Specific Volume, density and specific

weight

Sample problem
 The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 at 4 °C (39 °F).
• PRESSURE
• force per unit area. Units of pressure are measure in psi, kg/cm2, kN/m2 or kPa.
• Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure + Absolute Atmospheric Pressure

EXAMPLE: What is the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the

water in a 6.00 ft diameter cylindrical tank which contains 90.0
gal?
62.4 lbm/ft3 water density

Assume: no pressure acting on top of column

We do this because we're given no better information. Actually,
the air above the column exerts a pressure.
TEMPERATURE
• The temperature of an object is a measure of how cold or hot that
object is. More precisely, the temperature of an object is a measure
of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules of that
object. A hotter object has faster molecular vibrations. Temperature
is a scalar quantity.
Temperature Scales
• Four temperature scales are commonly used
1. Fahrenheit
2. Rankin
3. Celsius
4. Kelvin.
Fahrenheit and Celsius are regular scales. Rankin and Kelvin are the "absolute
scales."
Comparison Between Celsius and
Fahrenheit Scales
The "0" on Celsius is equivalent to "32" on Fahrenheit, and the "100"
on Celsius is equivalent to "212" on Fahrenheit. Corresponding to
 every "C " on Celsius, there is an "F" on Fahrenheit as shown. To
develop a formula that calculates "C" for a given "F" and vice versa, we
may equate the segment ratios on both scales as shown below:
Comparison Between Celsius and Fahrenheit
Scales
Example : The Fahrenheit scale reads 77oF, what is the reading on the
Celsius scale?
Solution: Using the formula:
o
C = (5/9)[F - 32] ;
o
C = (5/9)[77-32] = 25
Example : A temperature difference of ΔC = 24oC is
measured between two points on Celsius scale. How
much is this difference in Fahrenheit scale?

o
Solution: 100 C difference on the Celsius scale
corresponds to 180oF difference on the Fahrenheit
scale. Using a proportion, the difference in Fahrenheit
is
 ΔF/ΔC = 180o/100o; ΔF/24o = 9/5; ΔF =
24o(1.8); ΔF = 43oF.
• At what temperature both Fahrenheit and Celsius scales read the
same temperature?
Absolute Scales
The basis for absolute scales (Kelvin and Rankin
scales) is the temperature at which molecular motion
comes to stop. This temperature cannot actually be
reached; however, with great cooling, temperatures
very close to it have been reached. Experiments have
shown that when a gas is cooled down, its volume
decreases. At constant pressure, the volume
decrease for a gas, is proportional to the
 temperature decrease. In other words, The
ratio ΔV/ΔT remains constant.
Absolute Scales
The quantity of fluid passing through a given section is ngiven
by the formula