9

TLE – ICT – CSS

Quarter 1 – Module 3:

Performing Computer Operations

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the TLE-ICT- Computer System Servicing 9 Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on Performing Computer Operations!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

 This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the TLE-ICT-Computer System Servicing 9 Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on Performing Computer Operations!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
What I Need to Know
the module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

This is a brief drill or review to help you

link the current lesson with the previous
What’s In
one.
 In this portion, the new lesson will be
introduced to you in various ways; a story,
What’s New
a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
What is It
and understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
What’s More
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
What I Have Learned
process what you learned from the lesson.

This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
What I Can Do
skill into real life situations or concerns.

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This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
Assessment
competency.

In this portion, another activity will be

given to you to enrich your knowledge or
Additional Activities
skill of the lesson learned.

This contains answers to all activities in

the module.
Answer Key

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

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What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master how to input data into computer. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in
which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you
are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Computer Application Software
• Lesson 2 – Work Ergonomics

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. explain the function of application software;
2. enter and save data into the computer using appropriate application
software;
3. appreciate the importance of choosing the right application software for
 a specific purpose;
4. explain ergonomics;
5. list down work ergonomic guidelines; and
6. observe work ergonomic guidelines.

What I Know
Direction: Identify the following computer application software.

1. Chrome is a software application used to locate and display Web pages.

2. graphic organizer is a program or collection of programs that enable a

person to manipulate visual images on a computer.

3. A program that controls the organization, storage, management, and

retrieval of data in a database. Database Management System

4. Powerpoint is a software program that helps create a slideshow that

addresses a topic.

5. Microsoft Exce is a data file made up of rows and columns that are
used to sort data and allow a user to manipulate and arrange data
easily, commonly numerical data.

6. Used to produce high-quality printed documents such as magazine,

 greeting card, posters, etc. Word processor

7. Microsoft Word is a software program capable of creating, storing, and

printing documents.

8. MS PowerPoint is an example of Presentation software

9. Google Chrome is an example of Web browser

10. MS Word is an example of Application Software

Note: If you get 100% correct in this pre- assessment, skip the lesson but if
not and only get 50% to 99% correct, then proceed with the lesson.

Lesso Computer
n 1 Application Software

What’s In
What are the basic set of devices found in most Personal
Computers? The Keyboard, Mouse, and the computer monitor.
What is an input device? Give examples.
Keyboard, mouse, and camera.

What is an output device? Give examples.

The printer, monitor, and microphone.
 What’s New
Direction: Read each item carefully and use your notebook to write your answers.
Let us name the icon. Name 3 icons that you are familiar with and give a brief
description of the icon that you have chosen.

What is It
Application Software is a program or group of programs designed for end
users. Allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non-computer related)
tasks.

Examples of Computer Application Software:

Word processor
Spreadsheet
Presentation Software
Database Management System
Desktop Publisher
Graphic Editor
Web Browser

Word Processor

Word processor is a software program capable of creating, storing, and

printing documents. Unlike the standard typewriter, users using word processors
have the ability of creating a document and making any changes anywhere in the
document. This document can also be saved for modification at a later time or to be
opened on any other computer using the same word processor.

Some of Word Processor Features:

▪ Insert text
▪ Delete text
▪ Cut and paste
▪ Copy
▪ Page size and margins
 ▪ Search and replace
▪ Print

Word Processor Examples are Microsoft Word, WordPro, AppleWorks and etc.

Spreadsheet
Spreadsheet is a data file made up of rows and columns that are used to sort data
and allow a user to manipulate and arrange data easily, commonly numerical data.
What makes a spreadsheet software program most unique is its ability to calculate
values using mathematical formulas and the data in the cells.

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Some of Spreadsheet Features:

⚫ Formulas
⚫ Functions
⚫ Charts
⚫ Cut/Copy/Paste with single cells or ranges of cells
⚫ Cells formatting
⚫ Cells merging

Spreadsheet Examples are Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, Apple Numbers,

OpenOffice Calc.

Presentation Software

A presentation program is a software program that helps create a slideshow

that addresses a topic. Presentation programs are often used in businesses and
schools for discussing a topic or for teaching. It typically includes three major
functions: – an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted – a method for
inserting and manipulating graphic images – a slide-show system to display the
content.

Some of Presentation Software Features:

• Insert Slide
• Deletion of Inserted slides
• Allows cut and paste slides in any order.
• Allows duplication content or slide
• Allows you to display the presentation designed in a slide show system. (View
Slide Feature)
• Allows animations and/or sounds manipulations on objects in the slide.

Presentation Software Example are Microsoft PowerPoint, Adobe Persuasion,

Hypercard, OpenOffice Impress and Scala Multimedia
Database Management System (DBMS) Software

A program that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval

of data in a database. Users can create tables, queries, forms and reports.
Database Management System (DBMS) Software examples are Microsoft Access,
Oracle Database, MySQL and FoxPro

Desktop Publishing Software

Used to produce high-quality printed documents such as magazine, greeting
card, posters, etc. Allows you to use different typefaces, specify various margins and
justifications, and embed illustrations and graphs directly into the text.
Desktop Publishing Software examples are Adobe InDesign , QuarkXPress
and MS Publisher.

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Web Browser

Web browser is a software application used to locate and display Web pages.
Example: – Internet Explorer (IE), Mozilla Firefox, Opera and Google Chrome.

Graphic Software
Graphics software or image editing software is a program or collection of
programs that enable a person to manipulate visual images on a computer.
Computer graphics can be classified into two distinct categories: raster graphics
and vector graphics

Raster Graphic Editor

A raster graphics editor is a computer program that allows users to paint and
edit pictures interactively on the computer screen and save them in one of many
popular “bitmap” or “raster” formats
Common features:

• Select a region for editing

• Draw lines with brushes of different color, size, shape and pressure •
Add typed letters in different font styles
• Apply various filters for effects
• Convert between various image formats.

Save and Save As

To save file your file, follow the following procedures:

1. In the File Tab, hover over and click Save As (saving for the first time and saving
to another file name or another copy), click browse for you to access the Save As
dialog box and it will appear.

2. In the save as dialog box, you need to have the following information: File name
–is a name used to uniquely identify a computer file stored in a file system.

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File name
Extension
Extension or File name Extension -is the ending of a file that helps identify the
type of file in operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows. In Microsoft Windows,
the file name extension is a period that is often followed by three characters but
may also be one, two, or four characters long. Some of the more common file
extensions are listed below, separated by the types of files the associated file
extensions.
Picture Music Operating Text and Spreadshe Web Page
files and system files word et files files
sound processing
➢ .bmp files ➢ .dll ➢ .xls ➢ .htm
documents
➢ .gif ➢ .exe ➢ .xlsx ➢ .html
➢ .jpg ➢ .mp3 ➢ .doc ➢ .xlr
➢ .wav ➢ .docx ➢ .csv
➢ .rtf
➢ .txt

File Location or Path - defines the location of a file or folder in a computer's file
system. Paths are also called "directory paths" because they often include one or
more directories that describe the path to the file or folder.

3. After filling in the filename, choosing the file extension and the location, then
click save.

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Note:

Use Save to update the lastly preserved file with the latest content Use Save As to
store a new file or to store an existing file to a new location with the same name or
a different name.

What is a Storage Device?

A storage device is any hardware capable of holding information either

temporarily or permanently.

There are two types of storage devices used with computers:

1. a primary storage device, such as RAM, and a secondary storage device, such as
a hard drive.

2. Secondary storage can be removable, internal, or external.

(www.computerhope.com 2017)
A primary storage device is a medium that holds memory for short periods of
time while a computer is running. Although it has a much lower access time and
faster performance, it is also about two orders of magnitude more costly than
secondary storage

RAM (random access memory) and cache are both examples of a primary
storage device. The image shows three different types of storage for computer data.
Primary storage's key differences from the others are that it is directly accessible by
the CPU, it is volatile, and it is non-removable.

A secondary storage device is a non-volatile device that holds data until it is

deleted or overwritten. Secondary storage is about two orders of magnitude cheaper
than primary storage. Consequently, a hard drive or an additional, slower SSD may
use as secondary storage to a primary, faster, PCIe SSD.
Off-line storage is a subset of secondary storage, as they both serve the same
purpose and do not interact directly with the CPU.

Examples of secondary storage:

Hard Disk Drive

A hard disk drive (sometimes abbreviated

as a hard drive, HD, or HDD) is a non-volatile
data storage device. It is usually installed internally
in a computer, attached directly to the disk controller
of the computer's motherboard. It contains one or more platters, housed inside of
an air-sealed casing. Data is written to the platters using a magnetic head, which
moves rapidly over them as they spin. Internal hard disks reside in a drive bay,
connected to the motherboard using an ATA, SCSI, or SATA cable. They are
powered by a connection to the computer's PSU (power supply unit). Examples of
data that may be stored on a computer's hard drive include the operating system,
installed software, and the user's personal files

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Solid-State Drive

Short for solid-state drive, an SSD is a storage

medium that uses non-volatile memory as a means of

holding and accessing data. Unlike a hard drive, an

SSD has no moving parts which gives it advantages
such as faster access time, noiseless operation, higher
reliability, and lower power consumption. The picture
shows an example of an SSD made by Crucial.

As the costs have come down, SSDs have become suitable replacements for a
standard hard drive in both desktop and laptop computers. SSDs are also a great
solution for netbooks, nettops, and other applications that don't require a lot of
storage.

USB Thumb Drive

Alternatively referred to as a USB flash drive,

data stick, pen drive, memory unit, keychain drive,
and thumb drive, a jump drive is a portable storage

device. It is often the size of a human thumb

(hence the name), and connects to a computer via
a USB port. Flash drives are an easy way to store
and transfer information between computers and
range in sizes from 2 GB to 1 TB.

Unlike a standard hard drive, the flash drive has no movable parts; it
contains only an integrated circuit memory chip that is used to store data. Flash
drives usually have plastic or aluminum casings surrounding the memory chip.
The picture shows a SanDisk Cruzer Micro 16 GB flash drive.

SD Card
Short for Secure Digital card, the SD card is one of the more common types
of memory cards used with electronics. The SD technology is used by over 400
brands of electronic equipment and over 8000 different models, including digital
cameras and cell phones. It is considered the industry standard due to the wide
use.

Types of SD cards
The three versions of the SD card, along
with their physical dimensions, are shown below.

SD - 32mm x 24mm x 2.1mm.

MiniSD - 21.5mm x 20mm x 1.4mm.

MicroSD - 15mm x 11mm x 1.0mm

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CD
 Abbreviated as CD, a compact disc is a flat,

round, optical storage medium invented by James

Russell. The first CD was created at a Philips
factory in Germany on August 17, 1982. The picture is
an example of the bottom of a standard compact disc
and is the side the disc player reads. The opposite side
of the disc has a label to help indicate what is on the disc

DVD

Short for digital versatile disc or digital video disc,

a DVD or DVD-ROM is a disc capable of storing a
significant amount more data than a standard compact
disc. DVDs are widely used for storing and viewing
movies and ot her data. The picture of the Matrix DVD
movie disc is an example of a DVD movie. DVD-ROM
drives that utilize these discs were first sold in 1997.

Floppy Diskette

Alternatively referred to as a floppy or floppy disk,

a floppy diskette is a type of storage media, capable of

storing electronic data, like a computer file. The floppy
diskette was first created in 1967 by IBM as an
alternative to buying hard drives, which were extremely
expensive at the time.
Tape Drive

A tape is a magnetically thin coated piece of

plastic wrapped around wheels capable of storing
data. Tape is less expensive than other storage
mediums, but it is a much slower solution because
it is sequential access and is often used for backing
up large amounts of data.

Today, tape has mostly been abandoned for faster and more reliable solutions
like disc drives, hard drives, and flash drives that are all direct access and cloud
storage. The image is an example of magnetic tape taken by KENPEI and shared
under the creative commons.

Which storage devices are used today?

Most of the storage devices mentioned above are no longer used with today's
computers. Most computers today primarily use an SSD to store information, as
well as the ability to use USB flash drives and access to cloud storage. Most
desktop

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computers and some laptops include a disc drive that is capable of reading and
writing CDs and DVDs.

What storage device has the largest capacity?

For most computers, the largest storage device is the hard drive or SSD.
However, networked computers may also have access to larger storage with large
tape drives, cloud computing, or NAS devices.

What’s More
Activity 1

Forming the jumbled letters. Below are jumbled letters. Each group of jumbled
letters is referring to one application software. Let us play!

1. WDOR CESPROSOR WORD PROCESSOR

2. SHEETSPREAD SPREADSHEET
3. TATIONPRESEN PRESENTATION
4. BASEDATA DATABASE
5. CATIONAPPLI APPLICATION
6. SHERPUBLI PUBLISHER
7. BRSEROW BROWSER
8. PHICSGRA GRAPHICS
9. WARESOFT SOFTWARE
10. MS RDWO MS WORD

What I Have Learned

What are the examples of application program/software?
Microsoft word, powerpoint, chrome and etc.

What is the importance of application program/software?

It is important because when you need to edit the documents or report.

How to save your work?

Use Saved or Save as when you use Microsoft word

What are the different storage devices?

The Hard disk drive the Ram etc.

What should you consider first when buying a storage device?

A DVD it needs me when I am filing the documents.

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What I Can Do Using the

concept web, answer the following:

COMPUTER
APPLICATION
SOFTWARE

MEANING

TYPES OF
APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
 USES OF
APPLICATION
Assessment
EXAMPLES OF
SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

COMPUTER
APPLICATION
SOFTWARE

Direction: Answer the K-W-L chart. Write your answer on your

notebook.
K W L

What do you think What do you WANT What did you LEARN
you KNOW about to know about about computer
computer computer application software?
application/software? application software?

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Additional Activities

Try this:
Instruction: Follow the directions carefully.

Situation:

Your teacher in Empowerment Technology ask you to give him the

attendance for this week in a tabular form of your group mates in soft copy. How
will you do it?
 A. Open MS Word. To open, follow the procedures:
1. In ta start button, look for MS Word, hover over and click. Once the MS Word is
open a new blank document appears.

2. In the INSERT tab, click tables and choose 6x10. (As shown in the illustration
below)
NAMES MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY

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3. Enter the name of your classmates in the NAMES column and write present or
absent on the day’s column.
4. Save your work as:

filename: name_activity 1

file extension: .docx

file location: drive D

You will be graded base on the rubrics below:

Area 10 8 6

Workmanship able to encode able to encode able to encode

10 members 5- 8 members at least 4 with
 with with correct correct
correct spelling and spelling and
spelling and in a tabular in a tabular
in a tabular form form
form

Accuracy able to follow follow the follow the

all the instructions instructions
instructions but with 2 but with 5 or
mistakes more
mistakes

Speed/Time able to submit able to able to submit

within the submit but but with 1
given time with 15-30 hour late
minutes late submit or
the next day

Note: for the SPEED in the rubrics for a face to face situation, students will be given
15 minutes, for a blended instruction (like if they are going to do it at home) they
are given 1 day to submit their work. (It is in the restriction of the teacher as to
what platform will the teacher use in the submission of outputs.)
 14

An
swer Key

MS Word 10.
Software 9.
Graphics 8.
Browser 7.
Publisher 6.
Application 5.
Database 4.
Presentation 3.
Spreadsheet 2.
Word Processor 1.

What’s More

Answers may vary

What’s New

Answers may vary

What’s In
Word Processor 10.
Web Browser 9.
Presentation Software 8.
Word Processor 7. Additi
Desktop Publishing Software 6. Spreadsheet 5. onal Activities
Presentation Software 4.
Software
Database Management System 3. Graphics Software Answers may vary Assessment
2.
Web Browser 1.

Answers may vary What I Can Do

Answers may vary

What I Know What I Have Learned

15
Text References
Christensson, Per. "Path Definition." TechTerms. (February 5, 2009).
Accessed Jun 18, 2020. https://techterms.com/definition/path.

Lithmee, Difference Between Save and Save As 2018. Accessed June 18,
2020. https://pediaa.com/difference-between-save-and-save-as/

2019. CSCA0101 Computing Basics. Accessed June 16, 2020.

https://ftms.edu.my/v2/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/csca0101_ch07.pdf

2020. Filename. Accessed June 18, 2020.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename

2020. Filename Extension. Accessed June 18, 2020.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename_extension

2019. File Extension. Accessed June 18, 2020.

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/fileext.htm

Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, s.v. “software,” accessed July 1, 2020,

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/software.

Image References
2019. https://www.computerhope.com. June 30. Accessed June 22, 2020.
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/stordevi.htm.
2019. https://www.computerhope.com. December 30. Accessed JUne 22, 2020.
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/compactd.htm.
2017. https://www.computerhope.com/. December 29. Accessed June 22, 2020.
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/secostor.htm.
2020. https://www.computerhope.com/. March 06. Accessed jUNE 22, 2020.
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/harddriv.htm.
https://www.amazon.com/Crucial-2-5-Inch-9-5mm-Solid
CT064M4SSD2/dp/B004W2JKWG
2020. https://www.computerhope.com/. April 30. Accessed June 22, 2020.
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/j/jumpdriv.htm.
2018. https://www.computerhope.com/. December 09. Accessed June 22, 2020.
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/sdcard.htm.
2020. https://www.computerhope.com/. June 02. Accessed June 22, 2020.
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/dvd.htm.
2019. https://www.computerhope.com/. December 30. Accessed June 22, 2020.
 https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/floppydi.htm.
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/compactd.htm
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/9-track-drive
open.jpg/588px-9-track-drive-open.jpg
2019. https://www.computerhope.com/. December 30. Accessed June 22, 2020.
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/t/tape.ht

16

Lesso Work Ergonomics

n 2

What I Know
Direction: Read each statement below carefully. Place T on the line, if you think a
statement is TRUE. Place F, if you think the statement is FALSE.

___T__ 1. Your knees should be bent at a comfortable angle and greater than 90
degrees flexion when sitting in front of a computer.
__T___ 2. A well-designed mouse should not cause undue pressure on the waist
and forehead muscles.
_T____ 3. Set the eye to screen at a distance that permits you to most easily focus
on the screen.
___T__ 4. Changing posture at frequent intervals maximizes fatigue when using a
computer.
___T__ 5. Place the keyboard in a position that allows the forearms to be close to
the horizontal and the wrists to be straight.
__F___ 6. It is recommended that operators avoid spending more than five hours a
day on keyboard duties and no longer than 50 minutes per hour without a
postural/stretching break.
__T___ 7. To detect whether there are reflections from the desk surface, the worker
should hold the book below the surface and assess the change in reflected
glare from the screen.
___F__ 8. 10,000 - 12,000 keystrokes per hour is considered an acceptable standard
in typing.
__T___ 9. Good posture is essential for all users of computers.
__F___ 10. The solution is to increase the refresh rate of the monitor to at least
75hz. What’s In

What are the application softwares?

Application sodtwares are the softwares that you need to know about editing the file or
presenting.
What is/are the importance of application software?
To use the icons so that your file will be saved.

How to save a document?

When you are using microsoft word click the save button and then saved as.

How to print a document?

If you are using microsoft word click the "FILE" at the top and then in the left corner
you can see the print. If you want some easy way to print just click "ctrl and p" in the
keyboard.

17

What’s New

Answer the following. Write your answer on

your notebook. What is

ergonomics?
 ERGONOMICS

What are some ergonomics?

examples of
What is It What are some examples of
What are some examples of
ergonomics? ergonomics?

Computer Workstation Ergonomics

There are various health problems associated with the regular use of
computers, such as stress, eyestrain, and injuries to the wrists, neck, and back.

Employers must take steps to protect employees whose work involves the
regular use of computers.

Computer ergonomics is the discipline of matching the task to the worker

using the most appropriate equipment to optimize human well-being and overall
performance.

This can be simplified to ―Modify the workplace, not the individual".

Consideration should be given to:

• The accessories required to operate properly
• The layout of equipment on the desk
• The location of furniture in the room

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Work Surface Height

Adjust the height of the work surface

and/or the height of the chair so that the
work surface allows your elbows to be bent
at 90 degrees, forearms parallel with the
floor, wrist straight, shoulders relaxed.

Chair

Adjust the seat tilt so that you are

comfortable when you are working on the
keyboard. Usually, this will be close to
horizontal but some people prefer the seat
tilted slightly forwards. Your knees should be
bent at a comfortable angle and greater
than 90 degrees’ flexion. If this places an
uncomfortable strain on the leg muscles or if the feet do not reach the floor,
then a footrest should be used. The footrest height must allow your knees to
be bent at 90 degrees. Therefore, the height of the footrest may need to be
adjustable. Adjust the backrest so that it supports the lower back when you
are sitting upright.

Keyboard Placement

Place the keyboard in a position

that
allows the forearms to be close to the
horizontal
and the wrists to be straight. That is, with
the
hand in line with the forearm. If this
causes the
elbows to be held far out from the side of
the body,
then re-check the work surface height. Some
people prefer to have their wrists supported on a
wrist desk or the desk. Be careful not to have the
wrist extended or bent in an up position.

Screen Placement

Set the eye to screen at the distance that permits you to most easily
focus on the screen. Usually, this will be within an arm's length. Set the
height of the monitor so that the top of the screen is below eye level and the
bottom of the screen can be read without a marked inclination of the head.
Usually, this means that the center of the screen will need to be near
shoulder height. Eyes must be level with the tool bar. People who wear
bifocal or multi-focal lenses will need to get a balance between where they
see out of their lenses and avoid too much neck flexion.

19
Desk-Top Layout

Place all controls and task materials within a comfortable reach of

both hands so that there is no unnecessary twisting of any part of the body.
Most people prefer the document holder to be between the keyboard and the
monitor. There are many different types of document holders available.

Document Holder

Place this close to the monitor screen in the position that causes the
least twisting or inclination of the head.
Posture and environment

Change posture at frequent intervals

to minimize fatigue. Avoid awkward postures
at the extremes of the joint range, especially
the wrists. Take frequent short rest breaks
rather than infrequent longer ones. Avoid sharp
increases in work rate. Changes should be
gradual enough to ensure that the workload
does not result in excessive fatigue. After
prolonged absences from work the overall
duration of periods of keyboard work should be increased gradually if
conditions permit

Lighting

Place the monitor to the side of the light source/s, not directly
underneath. Try to site desks between rows of lights. If the lighting is
fluorescent strip lighting, the sides of the desks should be parallel with the
lights. Try not to put the screen near a window. If it is unavoidable, ensure
that neither the screen nor the operator faces the window. The solution is to
increase the refresh rate of the monitor to at least 75hz. If the monitor is well
away from windows, there are no other sources of bright light and prolonged
desk-work is the norm, use a low level of service light of 300 lux. If there are
strongly contrasting light levels, then a moderate level of lighting of 400 - 500
lux may be desirable.

Glare and Reflection

It is important to detect the presence of glare and reflection. To

determine whether there is glare from overhead lights whilst seated worker
should hold an object such as a book above the eyes at eyebrow level and
establish whether the screen image becomes clearer in the absence of
overhead glare. To detect whether there are reflections from the desk surface,
the worker should hold the book above the surface and assess the change in
reflected glare from the screen.

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Using a Mouse

A well designed mouse should not cause undue pressure on the wrist
and forearm muscles. A large bulky mouse may keep the wrist continuously
bent at an uncomfortable angle. Pressure can be reduced by releasing the
mouse at frequent intervals, by selecting a
slim-line, low-profile mouse. Keep the mouse
as close as possible to the keyboard, elbow
bent and close to the body.

Posture during Keying

Good posture is essential for all users

of computers. It comprises of a natural and
relaxed position, providing opportunity for
movement, and from which the operator can
assume a number of alternative positions.
It is not a single, rigidly defined position.

Typing Technique

Typing is a physical activity, and using a keyboard requires skill, hence the
need to learn correct typing technique. Unskilled ('hunt and peck') typists are
particularly at risk of Occupational Overuse Injury because they: often use only one
or two fingers which may overload the finger tendons; are constantly looking from
keyboard to screen to keyboard, which may strain neck muscles; often adopt a
tense posture (wrists bent back and fingers 'poised to strike').

Speed of Keying

The efficiency and speed of modern computers makes it possible for a skilled
operator to type extremely quickly. This capability reinforced by workload pressures
means the potential exists for operators to key at speeds which may cause or
contribute to Occupational Overuse Syndrome. The role of the repetitive movement
in injury is not fully understood but is believed to interfere with the lubrication
capacity of tendons, and the ability of muscles to receive sufficient oxygen supplies.
10,000 - 12,000 keystrokes per hour is considered an acceptable standard.

Length of time on the keyboard

The maintenance of a fixed posture for long periods is tiring and increases
the likelihood of muscular aches and pains. In addition, long periods of repetitive
movement and sustained visual attention can also give rise to fatigue-related
complaints. It is recommended that operators avoid spending more than five hours
a day on keyboard duties and no longer than 50 minutes per hour without a
postural/stretching break.

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POINTS TO REMEMBER

Computers –Ergonomic Guidelines

• Viewing distance: The monitor should be 2 –2½ feet from the child’s eyes. •
Time at computer: Encourage children to use their physical energy. • Seat
and height posture: The child should sit high enough to have his arms
bent at 90°
• Footrest: Use it prevent dangling feet.
• Mouse: Find one that fits small hands.
• Keyboard: Child-sized keyboards with light pressure keying are recommended.
 What’s More

List down 5 work ergonomic guidelines that each person should

follow while working.

What I Have Learned

What is ergonomics?
Is it important to follow ergonomics while working? Why or Why not?

What I Can Do
Directions: Choose one job (either computer technician or computer programmer)
or activity at work or at home. List potential A, B and C type hazards on computer
ergonomics for the job or activity on the worksheet and give reasons for the type of
hazard. Follow the format below. Write it on your notebook.

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Text References
n.d. In Computer Hardware Servicing Exploratory Course for Grade 7 and 8,
Ronaldo V. Ramilo and Deover M. Pasco. pages 83-91. Department of Education.

Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, s.v. “posture,” accessed July 1, 2020,

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/posture.

Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, s.v. “workplace,” accessed July 1, 2020,

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/workplace .
Image References
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/harddriv.htm

https://artsonline.uwaterloo.ca/fall2011newsletter/posture.html
https://personalexcellence.co/blog/good-posture/

https://health.clevelandclinic.org/typing-troubles-how-to-avoid-wrist-pain/

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental

Kagawasan, Avenue, Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117

Email Address: negros.oriental@deped.gov.ph
Website: lrmds.depednodis.net

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