CHAPTER 1
ANCIENT TIMES
In the ancient times, people were concerned
with transportation and navigation, communication
and record-keeping, mass production, security and
protection, as well as health, aesthetics, and
architecture.
TRANSPORTION
- Was significant during that time because
people were trying to go places and discover
new horizons.
NAVIGATION
- Assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar
and strange areas in the world.
COMMUNICATION
- Was also essential in their endeavors to
discover and occupy new places
- To facilitate trade and prevent possible
conflicts.
RECORD-KEEPING
- To record and to remember the places they
had been to and document the trades they
made with each other.
WEAPONS and ARMORS
- For security and protection was considered a
major achievement
CONSERVATION OF LIFE
- Conservation is the care and protection of
these resources so that they can persist for
future generations. It includes maintaining
diversity of species, genes, and ecosystems, as
well as functions of the environment, such as
nutrient cycling.
ENGINEERING
- The concept of engineering has existed since
ancient times as humans devised fundamental
inventions such as the pulley, lever, and
wheel.
ARCHITECTURE
- The exact origin of architecture could be said
to date to the Neolithic period, around 10 000
BC, or simply when people stopped living in
caves and started handling the way they want
their houses to look and feel like.
- A status symbol among nations of how
advanced their technology is.
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
Sumer is the earliest known civilization in the
historical region of southern Mesopotamia, emerging
during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages
between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.
CUNEIFORM
- one of the major contributions of the
Sumerians is the development of the first
writing system.
URUK CITY
- Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer situated
east of the present bed of the Euphrates River
on the dried-up ancient channel of the
Euphrates.
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR
- Also called “the mountain of god”
- Served as the sacred place of their chief god,
where only their priests were allowed to enter.
IRRIGATION and DIKES
- To bring water to farmlands and at the same
time control the flooding of the river.
SAILBOATS
- One of the essential in transportation and
trading as well as in fostering culture,
information, and technology.
WHEEL
- The first wheel was used for farm work and
food processes.
THE PLOW
- A tool for farmers to cultivate larger parcels
of land faster, enabling them to mass produce
food without taking so much effort and time.
ROADS
- In order to facilitate faster and easier travel
- The sumerians developed the first road.
- Using sun-baked bricks that they laid down
on the ground.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
Babylonia was a state in ancient
Mesopotamia. The city of Babylon, whose ruins are
located in present-day Iraq, was founded more than
4,000 years ago as a small port town on the Euphrates
 CHAPTER 1
River. It grew into one of the largest cities of the -
Wearing a wig signaled a person's rank in
ancient world under the rule of Hammurabi. Egyptian society. Although a shaved head
was a sign of nobility during most of the
HANGING GARDENS of BABYLON Egyptian kingdoms, the majority of Egyptians
- The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were the kept their heads covered.
fabled gardens which beautified the capital of - Wigs were worn in place of headdresses or,
the Neo-Babylonian Empire, built by its for special occasions, with elaborate
greatest king Nebuchadnezzar II (r. 605-562 headdresses.
BCE). One of the Seven Wonders of the NUBIAN WIGS
Ancient World, they are the only wonder - which Ancient Egyptians grew fond of during
whose existence is disputed amongst the Amarna period, were meant to mimic the
historians. short curly hair that Nubian tribespeople
wore.
- Egyptologists believe that the Nubian wig was
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION adopted by Queen Nefertiti after witnessing
the hairstyle being worn by Nubians in the
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Pharaoh's army.
North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of CLEPSYDRA
the Nile River, situated in the place that is now the - also called water clock, ancient device for
country Egypt. ... The success of ancient Egyptian measuring time by the gradual flow of water.
civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the - It may have been an invention of the
conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture. Chaldeans of ancient Babylonia; specimens
from Egypt date from the 14th century bc.
PAPER or PAPYRUS
- One of the contributions of Egyptian
civilization was the paper or papyrus.
- Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly
along the nile river in Egypt.
INK
- They invented ink by combining soot with
diff chemicals to produce inks of diff color.
HIEROGLYPHICS
- The word hieroglyph literally means "sacred
carvings". The Egyptians first used
hieroglyphs exclusively for inscriptions
carved or painted on temple walls.
- This form of pictorial writing was also used
on tombs, sheets of papyrus, wooden boards
covered with a stucco wash, potsherds and
fragments of limestone.
COSMETICS
- Egyptians mostly used galena (more
commonly known as kohl) and malachite
powder (a green mineral) for eye makeup.
- Galena was a black paint that shielded eyes
from the sun, while malachite powder made
the eyes appear larger and protected those
who wore it.
- Both were applied using ivory, wood, or
sticks made of metal.
WIG