Software System and Applications Computer Software Categories

Software
Comprises of computer programs, support
modules, and data modules provides a
computer with the instructions and data to
carry out a specific type of task.

Program
A set of instructions that solves a problem or
carries out a task.

Support Module
Provides an auxiliary set of instructions used in
conjunction with the main software program Structure of an Operating System
not designed to be run by the computer user

Types of Software
1. Systems software or System programs
2. Application software or Application
programs

Systems software or System

programs

User – The system representation of the human

operator who requests for services.
Application software or Application
programs Application Software – Special software to help
the user do his task (E.g... MS Word)

Shell – The program that interprets the

commands or requests given by the user and
gets the job done by the kernel.

Kernel – The core of the operating system. It

uses the hardware to do the jobs required by
the user or the system. It coordinates among
the hardware and interfaces it with the above
layers.

System Software – Software that can access the

hardware directly and generally provides
various system services. (E.g.. The kernel itself,
device drivers etc.).

Hardware – The set of electronic devices that

work together to ultimately do the job required
by all the upper levels
Types of Operating System
 Single-user Operating System
Deals with one set of input devices,
those that can be manipulated by one
user at a time.
 Multitasking Operating System
Provides process and memory
management services that permit two
or more programs to run
simultaneously.

 Multi-user Operating System  Desktop Operating System

Deals with input, output, and
processing requests from many users,
all at the same time.
Designed for a personal computer,
either a desktop or notebook computer
Designed to accommodate a single
user, but may also provide networking
and multitasking capabilities.

 Network Operating System

Provides communications and routing
services that allow computers to share
data, programs and peripheral devices.
  Customize the user interface
 Manage files
 Configure equipment
 Get help

Software Copyright
 A form of legal protection that grants
the author of an original” work”.
 An exclusive right to copy, distribute,
sell, and edit that work, except under
Basic Principle of an Operating special circumstances described by
System copyright laws
 An operating system is a collection of
software that coordinates the working
of the different components of the
system and gets the user’s job done.
 The operating system provides the user
with all the basic things necessary to do
his job.

What does an Operating System

do?
 A computer’s software acts similarly
with the chain of command in an army
of Using application software, you issue
a command of Application software tells
the operating system what to do
 The Operating System instructs the Exceptions Purchaser
device drivers, device drivers instruct
the hardware, and the hardware  can make a backup or extra copy of the
actually does the work software for erased or damaged original
 The Operating System interacts with the copy
application software, device drivers,  allowed to copy and distribute parts of
and hardware to manage a computer’s a software program for reviews and
resources. teaching
 While interacting with application  has the right to copy software from a
software, operating system is busy distribution disk or Web site for
behind the scenes with other tasks installation.

When do I directly interact with the License Agreement

operating system? a legal contract that defines the way in which a
 Launch programs computer program may be used.
Techniques Validating Software Freeware
License  a copyrighted software that is available
for free
 shrink-wrap licenses
 allows you to use, copy, and distribute
 installation agreements
the software
Guide Questions for Software
License Agreement
 When does the license go into effect?
 Can I sell the software?  Can I rent the
software?
 Am I buying the software or licensing it?
 Can I loan the software to a friend?
 Does the software publisher provide a
warranty?
 Under what circumstances can I make
Shareware
copies?
 a copyrighted software marketed under
Types of Software License a “try before you buy” policy
Public Domain Software  allows you to copy and distribute the
software
 may be freely copied, distributed, and  provide a low-cost marketing and
resold distribution channel
 not protected by copyright

Open-Source Software
Commercial Software
 may be sold or distributed free of
 sold in computer stores or at Web sites
charge
 adheres closely to the limitations
 uncompiled program instructions are
provided by copyright law
available to programmers who want to
alter and improve the software
 Examples: Linux, FreeBSD

Where is the operating system?
 The entire operating system is small
enough to be stored in ROM for
typically handheld computers and video
game consoles
 For nearly all personal computers,
servers, workstations, mainframes, and
supercomputers, the operating system
program is quite large, so most of it is
stored on a hard disk
 The bootstrap program provides the
instructions needed to load the core
parts (kernel) into memory when the
system boots.
 Customization utilities and other parts
of the operating system are loaded into
memory as they are needed.
Basic Function of an OS
Process Management – handles multi-programs
that are simultaneously running.
Memory Management – manage memory
between processes and data according to
priority.
Storage Management – Managing the
permanent Storage of data on disks or other
media
I/O Management – Manage and schedule the
input and output operations
Device / Resource Management – Managing
devices and resources and allowing the users to
share the resources
Security and Protection – Securing the system
against possible unauthorized access to data or
any other entity. Protecting the parts of the
system against damage.
Booting the System and getting it ready to
work.
Data communications – Providing interface to
connect to other computers or allowing others
to connect.
OS Services
Program Development – variety of services and
utilities such as Editors and debuggers. They are
usually referred to as application program
development tools.
Program Execution – involves a number of
steps, such as loading Instruction and data in
the main memory, initialization of I/O devices
and files, and other resources to be allocated.
OS handles the scheduling.
Access to I/O devices – Each I/O device has its
own set of Instructions and control signals. O.S.
hides these details to provide a common
interface to the user/programmer.
Controlled access to files- nature of I/O device
(disk drive, tape drive) and structure of the data
stored in the files in the storage medium. In the
case of multiple users accessing the processor
concurrently, proper protection mechanisms
have to be used.
System access- For shared or public systems,
the O.S. controls access to the system as a
whole and to specific system resources. Access
system provides protection of resources, and
data from unauthorized users, and resolves
resource conflicts
Error detection and response – Variety of
errors may occur in computer system.
Responses may range from program
termination, retrial of the same operation, or
reporting error to the application.
Accounting – collecting usage statistics, CPU
usages, monitor performance, etc.
Computer Interconnection
Network
Is simply a group of two or more Personal
Computers linked together.
Types of Networks
 Local Area Networks (LANs)
 Wide-Area Networks (WANs).
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Computers are connected together within a
"local" area (for example, an office or home).
Wide-Area Networks (WANs)
Computers are further apart and are connected
via telephone/communication lines, radio
waves or other means of connection.
Computer Network or Data
Network
 Is a telecommunications network which
allows computers to exchange data.
 In computer networks, networked
computing devices pass data to each
other along network links (data
connections).
 The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or
wireless media.
 The best-known computer network is
the Internet.
 Network computer devices that
originate, route and terminate the data
are called network nodes.
 Nodes can include hosts such as
personal computers, phones, servers as
well as networking hardware.
 Two such devices can be said to be
networked together when one device is
able to exchange information with the
other device, whether or not they have
a direct connection to each other.
Principles of Networking
Networking
is the process of delivering a message from a
source to a destination.
Communication
is the process of giving meaning to these
messages received.
Computer Network
 Access to remote information
 Person-to-person communication
 Interactive entertainment
Communication Channels
 a pathway over which information can
be transferred
 information sent over a channel has a
source (transmitter), from which the
information originates, and destination
 (receiver), to which the information is
delivered
Type of Communication
Transmission
1. Simplex Channel – a channel whose
direction of transmission is unchanging
2. Half–Duplex Channel – a channel in
which the direction may be reversed,
but the transmission does not occur at
the same time.
3. Full–Duplex Channel – a channel that
allows simultaneous exchange in both
directions.
Types of Transmission
Technologies
 Point-to-point Networks  composed of
many connections in individual pairs of
machines
 Broadcast Networks  all the machines
on the network share a single channel
Types of Network Topologies
Bus topology
 Is used, each machine is connected to a
single cable. Each computer or server is
connected to the single bus cable
through some kind of connector.
 A terminator is required at each end of
the bus cable to prevent the signal from
bouncing back and forth on the bus
cable.
Star topology
 Each network host (PC) is connected to
a central hub with a pointto-point
connection. All traffic on the network
passes through the central hub.
Ring topology
 A network topology that is set up in a
circular fashion in which data travels
around the ring in one direction and
each device incorporates a receiver for
the incoming signal and a transmitter to
send the data on to the next device in
the ring.
Tree topology (a.k.a. hierarchical topology)
 Can be viewed as a collection of star
networks arranged in a hierarchy.
 This tree has individual peripheral
nodes (e.g. leaves) which are required
to transmit to and receive from one
other node only and are not required to
act as repeaters or regenerators. Unlike
the star network, the functionality of
the central node may be distributed.
Mesh topology
 The fully connected mesh topology is
generally too costly and complex for
practical networks.
 It has been used on networks with only
a small number of nodes.
  n most practical networks that are
based upon the partially connected
mesh topology, all of the data that is
transmitted between nodes in the
network takes the shortest path
between nodes.

Hybrid networks

 Use a combination of any two or more

topologies in such a way that the
resulting network does not exhibit one
Distributed Data Processing (DDP)
of the standard topologies (e.g., bus,
star, ring, etc.). refers to the manipulation of data using
 For example, a tree network connected distributed systems.
to a tree network is still a tree network,
but two star networks connected
together exhibit a hybrid network
topology.
 A hybrid topology is always produced
when two different basic network
topologies are connected.

Daisy chai

 Except for star-based networks, the

easiest way to add more computers into
a network is by daisy-chaining, or
connecting each computer in series to
Client/Server
the next.
 If a message is intended for a computer An extension of distributed data processing
partway down the line, each system wherein it provides the best of both centralized
bounces it along in sequence until it and distributed data processing.
reaches the destination.
 A daisy-chained network can take two
basic forms: linear and ring.

Distributed System
Centralized Data Processing (CDP)

The conventional way of doing all the

processing and control on centralized
computers.
Types of Networks
Local Area Network (LAN)

 connects network devices over

relatively short distances
 usually owned by an individual or
corporation, 10-100Mbps

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 connects computers that are in specific

geographical area like cable television
 5-10 Mbps, slower than LAN and
smaller than WAN.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

 spans a large physical distance

(geographically dispersed collections of
LANs)
 not owned by any one organization but
rather exist under collective or
distributed ownership and
management: 256Kbps-2Mbps.

Personal Area Network (PAN)

 a network arranged within an individual

person, typically within a range of 10
meters.
 Personal computer devices that are
used to develop the personal area
network are the laptop, mobile phones,
media player and play stations.
The Internet is an increasingly important part of
everyday life for people around the world. a
huge network of computers all connected
together, but it was the world wide web that
made the technology into something that linked
information together and made it accessible to
everyone.
Internet History and Development
Types of Web Technology
Internet
 Refers to a collection of computers and
cables forming a communications
network
 is intended to carry computer data,
similar to telephone network which is
intended to carry conversations
 carries a various data, including e-mail,
video conferences, instant messages,
and contents of Web Pages Intranet
 is a private network contained in an
enterprise that includes connections
through one or more gateway
computers to the outside internet.
Extranet

 is a private network that uses Internet

technology and the public
telecommunication system to securely
share part of a business’ information or
operations with suppliers, vendors,
partners, customers, or other
businesses Web Applications.

Web browser

 is application software allowing users to

access and view web pages.

Web page

 Is a page consisting of HTML documents

stored on a web server.

Web site

 Is a collection of connected web pages

stored on a web server.

Hypertext

 is a computer system that could store

literary documents, link them according
to logical relationships, and permit
readers to comment and annotate what
they read.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) Email

 refers to plain text, or ASCII, document
with embedded HTML tags The two (2)
major ingredients that define the Web
are HTTP and HTML. You’ll have a pretty
complete list of the basic technologies
that make the Web work.
 short for electronic mail, is the
transmission of messages via a
computer network. It is the original
service that the Internet offers.
 Today, email is said to be the primary
source of communication whether for
personal or business purposes.
 Email programs are used to create,
send, received, forward, store, print,
and delete messages.
 Such programs include Outlook and
Outlook Express which are the popular
among other email programs.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)  It is a location in the Internet server
that allows users to have almost like a
 is an Internet service that allows a user
real-time communication.
to upload and download files from
 Anyone in the chat room can participate
other computers on the Internet.
in the conversation which usually is
 Uploading refers to the process of
specific to a particular topic.
transferring a file to the Internet while
 Before you can enter a chat room, you
downloading refers to the process of
must be connected to a chat server
obtaining a file from the Internet.
through a program called chat client
 The file refers to documents, graphics,
which can also be downloaded from the
and other objects from a computer
web.
server.
 An FTP server is a computer that allows Instant messaging
you to upload/download files.
 is in essence a chat but you can choose
 An FTP site is a collection of files that
certain users that you want to
reside in an FTP server.
communicate with.
Newsgroups and Message Boards  Not like chat rooms that talk about a
particular topic, IM allows you to
 is an online area that allows a group of
communicate all the topics that you
users to discuss a particular topic. In
want.
such a discussion, one will send a
 Many users make use of IM for personal
message to a group then the other
purposes but be sure to always observe
group will read and respond to the
“Netiquettes”.
message.
 Usenet is what they call the collection Internet Telephony, commonly known as Voice
of tens of thousands of newsgroup over IP (Internet Protocol)
about multitude topics. Topics may
 allows the user to speak to other users
include news, recreation, society,
over the Internet using computers,
business, science, and computers.
mobile computer, or mobile devices.
Mailing Lists  You will need a high- speed Internet
connection, Internet telephone service,
 is another online service where email
and a microphone or telephone to be
addresses are stored.
able to use this technology and place a
 All email addresses stored in it receives
call.
the message when a user uses it. In
essence, a mailing list is like a
distribution list usually used to group
certain email addresses.

Chat Rooms

 are a technology that consists of online

and live communication over the
Internet.
The following are various types of
web sites to choose and search
from.