑎 − 𝑎 + 𝑞4 = − 𝑎 + 𝑞4 𝐼𝑥𝑥
𝐼𝑥𝑥 𝐼𝑥𝑥 𝐼𝑥𝑥

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER