BIO SCI 3B – PLANT SYSTEMATICS

ACTIVITY 2 – Taxonomic Hierarchy of Plants

Name: Lañohan, Jan Rei M. Date: July 22, 2021

Course: BS Biology Year Level and Section: 1-A

Common Name Chico S.N. Manilkara zapota

Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Asterids

Order: Ericales

Family: Sapotaceae

Genus: Manilkara

Species: M. zapota

Sapodilla can grow to more than 30 m (98 ft) tall with an average trunk diameter of 1.5 m (5 ft).
The average height of cultivated specimens, however, is usually between 9 and 15 m (30 and
Botanical 49 ft) with a trunk diameter not exceeding 50 cm (20 in). It is wind-resistant and the bark is rich
Description in a white, gummy latex called chicle. The ornamental leaves are medium green and glossy. They
are alternate, elliptic to ovate, 7–15 cm (3–6 in) long, with an entire margin. The white flowers are
inconspicuous and bell-like, with a six-lobed corolla. An unripe fruit has a firm outer skin and when
picked, releases white chicle from its stem. A fully ripened fruit has saggy skin and does not
release chicle when picked.

Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A. 2009. Agroforestree Database:a tree reference
and selection guide version 4.0. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Reference
Manilkara zapota Sapotaceae (L.) van Royen, Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A.
2009. Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. Retrieved 2021-
07-22

"Manilkara zapota". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research

Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name Mango S.N. Mangifera indica
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Sapindales

Family: Anacardiaceae

Genus: Mangifera

Species: M. indica

A large green tree, valued mainly for its fruits, both green and ripe. Approximately 210 varieties
of mango have been reported. It can grow up to 15–30 metres (49–98 ft) tall. The tree grows best
Botanical in well-drained sandy loam; it does not grow well in heavy wet soils. The optimal pH of the soil
Description should be between 5.2 and 7.5.

"Mangifera". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-07-22

Reference
Common Name Jack Fruit / Jack tree S.N. Artocarpus heterophyllus

Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Taxonomic Clade: Tracheophytes

Heirarchy

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Rosales

Family: Moraceae

Genus: Artocarpus

Species: A. heterophyllus

Artocarpus heterophyllus grows as an evergreen tree that has a relatively short trunk with a
dense treetop. It easily reaches heights of 10 to 20 m (33 to 66 feet) and trunk diameters of 30
Botanical
to 80 cm (12 to 31 inches). It sometimes forms buttress roots. The bark of the jackfruit tree is
Description
reddish-brown and smooth. In the event of injury to the bark, a milky juice is released.
The leaves are alternate and spirally arranged. They are gummy and thick and are divided into
a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 2.5 to 7.5 cm (1 to 3 inches) long. The leathery leaf
blade is 20 to 40 cm (7 to 15 inches) long, and 7.5 to 18 cm (3 to 7 inches) wide and is oblong
to ovate in shape.
In young trees, the leaf edges are irregularly lobed or split. On older trees, the leaves are
rounded and dark green, with a smooth leaf margin. The leaf blade has a prominent
main nerve and starting on each side six to eight lateral nerves. The stipules are egg-shaped at
a length of 1.5 to 8 cm (9⁄16 to 3+1⁄8 inches).

Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3: 209. (1789) by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, from a specimen

collected by botanist Philibert Commerson. Lamarck said of the fruit that it was coarse and
Reference difficult to digest. Larmarck's original description of tejas. t.3. Panckoucke;Plomteux. Retrieved
2021-07-22.
Common Name Atis / Sugar apple S.N. Annona squamosa
Picture

Kingdom: Plantae

Taxonomic Clade: Tracheophytes

Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Magnoliids

Order: Magnoliales

Family: Annonaceae

Genus: Annona

Species: A. squamosa

Branches with light brown bark and visible leaf scars; inner bark light yellow and slightly bitter;
twigs become brown with light brown dots (lenticels – small, oval, rounded spots upon the stem
Botanical or branch of a plant, from which the underlying tissues may protrude or roots may issue).
Description The fruit of A. squamosa (sugar-apple) has sweet whitish pulp, and is popular in tropical markets.

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). "PLANTS Profile, Annona squamosa L". The
PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Reference Kral, Robert. "Annona squamosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753". In Flora of North America
Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico. 3 Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name Niyog / Coconut Tree S.N. Cocos nucifera (L.)
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Monocots

Clade: Commelinids

Order: Arecales

Family: Arecaceae

Subfamily: Arecoideae

Tribe: Cocoseae

Genus: Cocos
L.

Species: C. nucifera

Cocos nucifera is a large palm, growing up to 30 m (100 ft) tall, with pinnate leaves 4–6 m (13–
20 ft) long, and pinnae 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) long; old leaves break away cleanly, leaving
Botanical
the trunk smooth. On fertile soil, a tall coconut palm tree can yield up to 75 fruits per year, but
Description
more often yields less than 30. Given proper care and growing conditions, coconut palms
produce their first fruit in six to ten years, taking 15 to 20 years to reach peak production.
True-to-type dwarf varieties of Pacific coconuts have been cultivated by the Austronesian
peoples since ancient times. These varieties were selected for slower growth, sweeter coconut
water, and often brightly-colored fruits. Many modern different varieties are also grown,
including the Maypan coconut, King coconut, and Macapuno. These vary by the taste of the
coconut water and color of the fruit, as well as other genetic factors.

Sarian, Zac B. (August 18, 2010). New coconut yields high Archived November 19, 2011, at
the Wayback Machine. The Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Reference
T. Pradeepkumar, B. Sumajyothibhaskar, and K.N. Satheesan. (2008). Management of
Horticultural Crops (Horticulture Science Series Vol.11, 2nd of 2 Parts). New India Publishing.
pp. 539–587. ISBN 978-81-89422-49-3.
Common Name Papaya S.N. Carica papaya (L.)
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Brassicales

Family: Caricaceae

Genus: Carica

Species: C. papaya

The papaya is a small, sparsely branched tree, usually with a single stem growing from 5 to 10 m
(16 to 33 ft) tall, with spirally arranged leaves confined to the top of the trunk. The lower trunk is
Botanical conspicuously scarred where leaves and fruit were borne. The leaves are large, 50–70 cm (20–
Description 28 in) in diameter, deeply palmately lobed, with seven lobes. All parts of the plant contain latex in
articulated laticifers. Papayas are dioecious. The flowers are five-parted and highly dimorphic; the
male flowers have the stamens fused to the petals. The female flowers have a superior ovary and
five contorted petals loosely connected at the base. Male and female flowers are borne in the leaf
axils, and the males are multiflowered dichasia, and the female flowers are in few-flowered
dichasia. The pollen grains are elongated and approximately 35 microns in length.[ The flowers
are sweet-scented, open at night, and wind- or insect-pollinated.
Heywood, VH; Brummitt, RK; Culham, A; Seberg, O (2007). Flowering plant families of the world.
Firefly Books. ISBN 9781554072064.Retrieved 2021-07-22
Reference
Ronse De Craene, L.P. (2010). Floral diagrams: an aid to understanding flower morphology and
evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-49346-8. Retrieved 2021-07-
22
Common Name S.N. Musa acuminata

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Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Monocots

Clade: Commelinids

Order: Zingiberales

Family: Musaceae

Genus: Musa

Section: Musa sect. Musa

Species: M. acuminata

Musa acuminata is an evergreen perennial, not a tree. The trunk (known as the pseudostem) is
made of tightly packed layers of leaf sheaths emerging from completely or partially
Botanical
buried corms.
Description
The inflorescence grows horizontally or obliquely from the trunk. The individual flowers are
white to yellowish-white in color and are negatively geotropic (that is, growing upwards and
away from the ground). Both male and female flowers are present in a single inflorescence.
Female flowers are located near the base (and develop into fruit), and the male flowers located
at the tipmost top-shaped bud in between leathery bracts.
The rather slender fruits are berries, the size of each depends on the number of seeds they
contain. Each fruit can have 15 to 62 seeds. Each fruit bunch can have an average of 161.76 ±
60.62 fingers with each finger around 2.4 by 9 cm (1 by 3+1⁄2 in) in size.

N.W. Simmonds (1962). "Where our bananas come from". New Scientist. Reed Business
Information. 16 (307): 36–39. ISSN 0262-4079. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Reference
Markku Häkkinen & Edmond De Langhe (2001). "Musa acuminata in Northern Borneo" (PDF).
International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP). Retrieved June
11, 2011. Retrieved 2021-07-22

S. D. Doijode (2001). Seed storage of horticultural crops. Routledge. pp. 69–71. ISBN 978-1-
56022-901-8. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name Bawang / Garlic S.N. Allium sativum (L.)

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Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Monocots

Order: Asparagales

Family: Amaryllidaceae

Subfamily: Allioideae

Genus: Allium

Species: A. sativum

Allium sativum is a perennial flowering plant growing from a bulb. It has a tall, erect flowering
stem that grows up to 1 m (3 ft). The leaf blade is flat, linear, solid, and approximately 1.25–
Botanical 2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) wide, with an acute apex. The plant may produce pink to purple flowers
Description from July to September in the Northern Hemisphere. The bulb is odoriferous and contains outer
layers of thin sheathing leaves surrounding an inner sheath that encloses the clove. Often the
bulb contains 10 to 20 cloves that are asymmetric in shape, except for those closest to the
center. If garlic is planted at the proper time and depth, it can be grown as far north as Alaska. It
produces hermaphrodite flowers. It is pollinated by bees, butterflies, moths, and other insects.

"Garlic". Drugs.com. August 20, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.Retrieved 2021-07-22

Reference Rader, Heidi; McGuinness, Julianne. "Growing Garlic in Alaska". Cooperative Extension Service.
University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved 2021-07-22

Meredith, Ted Jordan; Drucker, Avram. "Growing Garlic from True Seed". Blogspot: Garlic
Analecta. Retrieved May 24, 2014. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name Onion S.N. Allium cepa
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Monocots

Order: Asparagales

Family: Amaryllidaceae

Subfamily: Allioideae

Genus: Allium

Species: A. cepa

The onion plant has been grown and selectively bred in cultivation for at least 7,000 years. It is
a biennial plant, but is usually grown as an annual. Modern varieties typically grow to a height of
Botanical 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 in). The leaves are yellowish- to bluish green and grow alternately in a
Description flattened, fan-shaped swathe.

They are fleshy, hollow, and cylindrical, with one flattened side. They are at their broadest about
a quarter of the way up, beyond which they taper towards a blunt tip. The base of each leaf is a
flattened, usually white sheath that grows out of the basal plate of a bulb. From the underside of
the plate, a bundle of fibrous roots extends for a short way into the soil. As the onion matures,
food reserves begin to accumulate in the leaf bases and the bulb of the onion swells.

Brickell, Christopher, ed. (1992). The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening.
Dorling Kindersley. p. 345. ISBN 978-0-86318-979-1. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Reference
"Allium cepa L.". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew –
via The Plant List. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name Ipil-ipil / Ipil Plant S.N. Leucaena leucocephala
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Rosids

Order: Fabales

Family: Fabaceae

Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae[1]

(unranked): Mimosoid clade[1]

Genus: Leucaena

Species: L. leucocephala

Leucaena leucocephala is a small fast-growing mimosoid tree native to southern Mexico and
northern Central America (Belize and Guatemala) and is now naturalized throughout the tropics.
Botanical
During the 1970s and 1980s, it was promoted as a "miracle tree" for its multiple uses. It has also
Description
been described as a "conflict tree" because it is used for forage production but spreads like a
weed in some places.
The legume is promoted in several countries of Southeast Asia (at
least Burma, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand), most importantly as a source of quality animal feed,
but also for residual use for firewood or charcoal production.
The young pods are edible and occasionally eaten in Javanese vegetable salad with spicy peanut
sauce, and spicy fish wrapped in papaya or taro leaves in Indonesia, and in papaya
salad in Laos and Thailand, where they are known as phak krathin . In Mexico it is eaten in soups
and also inside tacos, it is known as guaje. Additionally, the state of Oaxaca in Mexico derives its
name from the Nahuatl word huaxyacac, the name for Leucaena leucocephala trees that are
found around Oaxaca City.
The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG) (2017). "A new subfamily classification of the
Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny". Taxon. 66 (1): 44–
Reference 77. doi:10.12705/661.3.Retrieved 2021-07-22

"2.1 Leucaena leucocephala - the Most Widely Used Forage Tree Legume". www.fao.org.
Retrieved 2021-07-22

Consular, Gaceta (October 1996). "Oaxaca". MexConnect. Retrieved 2021-07-22

Hughes, Colin E. (1998). Monograph of Leucaena (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Systematic

botany monographs v. 55. ISBN 978-0-912861-55-5. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name Gabi / Taro S.N. Colocasia esculenta
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Monocots

Order: Alismatales

Family: Araceae

Genus: Colocasia

Species: C. esculenta

Colocasia esculenta is a perennial, tropical plant primarily grown as a root vegetable for its
edible, starchy corm. The plant has rhizomes of different shapes and sizes. Leaves are up
Botanical to 40 cm × 24.8 cm (15+3⁄4 in × 9+3⁄4 in) and sprout from the rhizome. They are dark green above
Description and light green beneath. They are triangular-ovate, sub-rounded and mucronate at the apex, with
the tip of the basal lobes rounded or sub-rounded. The petiole is 0.8–1.2 m (2 ft 7 in–3 ft 11 in)
high.

The path can be up to 25 cm (10 in) long. The spadix is about three fifths as long as the spathe,
with flowering parts up to 8 mm (5⁄16 in) in diameter. The female portion is at the fertile ovaries
intermixed with sterile white ones. Neuters grow above the females, and are rhomboid or
irregular orium lobed, with six or eight cells. The appendage is shorter than the male portion.
Umberto Quattrocchi (19 April 2016). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants:
Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press. pp. 1060–
Reference 1061. ISBN 978-1-4822-5064-0.Retrieved 2021-07-22

T. K. Lim (3 December 2014). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 9, Modified
Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer. pp. 454–460. ISBN 978-94-017-9511-1. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name Cainito / Star-apple S.N. Chrysophyllum caimito (L.)
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Asterids

Order: Ericales

Family: Sapotaceae

Genus: Chrysophyllum

Species: C. cainito

The leaves are evergreen, alternate, simple oval, entire, 5–15 cm long; the underside shines with
a golden color when seen from a distance. The tiny flowers are purplish white and have a sweet
Botanical fragrant smell. The tree is also hermaphroditic (self-fertile). It produces a strong odor.
Description
The fruit is globose and typically measures from 2 to 3 inches in diameter. When ripe, it usually
has purple skin with a faint green area appearing around the calyx. A radiating star pattern is
visible in the pulp. Greenish-white and yellow-fruited cultivars are sometimes available. The skin
is rich in latex, and both it and the rind are not edible. The flattened seeds are light brown and
hard. It is a seasonal fruit bearing tree.

The fruits are used as a fresh dessert fruit; it is sweet and often served chilled. Infusions of the
leaves have been used against diabetes and articular rheumatism. The fruit has antioxidant
properties. The bark is considered a tonic and stimulant, and a bark decoction is used as an
antitussive. The fruit also exists in three colors, dark purple, greenish brown and yellow. The
purple fruit has a denser skin and texture while the greenish brown fruit has a thin skin and a
more liquid pulp; the yellow variety is less common and difficult to find.
Luo X.D., Basile M.J., Kennelly E.J.,"Polyphenolic antioxidants from the fruits of Chrysophyllum
cainito L. (Star Apple)." Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2002 50:6 (1379-1382)
Reference Retrieved 2021-07-22

Boning, Charles R. (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and
Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. p. 199. ISBN 1561643726. Retrieved 2021-07-22

National Research Council (2008-01-25). "Star Apples". Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits.
Lost Crops of Africa. 3. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-10596-5. Archived from the
original on 2012-03-31. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name Ampalaya / Bitter Melon / Bitter S.N. Momordica charantia
Gourd
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Cucurbitales

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Genus: Momordica

Species: M. charantia

This herbaceous, tendril-bearing vine grows up to 5 m (16 ft) in length. It bears simple, alternate
leaves 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) across, with three to seven deeply separated lobes. Each plant bears
Botanical separate yellow male and female flowers. In the Northern Hemisphere, flowering occurs during
Description June to July and fruiting during September to November.

The fruit has a distinct warty exterior and an oblong shape. It is hollow in cross-section, with a
relatively thin layer of flesh surrounding a central seed cavity filled with large, flat seeds and pith.
The fruit is most often eaten green, or as it is beginning to turn yellow. At this stage, the fruit's
flesh is crunchy and watery in texture, similar to cucumber, chayote or green bell pepper, but
bitter. The skin is tender and edible. Seeds and pith appear white in unripe fruits; they are not
intensely bitter and can be removed before cooking.

Some sources claim the flesh (rind) becomes somewhat tougher and more bitter with age, but
other sources claim that at least for the common Chinese variety the skin does not change and
bitterness decreases with age. The Chinese variety are best harvested light green possibly with a
slight yellow tinge or just before. The pith becomes sweet and intensely red; it can be eaten
uncooked in this state, and is a popular ingredient in some Southeast Asian salads.
When the fruit is fully ripe, it turns orange and soft, and splits into segments which curl back to
expose seeds covered in bright red pulp.

Renner, Suzanne (October 6, 2020). "Bitter gourd from Africa expanded to Southeast Asia and
was domesticated there: A new insight from parallel studies". PNAS. 117 (40): 24630–
Reference 24631. doi:10.1073/pnas.2014454117. PMC 7547224. PMID 32994347.Retrieved 2021-07-22

Renner, Suzanne (October 6, 2020). "Bitter gourd from Africa expanded to Southeast Asia and
was domesticated there: A new insight from parallel studies". PNAS. 117 (40): 24630–
24631. doi:10.1073/pnas.2014454117. PMC 7547224. PMID 32994347. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name Tomato S.N. Solanum lycopersicum
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Asterids

Order: Solanales

Family: Solanaceae

Genus: Solanum

Species: S. lycopersicum

Tomato plants are vines, initially decumbent, typically growing 180 cm (6 ft) or more above the
ground if supported, although erect bush varieties have been bred, generally 100 cm (3 ft 3 in)
Botanical tall or shorter. Indeterminate types are "tender" perennials, dying annually in temperate climates
Description (they are originally native to tropical highlands), although they can live up to three years in a
greenhouse in some cases. Determinate types are annual in all climates.
Tomato plants are dicots, and grow as a series of branching stems, with a terminal bud at the tip
that does the actual growing. When that tip eventually stops growing, whether because of
pruning or flowering, lateral buds take over and grow into other, fully functional, vines.
Tomato vines are typically pubescent, meaning covered with fine short hairs. These hairs
facilitate the vining process, turning into roots wherever the plant is in contact with the ground
and moisture, especially if the vine's connection to its original root has been damaged or severed.

Peet, M. "Crop Profiles – Tomato". Archived from the original on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 27
October 2008.Retrieved 2021-07-22
Reference
"Phylogeny". Molecular phylogenetic analyses have established that the formerly segregate
genera Lycopersicon, Cyphomandra, Normania, and Triguera are nested within Solanum, and all
species of these four genera have been transferred to Solanum. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name Carrot S.N. Daucus carota
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Asterids

Order: Apiales

Family: Apiaceae

Genus: Daucus

Species: D. carota

Daucus carota is a biennial plant. In the first year, its rosette of leaves produces large amounts
of sugars, which are stored in the taproot to provide energy for the plant to flower in the second
Botanical year.
Description
Soon after germination, carrot seedlings show a distinct demarcation between taproot and stem:
the stem is thicker and lacks lateral roots. At the upper end of the stem is the seed leaf. The
first true leaf appears about 10–15 days after germination. Subsequent leaves are alternate (with
a single leaf attached to a node), spirally arranged, and pinnately compound, with leaf bases
sheathing the stem. As the plant grows, the bases of the seed leaves, near the taproot, are pushed
apart. The stem, located just above the ground, is compressed and the internodes are not
distinct. When the seed stalk elongates for flowering, the tip of the stem narrows and becomes
pointed, and the stem extends upward to become a highly branched inflorescence up to 60–
200 cm (20–80 in) tall.

Rubatsky, V. E.; Quiros, C. F.; Siman, P. W. (1999). Carrots and Related Vegetable Umbelliferae.
CABI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85199-129-0. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Reference
"Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang". theplantlist.org. The Plant List. Retrieved 2021-
07-22
Common Name Ginger S.N. Zingiber officinale
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Monocots

Clade: Commelinids

Order: Zingiberales

Family: Zingiberaceae

Genus: Zingiber

Species: Z. officinale

Ginger originated from Maritime Southeast Asia. It is a true cultigen and does not exist in its wild
state. The most ancient evidence of its domestication is among the Austronesian peoples where
Botanical it was among several species of ginger cultivated and exploited since ancient times. They
Description cultivated other gingers including turmeric (Curcuma longa), white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria),
and bitter ginger (Zingiber zerumbet). The rhizomes and the leaves were used to flavour food or
eaten directly. The leaves were also used to weave mats.

The size of the seed ginger, called rhizome, is essential to the production of ginger. The larger the
rhizome piece, the faster ginger will be produced and therefore the faster it will be sold onto the
market.] Prior to planting the seed rhizomes, farmers are required to treat the seeds to prevent
seed-borne pathogens and pests, rhizome rot and other seed-borne diseases. There are various
ways farmers do seed treatment in India. These include dipping the seeds in cow dung emulsion,
smoking the seeds before storage, or hot water treatment
Nair, Kodoth Prabhakaran (2019), "Ginger as a Spice and Flavorant", Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)
and Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) - World's Invaluable Medicinal Spices, Springer International
References Publishing, pp. 541–554, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29189-1_26, ISBN 978-3-030-29188-4.
Retrieved 2021-07-22

Ravindran P, Nirmal Babu K (2016). Ginger: The Genus Zingiber. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
p. 7. ISBN 9781420023367. Retrieved 2021-07-22

Singh RJ (2011). Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement. Medicinal
Plants. 6. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 398. ISBN 9781420073867. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name Okra / Ladies’ Finger S.N. Abelmoschus esculentus
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Malvales

Family: Malvaceae

Genus: Abelmoschus

Species: A. esculentus

The species is a perennial, often cultivated as an annual in temperate climates, often growing to
around 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall. As a member of the Malvaceae, it is related to such species
Botanical as cotton, cocoa, and hibiscus. The leaves are 10–20 centimetres (3.9–7.9 in) long and broad,
Description palmately lobed with 5–7 lobes. The flowers are 4–8 centimetres (1.6–3.1 in) in diameter, with
five white to yellow petals, often with a red or purple spot at the base of each petal. The pollens
are spherical with approximately 188 microns diameter. The fruit is a capsule up to 18
centimetres (7.1 in) long with pentagonal cross-section, containing numerous seeds.

Abelmoschus esculentus is cultivated throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the
world for its fibrous fruits or pods containing round, white seeds. It is among the most heat- and
drought-tolerant vegetable species in the world and will tolerate soils with heavy clay and
intermittent moisture, but frost can damage the pods. In cultivation, the seeds are soaked
overnight prior to planting to a depth of 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in). It prefers a soil
temperature of at least 20 °C (68 °F) for germination, which occurs between six days (soaked
seeds) and three weeks. As a tropical plant, it also requires a lot of sunlight, and it should also be
cultivated in soil that has a pH between 5.8 and 7, ideally on the acidic side.[15] Seedlings require
ample water. The seed pods rapidly become fibrous and woody and, to be edible as a vegetable,
must be harvested when immature, usually within a week after pollination.[16] The first harvesting
will typically be ready after about 2 months of plantation, and it will be approximately 2-3 inches
long.[15]
Almanac, Old Farmer's. "Okra". Old Farmer's Almanac. Retrieved 2021-07-22

References "Latin definition for esculentus, esculenta, esculentum (ID: 19365)". Latin Dictionary and
Grammar Resources - Latdict. 2020. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name Sayote / Chayote S.N. Sechium edule
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Cucurbitales

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Genus: Sechium

Species: S. edule

In the most common variety, the fruit is roughly pear-shaped, somewhat flattened and with
coarse wrinkles, ranging from 10 to 20 cm in length. It looks like a green pear, and it has a thin,
Botanical
green skin fused with the green to white flesh, and a single, large, flattened pit. Some varieties
Description
have spiny fruits. The flesh has a fairly bland taste, and a texture is described as a cross between
a potato and a cucumber.
The chayote vine can be grown on the ground, but as a climbing plant, it will grow onto anything,
and can easily rise as high as 12 meters when support is provided. It has heart-shaped leaves, 10–
25 cm wide and tendrils on the stem. The plant bears male flowers in clusters and solitary female
flowers.[7] The plant’s fruit is light green and elongated with deep ridges lengthwise.

Grubben, G.J.H. (2004). Plant resources of tropical Africa: Vegetables. Backhuys. ISBN 978-90-
5782-147-9. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Reference
"Sicyos edulis". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research
Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name Kangkong / water or river spinach S.N. Ipomoea aquatica
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Asterids

Order: Solanales

Family: Convolvulaceae

Genus: Ipomoea

Species: I. aquatica

Ipomoea aquatica grows in water or on moist soil. Its stems are 2–3 meters (7–10 ft) or longer,
rooting at the nodes, and they are hollow and can float. The leaves vary from typically sagittate
Botanical (arrow head-shaped) to lanceolate, 5–15 cm (2–6 in) long and 2–8 cm (0.8–3 in) broad. The
Description flowers are trumpet-shaped, 3–5 cm (1–2 in) in diameter, and usually white in color with a mauve
center. Propagation is either by planting cuttings of the stem shoots, which will root along nodes,
or by planting the seeds from flowers that produce seed pods.

"Growing kangkong in water". curiousgardener.com. Retrieved 2021-07-22

Reference "Kangkungking.com". Kangkungking.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012.

Retrieved 2021-07-22

Gupta, A.K. (2013). "Ipomoea aquatica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013:
e.T168908A1252058. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T168908A1252058.en. Retrieved 2021-
07-22
Common Name Potato S.N. Solanum tuberosum
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Asterids

Order: Solanales

Family: Solanaceae

Genus: Solanum

Species: S. tuberosum

Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about 60 cm (24 in) high, depending on
variety, with the leaves dying back after flowering, fruiting and tuber formation. They bear white,
Botanical pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with yellow stamens. Potatoes are mostly cross-pollinated by
Description insects such as bumblebees, which carry pollen from other potato plants, though a substantial
amount of self-fertilizing occurs as well. Tubers form in response to decreasing day length,
although this tendency has been minimized in commercial varieties.

The major species grown worldwide is Solanum tuberosum (a tetraploid with 48 chromosomes),
and modern varieties of this species are the most widely cultivated. There are also four diploid
species (with 24 chromosomes): S. stenotomum, S. phureja, S. goniocalyx, and S. ajanhuiri. There
are two triploid species (with 36 chromosomes): S. chaucha and S. juzepczukii. There is one
pentaploid cultivated species (with 60 chromosomes): S. curtilobum. There are two major
subspecies of Solanum tuberosum: andigena, or Andean; and tuberosum, or Chilean.
Virginia Amador; Jordi Bou; Jaime Martínez-García; Elena Monte; Mariana Rodríguez-Falcon;
Esther Russo; Salomé Prat (2001). "Regulation of potato tuberization by daylength and
Reference gibberellins" (PDF). International Journal of Developmental Biology (45): S37–S38.Retrieved
2021-07-22

"Chilean Tetraploid Cultivated Potato, Solanum tuberosum is Distinct from the Andean
Populations: Microsatellite Data, Celeste M. Raker and David M. Spooner, University of
Wisconsin, published in Crop Science, Vol.42, 2002" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26
March 2009.
Common Name Mung Bean S.N. Vigna radiata
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Fabales

Family: Fabaceae

Genus: Vigna

Species: V. radiata

The green gram or mung bean is an annual vine with yellow flowers and fuzzy brown pods.
Mung beans are commonly used in cuisines across Asia. Whole cooked mung beans are generally
Botanical prepared from dried beans by boiling until they are soft. Mung beans are light yellow in color
Description when their skins are removed. Mung bean paste can be made by hulling, cooking, and pulverizing
the beans to a dry paste. Due to its short duration, it can fit well in between of many cropping
systems. It is mainly cultivated in East and Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It is
considered to be the hardiest of all pulse crops and requires a hot climate for germination and
growth.

Brief Introduction of Mung Bean. Vigna Radiata Extract Green Mung Bean Extract Powder
Phaseolus aureus Roxb Vigna radiata L R Wilczek. MDidea-Extracts Professional. P054.Retrieved
Reference 2021-07-22

"Mung bean | Define Mung bean at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2021-

07-22
Common Name Eggplant / Aubergine S.N. Solanum melongena (L.)
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Asterids

Order: Solanales

Family: Solanaceae

Genus: Solanum

Species: S. melongena

The eggplant is a delicate, tropical perennial plant often cultivated as a tender or half-
hardy annual in temperate climates. The stem is often spiny. The flowers are white to purple in
Botanical
color, with a five-lobed corolla and yellow stamens. Some common cultivars have fruit that is egg-
Description
shaped, glossy, and purple with white flesh and a spongy, "meaty" texture. Some other cultivars
are white and longer in shape. The cut surface of the flesh rapidly turns brown when the fruit is
cut open (oxidation).
Eggplant grows 40 to 150 cm (1 ft 4 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall, with large, coarsely lobed leaves that are
10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) long and 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) broad. Semiwild types can grow much larger,
to 225 cm (7 ft 5 in), with large leaves over 30 cm (12 in) long and 15 cm (6 in) broad. On wild
plants, the fruit is less than 3 cm (1+1⁄4 in) in diameter; in cultivated forms: 30 cm (12 in) or more
in length are possible for long, narrow types or the large fat purple ones common to the West.
Botanically classified as a berry, the fruit contains numerous small, soft, edible seeds that taste
bitter because they contain or are covered in nicotinoid alkaloids, like the related tobacco.

Doijode, S. D. (2001). Seed storage of horticultural crops (pp 157). Haworth Press: ISBN 1-56022-
901-2. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Reference
Doganlar, Sami; Frary, Anne; Daunay, Marie-Christine; Lester, Richard N.; Tanksley, Steven D. (1
August 2002). "A Comparative Genetic Linkage Map of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) and Its
Implications for Genome Evolution in the Solanaceae". Genetics. 161 (4): 1697–
1711. doi:10.1093/genetics/161.4.1697. PMC 1462225. PMID 12196412. Archived from the
original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 2021-07-22– via www.genetics.org.
Common Name String Beans S.N. Phaseolus vulgaris
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Fabales

Family: Fabaceae

Genus: Phaseolus

Species: P. vulgaris

The common bean is a highly variable species with a long history. Bush varieties form erect
bushes 20–60 cm (8–20 in) tall, while pole or running varieties form vines 2–3 m (7–10 ft) long.
Botanical All varieties bear alternate, green or purple leaves, which are divided into three oval, smooth-
Description edged leaflets, each 6–15 cm (2–6 in) long and 3–11 cm (1–4 in) wide. The white, pink, or
purple flowers are about 1 cm long, and they give way to pods 8–20 cm (3–8 in) long and 1–
1.5 cm wide. These may be green, yellow, black, or purple in color, each containing 4–6 beans.
The beans are smooth, plump, kidney-shaped, up to 1.5 cm long, range widely in color, and are
often mottled in two or more colors. Raw or undercooked beans contain a toxic protein
called phytohaemagglutinin.

Phillips, R.; Rix, M. (1993). Vegetables. New York: Random

House. ISBN 9780679750246..Retrieved 2021-07-22
Reference
Gentry, Howard Scott (1969). "Origin of the Common Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris". Economic
Botany. New York: New York Botanical Garden Press. 23 (1): 55–
69. doi:10.1007/BF02862972. JSTOR 4253014. S2CID 29555157. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name Aratiles S.N. Muntingia calabura (L.)
Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Malvales

Family: Muntingiaceae

Genus: Muntingia

Species: M. calabura

Muntingia calabura is a shrub or tree up to 12 m tall with spreading branches.

The leaves are alternate, distichous, oblong or lanceolate, 4–15 cm long and 1–6 cm wide, with
Botanical toothed margin and covered in short hairs. The flowers are small (up to 3 cm wide), solitary or in
Description inflorescences of two or three flowers, with five lanceolate sepals, hairy, five obovate white
petals, many stamens with yellow anthers, and a smooth ovoid ovary. Fruit, an edible berry, is
red at maturity, about 1.5 cm wide.

Smith Jr., C.E. (1965). "Elaeocarpaceae. In: Flora of Panama, part VI". Annals of the Missouri
Botanical Garden. 52 (4): 494–495. doi:10.2307/2394991. JSTOR 2394991. Retrieved 2021-07-22
Reference
Lim, Dr T. K. (2012). "Muntingia calabura". Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants. 3. Springer
Netherlands. pp. 486–492. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2534-8_62. ISBN 9789400725331.
Retrieved 2021-07-22
Common Name S.N. Cucurbita maxima

Picture
Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Taxonomic
Heirarchy
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Cucurbitales

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Genus: Cucurbita

Species: C. maxima

Buttercup squash, a common cultivar, can be roasted, baked, and mashed into soups,
among a variety of filler uses, much like pumpkin. It is extremely popular, especially as a
Botanical
soup, in Brazil, Colombia, and Africa.
Description
All giant pumpkins (over 100 pounds or 45 kilograms) are of this species, including the
largest pumpkins ever documented, which have attained a size of 2,624.6 pounds
(1,190.5 kg) as of 2020
Different squash types of this species were introduced into North America as early as the
16th century. By the American Revolution, the species was in cultivation by Native
American tribes throughout the present-day United States. By the early 19th century, at
least three varieties are known to have been commercially introduced in North America
from seeds obtained from Native Americans. Secondary centers of diversity
include India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and possibly the southern Appalachians. The large
red-orange squashes often seen at Halloween in the United States are C. maxima, but not
to be confused with the orange type used for jack-o-lanterns, which are C. pepo.
Díaz, Obregón D.; Lloja, Lozano L.; Carbajal, Zúñiga V. (2004). "Preclinical studies of
cucurbita maxima (pumpkin seeds) a traditional intestinal antiparasitic in rural urban
Reference areas". Revista de Gastroenterologia del Perú (in Spanish). 24 (4): 323–
327. PMID 15614300. Retrieved 2021-07-22

Nee, Michael (1990). "The Domestication of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany.

New York: New York Botanical Gardens Press. 44 (3, Supplement: New Perspectives on the
Origin and Evolution of New World Domesticated Plants): 56–
68. doi:10.1007/BF02860475. JSTOR 4255271. S2CID 40493539. Retrieved 2021-07-22