WORLD MAP

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 continents

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Continents
Sr.N0, Area wise Population-wise
1 Asia Asia
2 Africa Africa
3 North America Europe
4 South America North America
5 Antarctica South America
6 Europe Australia
7 Australia Antarctica
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OCEANS

Sr.No Largest Oceans Coastline

1 PACIFIC PACIFIC
2 ATLANTIC ATLANTIC
3 INDIAN INDIAN
4 SOUTHERN ARCTIC
5 ARCTIC SOUTHERN

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Eurasia

Eurasia = Europe + Asia

Caspian sea and Ural
mountains separate both

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Oceania= Australia + nearby islands
(Austral Asia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia)

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 Latitudes: Equator, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic
of Capricorn(earth is oblate spheroid)
i. Latitudes: parallel to equator, 1degree=111km,
Total lines of latitudes= 90+90+1equator=181
(some says north and south latitudes are just points so
total number of lines= 179)
i. Gradually reduces towards poles. So latitudes are
parallel but not equal
ii. Equator: zero degree horizontal line(longest line)
that divides earth in two equal parts Northern
Hemisphere and southern hemisphere
iii. 23.5 degree North (tropic of cancer), 23.5 degree
south (tropic of Capricorn), 66.5 degree North:
arctic circle, 66.5 degree south: Antarctic circle
iv. Equator, tropic of caner and tropic of Capricorn
passes through which continent: Africa
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Latitudes, Equator, Tropic of Cancer,
Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle,
Antarctic Circle, Horse latitudes
■ Tropical zones (north and south)
■ Temperate zone(north and south)
■ Polar/Frigid zones (arctic and Antarctic
zones)
■ 30 to 35 degree north and south: horse
latitude: atmosphere P high, winds slow,
precipitation low

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Tropical, Temperate and Frigid/Polar Zones

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 EQUATOR EQUATOR KO LAMBA KHENCHA
■ Equator: total length 40,075km, 24901 Tom ne Gabon kya DUCkS k sath,MIk
miles,(circumference of earth) Lowest gravity---
equatorial bulge
■ Earth moves west to east (WE) so if you move rocket
from west towards east less fuel will be consumed
■ South America, Africa, Asia
■ River: Congo (Ziare river old name)---intersects twice.
The Congo River is the second longest river in Africa,
shorter only than the Nile, as well as the second
largest river in the world by discharge volume,
following only the Amazon.
■ Landmass countries 11
■ Total countries: 13(3 south American, 7 African, 3
Asian(MIK: 1 landmass Indonesia, 2 waterbodies:
Maldives and Kiribati)
■ N.B: Kiribati (pronounced Kiribas) is an independent
republic within the Commonwealth of Nations,
located in the central Pacific Ocean, about 4,000
km (about 2,500 mi) southwest of Hawaii. It is part
of the division of the Pacific islands that is known as
Micronesia.
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Tropic of cancer

Gulf of
Mexico

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Tropic of cancer
■ Latitude parallel to equator in 23.5 degree north
■ Last point where at noon sun at right angle
■ Passes through North America, Africa and Asia
■ 17 countries total:
■ NA 2:Mexico, Bahamas
■ Africa7: MS-MAN-LEG: western Sahara, Mauritania, Mali, Algeria,
Niger, Libya and Egypt
■ Asia8: SUO IBM CT (middle east3: Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, rest:5
India, Bangladesh Myanmar, China, Taiwan
■ Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, Red sea,
Arabian sea, Taiwan strait, Philippine sea
■ Mahi river in India crosses tropic of caner twice

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Tropic of Capricorn

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 Tropic of Capricorn
■ Latitude parallel to equator 23.5 degree
south
■ Passes through 10 countries of South
America, Africa and Australia
■ South America 4 (ABC-P or CAP-B):
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay
■ Africa5: Namibia, Botswana, south
Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar
■ Australia1
■ River Limpopo(South Africa) cuts twice
(remember: P=Limpopo=Capricorn

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 Longitudes
■ Prime meridian: zero degree vertical
line that divides earth in two parts:
eastern and western hemisphere
■ 1 degree longitude=111.3km; all
lines are almost equal
■ Total lines of longitudes= 360
degrees=360 lines (including prime
meridian)
■ These lines are not parallel. Max
width(distance b/w lines) on equator
■ Point where prime meridian and
equator intersects: Gulf of Guinea

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 Latitudes & longitudes: degrees, minutes
and seconds to measure distance
■ Degrees are further divided into 60
minutes denoted by single line (of distance
not time)
■ Each minute is further divided into 60
seconds denoted by double line but now
denoted through decimal minutes
■ Nautical Mile(NM): distance on water is
measured in NM
■ 1 minute of latitude equals 1 NM
■ 1degree= 60minutes=60NM
■ NM for water and minute for landmass
distance
■ Remember: position of North or South is
pointed through latitudes and position of
east or west is determined through
longitudes

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PRIME MERIDIAN/GREENWICH
MERIDIEN/INTERNATIONAL TIMELINE

GREENWICH IS AT SOUTHEAST OF LONDON

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PRIME MERIDIAN/GREENWICH
MERIDIAN/INTERNATIONAL TIMELINE
■ Europe3: UK, France, Spain
■ Africa 5: Algeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Gahanna
■ Note: Algeria and Mali (tropic of caner also passes through these)
■ Antarctica: Queen Maud land
■ Cuts tropic of cancer at Algeria
■ Cuts equator: gulf of Guinee
■ Cuts tropic of Capricorn: opposite Namibia in Atlantic ocean

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 GMT

■ GMT-solar time at zero degree longitude(prime meridian)

■ UTC(coordinated universal time) replaced GMT in 1972.
updated version of GMT with more precision.
■ Time zones: region on earth that use same local time
■ Royal observatory of Greenwich longitude 00
degree00minute, 00 seconds
■ October 1884 international meridian conference held in
Washington D.C., to mark prime meridian as base.(in the
backdrop of trains time difference)

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YASIN OFFICERS ACADEMY, GARDEN TOWN, GUJRANWALA 0553835407 03339474061
Time calculation

■ (West to East) 360 degree in 24

hours i.e 15 degree in one hour i.e
15 degrees in 60 minutes
■ i.e 1 degree in 4minutes
■ + E, -W
■ Time zones:
■ prime meridian +-7.5degree first
zones (same time)
■ 7.5 to 22.5: +1 zone
■ 22.5 to 37.5=+2 zone

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Exercise1:

■ If is 12noon at Greenwich , calculate local time at 30degree W and 65degree east

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Exercise1---solved:

■ If is 12noon at Greenwich , calculate local time at 30degree W and 65degree east

■ Remember time in minutes= degree*4
■ i.e 30 degree = 30*4=120minutes= 2hours
■ And 65 degrees= 65*4=260minutes= 4hour 20minutes
■ 30degree west: less two hours i.e 10am
■ 65degree east: 4:20pm

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Exercise2:

■ Its 7pm at prime meridian. Calculate longitude of a place where local time is 1pm.

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Exercise2-solved

■ Its 7pm at prime meridian. Calculate longitude of a place where local time is 1pm.

■ Ans: 90degree west

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 International Date Line: IDL
The International Date Line, shown here as a
yellow line, defines the boundary between
calendar dates.

■ Opposite to zero degree longitude, is 180

degree longitude which is termed as
International dateline.
■ International date line and prime meridian
are anti-podal (diametrically opposite)
■ Real reason: it passes majorly through the
oceans (intentionally not made to pass
through any country so that the problem of
two different dates at one place doesn't
arise.
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■ Prime meridian passes through Royal Observatory in Greenwich near London. It
determines time change whereas International date line passes through Pacific. It
determines date change.
■ When you cross from west to east it becomes a day earlier i.e from June2 to June1
day gain). East to west becomes a day later. i.e from June2 to June 3, 1 day lost
■ Places east of Greenwich sees sun earlier and gain time and places west to
Greenwich sees the sun later and loose time.
■ 11 time zones in Russia, US 6, Australia 3

MONDAY
TUESDAY
JUNE2
JUNE3

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oceans

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 PACIFIC
■ Name given by Portuguese explorer:
Ferdinand Magellan: Mar Pacifica (
Peaceful Sea); but remember “Ring Of
Fire” is also in Pacific
■ Triangle shaped, Largest ocean, Approx.
46 to 50% of oceans water
■ 16,5200,000 sq km; 1/3 surface area of
earths surface: more than all
landmasses of earth(15,crore sq km)
■ Separates north America and south
America from Asia and Australia
■ Pacific is currently shirking whereas
Atlantic is increasing due to the effect of
plate tectonics

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PACIFIC
■ International dateline passes through
pacific
■ Challenger deep is the deepest point
in Mariana Trench (deepest region of
pacific ocean)
■ Mariana trench: Average depth
4000m
■ Depth of challenger deep: 10,994m
■ Borders with 55 countries
■ North: Bering sea (after it arctic
Ocean) , South: Ross sea, west:
Indonesia , East: coast of Columbia
■ Meets Atlantic at Drake Passage

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 PACIFIC-ATLANTIC
CONJUCTION

■ DRAKE PASSAGE
■ STRAIT OF MAGELLAN
■ Panama Canal: artificial
lake 82km wide water
way in Panama. This is
the narrowest landmass
between the two oceans

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 PACIFIC-ISLANDS 25K+
LARGEST ISLAND: NEW GUINEA (READ AS
GINI)
REMEMBER LARGEST ISLAND OF THE
WORLD GREENLAND
SECOND LARGEST: NEW GUINEA
LARGEST IN PACIFIC: NEW GUINEA

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 PACIFIC: RING OF FIRE

i. ALSO KNOWN AS CICUMSPACIFIC BELT

ii. PATH ALONG PACIFIC CHARACTERIZED BY ACTIVE
VOLCANOESA AND FREQUENT EATHQUAKES
iii. LENGTH: APPROX40,000 KMS
iv. 75% VOLCANOES(450+), 90% EARTHQUAKES, DUET
TO TACTONIC PLATES
v. MOUNT RUAPEHU(NEWZELAND))
vi. MOUNT FUJI(JAPAN)
vii. UNDER WATER VOLCANOES
viii. DEEPEST VOLCANO ON RECORD-WEST MATA(1100
METER DEPTH) SOUTHWEST OF SOLOMON ISLNADS

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 PACIFIC: GREAT
BARRIER REEF
(MARINE PARK)
■ BUIT BY MILLIONS OF TINY ORGANISMS—KNOWN AS CORAL POLYPS
■ WORLDS LARGEST CORAL REEF SYSTEM
■ LOCATED IN THE CORAL SEA OFF THE COAST OF QUEENSLAND,
AUSTRALIA
■ STRECHES OVER 2300KM
■ CAN BE SEEN FROM OUTER SPACE
■ WITH JUST 0.1% OF WORLD’S ARE, COSISTS OF 25% MARINE SPECIES
■ RISING TEMPERATURE OF SEAWATER: CORAL BLEACHING
■ RISING SEA LEVEL: MAX DEPTH TILL WHICH CORAL REEF CAN SURVIVE
IS 150 FEET.

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GREAT PACIFIC GARBAGE PATCH

■ HUGE PATCH OF GARBAGE

■ AT TWO LOCATIONS:
– Near japan- western garbage patch
– b/w California and hawaii-eastern garbage patch

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 Important fauna
■ Orca (killer whale) found only in Pacific.
■ Home to giant squid –world’s second largest invertebrates
■ N.B: Antarctic blue whale largest animal on earth

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 ATLANTIC OCEAN
■ NAME DERIVED FROM GREEK MYTHOLOGY:
ATLANTIS THALASSA: SEA OF ATLAS
■ ELONGATED S SHAPED B/W AFRICA, EUROPE,
ARCTIC OCEAN, AMERICAS AN SOUTHERN
OCEAN , SECOND DEEPEST, SECOND
LARGEST, 20% OF EATRTHS AREA, 29% OF
WATER AREA
■ AVERAGE DEPTH 3646
■ DEEPEST TRENCH: PUERTO RICO TRENCH
8376M WITH MILWAUKEE AS DEEPEST
POINT8605M
■ YOUNGEST OCEAN OF THE EARTH
(180MILLION YEARS AGO)
■ SALTIEST OCEAN: SALINITY: 33 TO 37 PARTS
PER THOUSANDS(PPM)
■ HIGHEST TIDES: AS HIHG AS 50 FEETS
■ Busiest ocean(indented coastline, b/w two
developed regions America and Europe):
Atlantic

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ATLANTIC OCEAN

■ ICEBERGS COMMON: 1912 TITANIC SANK here

■ WORLD RICHEST FISHING WATERS
■ CONTINENTAL RISE AND RICH NATURAL AND OIL
DEPOSITS
■ FIRST OECAN TO BE CROSSED BY AIRPLANE OR
SHIP
■ FIRST PASSENGER SHIP TO CROSS ATLANTIC:
CUNARD LINE 1850s
■ First solo non stop air flight by: Charles
Lindbergh(b/w new York and Paris in 1927)
■ 1st female solo flight:: Amelia Earhart in 1928
■ Largest island in the world: Green land exists in
Atlantic

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Atlantic: Sargasso sea

■ Sargosso sea: the only sea in the world without shore

■ distinguished from other part of atlantic by brown sargassum seaweed calm blue
water

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Atlantic: Cancun reef

■ Second largest barrier reef

■ Off the coast of Mexico
■ Also called Mesoamerican reef
system
■ Spread over 1000km

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Atlantic: Bermuda Triangle(Devil’s area
or Hurricane valley)
■ Triangle between Miami(Florida), Bermuda and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

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Mid Atlantic Ridge

■ Mostly underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonics

■ Discovered in 1950
■ Atlantic basin is growing at the ridge at a rate of 2.5cm per year in an east west
direction.

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Atlantic joins arctic at:

■ Denmark strait
■ Green land sea
■ Norwegian sea
■ Barents sea

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Atlantic joins Indian ocean at

■ In southeast 20 degree east meridian defines its border.

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 Indian ocean(Closed Ocean)
■ Body of water b/w Africa, southern ocean,
Australia and Asia
■ Lies in eastern hemisphere
■ M shaped, 3rd largest ocean
■ Approx. 19.8% of water on earth surface
■ Known as Indian ocean since 1515. earlier was
called Eastern Ocean.
■ Warmest ocean
■ Landlocked in north(doesn’t extend to arctic)-
closed ocean
■ Madagascar: largest island of Indian ocean, 4th
largest in the world
■ 40% off shore oil production comes from Indian
ocean
■ Sunda trench (Java trench): off the southern
coast of java Island (Indonesia) with 7450 m
depth
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