capu; Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gk;

Bio Systems Technology

f.ngh.j cau;ju njhopDl;gg;gpupT 2020 khztu;fSf;fhdJ
juk; 12
(Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk;)

Nju;r;rp 03

03.10 - epy msitapd; mbg;gilfs;

03.20 - epy msitapd; El;g Kiwfs;
03.30 - jsgPl epy msitapay;
03.40 - rq;fpyp epy msitapay;
03.50 - fsj;jpy; kl;lq;fhzy;
03.60 - kl;lq;fhzYf;fhf rkTauf; Nfhl;Lg; glkhf;fy;

Mf;fk;
jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu;
kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}}up

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 1 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 03.10 - epy msitapd; mbg;gilfs;

 ahNjDk; ,lj;jpd;{ Gs;spapd;rupahd miktplj;ijj; Njrg;glnkhd;wpd;%yk; fhl;lyhk;. Njrg;glk; jahupfF

; k;NghJ
epy msit Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Gtp kPJ ,ay;ghf mike;Js;s kw;Wk; kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU nghUspd; mikT (Location),
gUkd; (Size), jpirKfk; (Orientation) Mfpad gw;wpa rupahd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fj; Njrg;
glq;fSk; epy msitg;glKk; mtrpakhFk;.
epyj;jpd; kPJ mike;Js;s xU nghUspd; mikit ,uz;L topfspy; fhl;l KbAk;.
 jdp mikT (Absolute position)
rhu; mikT (Relative position)

jdp mikT (Absolute position)

 kj;jpa Nfhl;il X mr;rhfTk; fpuPdpr;R nel;lhq;if Y mr;rhfTk; nfhz;L fUjg;gLk; Ms;$w;Wj;
njhFjpapnahd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp ahNjDk; ,lj;jpd; mikit> mfyhq;F> nel;lhq;Ffs; %yk;
fhl;LjNy jdp mikT vdg;gLk;.
mfyhq;F> nel;lhq;Ff; Nfhzq;fisf; fzpj;Jg; ngw;W> ahNjDk; ,lj;jpd; cz;ikahd mikT { jdp
mikT fzpf;fg;gLk;.
,f;Nfhzq;fs; nghJthd rpy msit Kiwapd; NghJ msf;fg;gLtjpyi ; y vdTk;> GtpapypUe;J
thd;nghUs;fSf;fhg; (cjhuzk; : #upad; my;yJ cLf;fSf;fhf) ngWk; Nfhzq;fisf; nfhz;L
mtw;iwf; fzpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
jw;NghJ ve;jNthu; ,lj;jpdJk ; jdp mikitg; ngWtjw;fhfg; G+Nfhs ,lg;gLj;jy; njhopDl;gj;ijg;
(Global Positioning System - GPS) gad;gLj;jyhk;.

rhu; mikT (Relative position)

ahNjDnkhU Gs;spapd; jdp mikitj; Njrg; glnkhd;wpy; Fwpg;gJ. fbdkhdjhf mikAk;
re;ju;gg; q;fspy; rhu; mikT gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,jw;fhf Ms;$w;Wj; njhFjpapd; %yg;Gs;spahf> ahNjDk; Gs;spiaj; njupT nra;J nfhs;s KbtNjhL>
cyfpd; ve;jnthU ehl;ilAk; me;j ehl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd epak Ms;$w;Wj; njhFjpnahd;W fhzg;gLk;.
cjh - ,yq;ifapd; jw;Nghija epak Ms;$w;Wj; njhFjpapdg; b NgJUjhyfhiy kiy cr;rpapy;
mike;Js;s Gs;spapd; fpof;F Ms;$W 500 000 m ck; tlf;F Ms;$W 500 000 m ck; MFk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 2 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

ngUe;njUf;Fs;> fhy;tha;fs; Nghd;w ghupa epUkhzpgG; f;fspd; NghJ ,e;j Ms;$w;Wj; njhFjp
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

epymsit
Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; my;yJ Gtpapd; cl;gFjpapy; my;yJ Gtpf;F Nkyhd gFjpapy; cs;s Gs;spnahd;wpd;
rhu;mikitj; jPuk ; hdpjj; y; my;yJ epiyf;Fj;J J}uk;> fpilj;J}uk;> jpir Mfpatw;wpid mse;J mg;Gs;spia
epiyg;gLj;jNy epymsit vdg;gLk;. NkYk;> ahNjDk; fl;Lkhdj;jpll; j;jpd; kPJ mikAk; ntt;NtW
Gs;spfis cz;ikahd epyj;jpd; kPJ jhgpjj; Yk; epy msitapy; mlq;Fk;

mbg;gil epy mstPlL ; tif - Primary division of Surveying

01. Gtp ghu;jJ; mstPL - Geodetic Surveying
Gtpkhd msitapd; NghJ Gtpapd; tisjd;ikiaf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L mjw;fika msit KiwfisAk;
Nfj;jpufzpjf; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; gad;gLj;jp msf;fg;gLk; msthFk;.
c - k; :  rpwpa msTs;s Njrg;glk; my;yJ ghupa ve;jputpay; fUkq;fspd; NghJ
ghupa ehnlhd;wpd; Njrg;glj;ijj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ
cyfg; glnkhd;W jahupfF ; k; NghJ
ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpyhd Njrg;glq;fs; jahupf;Fk;NghJ

02. js mstPL - Plane Surveying

js epy msitapd; NghJ Gtpapd; tisthd tbtj;ijf; ftdj;jpwn ; fhs;sJ Gtp Nkw;gug;ghdJ xU
fpilahd jskhFk; { rkjskhd gug;ghFk; vdf; fUjp msj;jw; fUkq;fs; nra;ag;gLk;.
c - k; :- nfhOk;gpypUe;J fz;b tiuapyhd J}uj;ij msf;Fk;NghJ Gtp xU jl;ilahd jskhff; fUjg;gLk;.
,jd; NghJ rha;thd xU epyj;jpy; ngWk; mstPLfisf; fpilj;jsj;Jf;F xLf;fpfn; fhs;sy; (reduction)
Ntz;Lk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 3 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

epy msitapd; gad;ghLfs;
gpdt
; Uk; Jiwfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
fl;ll kw;Wk; Vida epUkhzpgG; f;fspy;
Njrg;glq;fs; tiujy;
tptrha eltbf;iffs;

fl;ll kw;Wk; Vida epUkhzj;Jiwfspy;

rfy rptpy; ve;jputpay; fUkq;fspdN; ghJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
ngUe;njUf;fs; mikj;jYf;fhf.
kpfg; ngupa fl;llq;fs; fl;Ltjw;fhf
ePu; toq;fy; kw;Wk; ePug; g;ghrdf; fUkq;fisj; jpll; kpLtjw;fhf
efuq;fisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhf
ePuj; N; jf;fnkhd;wpd; nfhs;ssit msg;gjw;fhf

Njrg;glq;fs; tiujypd; NghJ

J}uj;ij msj;jy; %yk; miktplj;ijf; Fwpj;jy;

tptrha eltbf;iffspy;
ePug; g; hrdf; fUkq;fspd; NghJ
gapu;j; jhgpgG; f; fUkq;fspy;
myF epyg;gug;Gf;Fj; Njitahd cs;sL P fspd; msitj; jPuk
; hdpjj; y;.
1. gris msT
2. tpijasT
3. njhopyhsu; vz;zpfi ; f
gz;izj; jpll; g;glk; tiujy;. (Farm Layout)
kl;fhg;Gf; fUkq;fspy;
rkTauf;NfhL my;yJ rkTauf; Nfhl;Lg;glk; (Map) jahupj;jy;.

mstPl;L tiffs;
Vfgupkhz epy mstPLfs; (Linear measurement)
epiyf;Fj;Jj; J}uk;
fpilj;J}uk;
Nfhz mstPLfs;
gug;gsT
fdtsT

Vfgupkhz epy mstPLfs; (Linear measurement)

ePsk; njhlu;ghd mstPLfs; Vfgupkhz mstPLfs; vdg;gLk;.
ahNjDk; Nfhl;il mikg;gjw;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L Gs;spfs; Njit MFk;. mg;Gs;spfs; ,uz;Lf;Fk;
,ilapyhd kpff; fpl;ba J}ukhdJ Neu;Nfhl;Lj; J}uk; MFk;.
J}u mstPLfspd; tiffs; tUkhW
fpilj; J}uk; (Horizontal distance)
epiyf;Fj;Jj; J}uk; (Vertical distance)
rupTj; J}uk; (Slant distance)

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 4 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

fpilf;NfhL vd;gJ epiyf;Fj;Jj; Nfhl;Lf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf tiuag;gLk; NfhlhFk;.
fpilj; J}uj;ij msf;Fk; NghJ vg;NghJk; mJ fpilj;jsnkhd;wpd; topNa msf;fg;gLk;.

fpilj;J}uq;fis msf;Fk; Kiwfs;

1. ftL itj;jy; Kiw - Pacing
2. Ntfkhdp Kiw - Odo meter
3. msf;Fk; rpy;Y Kiw - Measuring Wheel
4. J}ukhdp (epw;if cgfuzk;) Kiw - Stadia
5. msTehlh Kiw - Measuring Tape
6. rq;fpyp msj;jy; Kiw - Chaning
7. ,yj;jpudpay; Kiw - Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM)

ftL itj;jy; Kiw - Pacing

cgfuzq;fspdw ; p fpilj;J}uj;ij mstpLk; KiwahFk;.

,jd; %yk; mz;zsthd ngWkhdj;jpy; J}uj;ij msf;fyhk;.
J}uk; = ftLfspd; vz;zpfi ; f x xU ftl;bd; ePsk;
Distance = no. of steps x length x length of a step

1. ftLfspd; ePsj;jpd; ruhrupiag; ngWjy;.

Fwpgg; pl;l J}uj;ij ele;J ruhrupahf xU ftl;bd; ePsj;ij mwpe;J msj;jy;.
c - k; : 30 m J}uj;ij msT ehlhtpdhy; mse;J> mj;J}uj;ij %d;W jlitfs; ele;J ftLfspd; vz;zpfi ; fia
FwpjJ ; f; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
1k; Kiw - 40 ftLfs;
2k; Kiw - 39 ftLfs;
3k; Kiw - 40 ftLfs;
nkhj;jf; ftLfspd; vz;zpfi ; f 119 ftLfs;> ruhrup ftLfspd; vz;zpfi; f 119 / 3 = 40 MFk;.
ruhrupahd xU ftl;bd; ePsj;ij fzpjj; y;
30 x 100 cm
40
= 75 cm
xU ftl;bd; ePsk; 75 cm vdpd>;
A, B vd;w ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;fpilapyhd ftLfspd; vz;zpfi ; f 43
/ ePsk; = 43 x 75 = 3225 cm = 32.25 m
,k;Kiwapy; nrk;ik 1/50 (2%) MFk;. (mjhtJ> 50 m f;F 1 m msT NtWglyhk;) thfdq;fspy;
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s Ntfkhdp %yk; J}uj;ij msf;Fk; KiwahFk;.

Ntfkhdp Kiw - Odo meter

thfdq;fspy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s Ntfkhdp %yk; J}uj;ij msf;Fk; KiwahFk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 5 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 ; Kiw - Measuring Wheel
msf;Fk; rpyY

,J ifgpbAk; gjpapAk; nfhz;l cUl;br; nry;yj;jf;f tl;l tbtr; rpyy ; hFk;. ,jid epyj;jpd; kPJ cUl;br;
nry;Yk; Kd; 0 ,w;Fr; nrg;gQ; nra;J> xU Gs;spapypUe;J mLj;j Gs;spfF; gazpjj; J}uk; khdpapy; gjpthFk;.

; f cgfuzk;) Kiw - Stadia

J}ukhdp (epwi

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 6 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

,q;F J}ukhdp> Levelling Rod Mfpad gad;gLj;jp fpilj;J}uk; msf;fg;gLk;.
cgfuzj;jpd; Clhf Levelling Rod I mtjhdpjJ; ,uz;L thrpgG; f;fs; ngwg;gLk;.
1. Upper Stadia reading
2. Lower Stadia reading

,uz;L thrpgG; f;fSf;fpilahd tpj;jpahrk; (S) fzpff; g;gLk;. Stadia Interval vdg;gLk;. ,jpypUe;J
gpdt; Uk; rkd;ghL %yk; fpilj;J}uk; msf;fg;gLk;.
D = KS + C
,q;F K, C vd;gd khwpypahFk;. ,tw;wpd; ngWkjp vy;yh cgfuzj;jpYk; Fwpff; g;gl;bUf;Fk;.
(K=100, C=0)
,jd; %yk; msf;f ,uz;LNgu; Njit
1. Instrument man 2. Rod man

msTehlh Kiw - Measuring Tape

J}uj;ij { ePsj;ij msg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa rq;fpyp Kiwapd; %yk; msg;gJ fbdkhifahy;
msf;Fk; fUkj;ij vspjhf;Fk; nghUl;L msj;jy; ehlh mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
vspjhfg; gad;gLj;j Kbjy;> ,lj;Jf;fplk; vspjhff; nfhz;L nry;yj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;. fpilahf itj;jpUf;
fj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy; Mfpad fuzkhf msj;jy; ehlh rduQ;rfkhd xU ePs mstplL ; cgfuzkhf ,lk;
gpbj;Js;sJ.
re;ijapy; ntt;NtW ePs msTfisf; (cjh:50m, 30m, 20m) nfhz;l msf;Fk; ehlhf;fs; fhzg;
gLfpd;wikahy; me;je;jr; re;ju;gg; j;Jf;Fg;; nghUj;jkhd msf;Fk; ehlhitj; njupT nra;J nfhs;Sk;
trjp cs;sJ.
ngUk;ghyhd msit ehlhf;fs; Jzpapdhy; my;yJ cNyhfky;yhj jputpaq;fshy; (Material) nra;ag;
gl;Ls;sikahy;> ntg;g tpupT fhuzkhf Vw;glj;jf;f tOtpd; nry;thf;if ePff; pf; nfhs;syhk;.
mNefkhd fpilj;J}uq;fs; ,k;Kiw %yk; msf;fg;gLfpdw ; J. ,k;Kiwapy; msg;gjw;F ,uz;L Ngu; Njit.
1. Head Tape man - msT ehlhtpd; G+r;rpa me;jj;ij gpbj;J Kd;dhy; nry;gtu;.
2. Rear Tape man - gpdd; hy; nry;gtu;
,q;F ,uz;L tifahd Kiwapy; ePsq;fs; msf;fg;gLk;.
1. msf;Fk; ehlhtpd; ePsj;jpYk; Fiwthd ePsj;ij msj;jy;
2. msf;Fk; ehlhtpd; ePsj;jpYk; $ba J}uj;ij msj;jy;

msT ehlhtpdhy; Vw;gLk; tYit nrk;ikahf;fy;

msTehlhitg; gad;gLj;jp J}uj;ij mstpLk;NghJ> msTehlh ,OgLjy; kw;Wk; jahupg;gpd; Nghjhd
Fiw Mfpad fhuzkhf ngwg;gLk; thrpgg ; pd; nrk;ik Fiwtilaf; $Lkhifahy; (ePs msT
NtWghL) ,jid eptu;j;jp nra;a gpd;tUk; rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp cz;ik ePsk; mstplg;gLk;.

La = Da La = msf;Fk; ehlhtpd; tYTld; $ba ePsk;

Ln Dn Ln = msf;Fk; ehlhtpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l ePsk;
Da = msf;fg;gl;l tYTld; $ba J}uk;
Dn = msf;fg;gl;l J}uk;

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 7 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

fzpg;G
1. ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;fpilapyhd msf;fg;gl;L> mwpfi ; fg;gLj;jg;gl;l J}uk; 650m mFk;. gpd;du; msf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l 100m msT ehlh cw;gj;jptY fhuzkhf 15 cm $Ljyhf ,Ug;gJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;tsT ehlhtpdhy; msf;fg;gl;l nka;J}uj;ijf; fhz;f.
La = 100.15 m, Ln = 100.00 m, Da = ?, Dn = 650 m
100.15 /100 = Da / 650
Da = 100.15 x 650 / 100
= 65097.5 / 100
Da = 650.975 m

rq;fpyp msj;jy; Kiw - Chaning

J}uj;ij msg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l kpfg; gz;ila Kiw rq;fpyp msit KiwahFk;.
Nrw;W epyk;> fhL Nghd;wtw;wpy; fpilj;J}uk; msg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jid ePzl; fhyk; ghtpff;
KbAk;. gytifahd rq;fpyp tiffs; cs;sd.
1. ve;jpup rq;fpyp - Engineer's Chain
,J 100 ,izg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. xU ,izg;gpd; ePsk; 1 mbahFk;.
10,izg;GfSf;FxUjlitxUtpNrlmilahsk; fhzg;gLk;. 10> 90f;F> 20> 80f;F> 30> 70f;F> 40>
60f;F> 50 f;F vd milahsk; fhzg;gLk;. ,t;tilahsj;ijf; nfhz;L ePsj;ij mse;J nfhs;syhk;.

2. fz;lu; rq;fpyp
,J 100 ,izg;Gf;fis nfhz;lJ. ,r;rq;fpypapd; nkhj;j ePsk; 66 mb MFk;. 80 fz;lu; rq;fpyp msT
xU ikyhFk;.

3. kPww
; u; rq;fpyp
,r;rq;fpyp 100 { 50 ,izg;Gf;fis nfhz;lJ. xU ,izg;gpd; ePsk; 20 cm MFk;. xt;nthU Ie;J
kPww
; Uf;Fk; milahsf; Fwp fhzg;gLk;.

Njitg;gLk; cgfuzq;fs;
1. Tape / Chain - msTehlh { rq;fpyp
2. Taping Pins - nug;gpq; gpd;
3. Plum Bobs - J}f;Ff; Fz;L
4. Range Pols - tupirg;ghl;Lf; fk;gq;fs;
5. Hand level - ifkl;lq;fhzp

,yj;jpudpay; Kiw - Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM)

,uz;L tifahd cgfuzq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw ; J.
1. Micro Wave cgfuzk;
2. Infrared cgfuzk;
jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 8 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up
epiyf;Fj;Jj; J}uq;fis msf;Fk; Kiwfs;
J}f;Ff; Fz;nlhd;wpid E}ypy; njhq;ftpLNthkhapd; me;E}ypdhy; epiyf;Fj;Jf;Nfhnlhd;W fhl;lg;gLk;.
mf;Nfhl;il ePlL; Nthkhapd; mJ Gtpapd; eLg;Gs;spfF
; f; FWf;fhff; nry;Yk;.
rpff; yhd #oy;fspy; Vfgupkhz (ePs ) mstPLfis khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp> mstPlL ; f; fUkq;fisr; nra;a
Kbahj re;ju;gg; q;fspy; Nfhz mstPLfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;fhf ahNjDk; Gs;spiag; gw;wpj; jpll; tl;lkhd xU Nfhl;bypUe;J kw;WnkhU jpll; tl;lkhd NfhL
tiuapy; Rod;w msT mse;njLf;fg;gLk;.

epy msitapy; Nfhz tif tUkhW>

1. epiyf;Fj;J jsj;jpyhd Nfhzq;fs; (Vertical angles)
2. fpilj;jsj;jpyhd Nfhzq;fs; (Horizontal angles)

epiyf;Fj;J jsj;jpyhd Nfhzq;fs; (Vertical angles)

ahNjDk; mstPlL ; cgfhuzj;jpd; epiyf;Fj;J mr;rpd; topNa epiyf;Fj;Jf; Nfhzk; 000 00' 00'' MFk;.
cgfuzj;jpd; njhiyfhl;bia epiyf;Fj;Jj; jsj;jpy; mirg;gjhy; epiyf;Fj;Jf; Nfhzj;ij msf;fyhk;
,jd;NghJ xU Fwpj;j ,lj;jpy; <u;itf; Nfhl;bd; topNaahd Nfhzk; 1800 00'00'' MFk.;
xU kuj;jpd; cauk;> xU kiyapd; cauk;> Nghd;w cauq;fs; njhlu;ghd mstPLfspd; NghJk; mJ
njhlu;ghd fzpjj; y;fspd; NghJk;> epiyf;Fj;Jj; jsj;jpd; Nfhzq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
kunkhd;wpd; cauj;ijf; fzpj;jy;

kuj;jpd; cauk; = h1 + h2

fpilj;jsj;jpd; Nfhzq;fs;
,J %d;W tifg;gLk;.
1. mik Nfhzq;fs; - Included angles

,jd;NghJ mstPl;L cgfuzj;ij ahNjDk; mstPl;L ,lj;jpy; ,lg;gLj;jp> Fwpj;j mstPl;Lf;

NfhLfspuz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapyhd mik Nfhzk; msf;fg;gLk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 9 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 mff;Nfhzq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif = (gf;fq;fs; njhif - 2) x 1800

ahNjDk; gy;Nfhzpapd; mff;Nfhzq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif %yk; Nfhzq;fis msf;Fk;NghJ

Vw;gLk; tOitf; fzpj;Jf; nfhs;s KbtJ ,jd; mD$ykhFk;.

2. jpwk;gy; Nfhzq;fs; - Deflection angles

,q;F gy;Nfhzpapd; gf;fnkhd;iw ePl;Ltjhy; cUthFk; Gwf;Nfhzk; msf;fg;gLk;.

ahNjDk; gy;NfhzpapdJ Gwf;Nfhzq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 3600 Mjyhy; Nfhzq;fis msf;Fk;;
NghJ Vw;gLk; tOf;fis ,q;F fzpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

3. jpirNfhs; - Bearing
Vw;fdNt jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l jpl;ltl;lkhd xU jpirf;Fr; rhu;ghff; fpilj;jsj;jpy; tyQ;Ropahf
msf;fg;gl;l NfhzNk jpirNfhs; vdg;gLfpwJ.
,t;thwhf Vw;fdNt jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l jpir tlf;fhfTk;> mse;j Nfhzk; tyQ;Ropahf 00 f;Fk;
3600 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Nfhzkhf ,Uf;F Ntz;Lk;.

mstPl;L myFfs;
1. gpupj;jhdpa Kiw - iky;> ahu;> mb> ,whj;jy;
12 mq;Fyk; - 1 mb
3 mb - 1 ahu;
1 ghfk; - 6 mb
22 ahu; - 1 rq;fpyp
10 rq;fpyp - 1 gu;yhq;
08 gu;yhq; - 1 iky;
16 mTd;]; - 1 ,whj;jy;
14 ,whj;jy; - 1 J}f;F
112 ,whj;jy; - 1 me;ju;

2. ru;tNjr Kiw - Standard International Unit System - kPw;wu;> fpNyh kPw;wu;> fpNyh fpuhk;> yPw;wu;

tiu glnkhd;wpd; (map) $Wfs;

mstpil (Scale)
FwpaPLfs; (Symbols)
Rl;b (Index)
tlf;Fj; jpir
mstpil (Scale)
mstpil vd;gJ> cz;ikahd epyj;jpd; kPJ cs;s mstPLfSf;Fk; glj;jpd; kPJ cs;s mstPL
fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ghFk;.
jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 10 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up
cjh : 1 : 1000 mstpil vd;gJ epyj;jpd; kPJ 1000 cm J}uj;ij glj;jpd; kPJ 1cm ,dhy; fhl;LtjhFk;.
glnkhd;wpd; kPJ msTj;jpl;lnkhd;wpid %d;W Kiwfspy; fhl;lyhk;.
1. gpd;dkhf my;yJ tpfpjkhf (As a fraction or a ratio)
cjh : 1 my;yJ 1 : 1000
1000
2. thrfkhff; fhl;Ljy;
cjh : 1cm ,dhy; 10m
3. tiughff; fhl;Ljy;
10 0 10 20 30 40 m

1 0 1 2 3 4 cm

glnkhd;Wf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd mstpil nahd;wpidj; njupT nra;Ak;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s

Ntz;ba fhuzpfs;
Fwpf;Nfhs;
mstpLk; gug;G
glk; tiuAk; fljhrpapd; msT
juTfspd; msTk; nrk;ikAk;
juTfspd; jug;gz;G
epjp Mw;wy;
fhyk; (Time)

FwpaPLfs; (Symbols)
tiu glq;fs; jahupf;Fk;NghJ mtw;wpd; kPJ juTfisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhf ntt;NtW FwpaPLfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,f;FaPLfspd; tbtKk; gUkDk; (msTk;) glj;jpd; mstpilf;Nfw;g NtWgLk;.
cjh: ahNjDk; efuj;jpd; tbtj;ijg; ngupa mstpilg; glnkhd;wpd; (Large scale map) kPJ
(cjh : 1 : 10000) ahNjDk; gug;gstpdhy; fl;lg;gLtNjhL> mNj efuk; rpwpa mstpilg;
glnkhd;wpd; kPJ (Small scale map) (cjh : 1 : 1000000) Gs;spnahd;wpdhy; fhl;lg;gLk;.
mjw;fika glnkhd;wpd; kPJ gpujhdkhf> %d;W tifahd FwpaPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
1. Gs;spf; FwpaPLfs; : Point symbols
cjh : ngupa mstpilg; glnkhd;wpd; kPJ kpd;tpsf;Ff; fk;gnkhd;W> njhiyNgrpf; fk;gnkhd;W
rpwpa mstpilg; glnkhd;wpd; kPJ xU ehL> xU efuk;

2. Nfhl;Lf; FwpaPLfs; : Line symbols

cjh : ngUe;njU> MW Nghd;w Nfhl;Lj; juTfisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLk; FwpaPLfs;.
3. gug;gsitf; fhl;Lk; FwpaPLfs; Area symbols
cjh: ghupa epyg; gFjpnahd;wpidf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfg; gad;gLk; FwpaPLfs;.
eLj;ju mstpilg; glq;fs;: (1 : 50,000) %yk; rpwpa gug;gstpDs; ngupa jfty;fs; fhl;lg;gLk;.
rpW mstpilg; glq;fs; (1 : 250,000) ghupa gug;gsT cs;slf;fg;gLtNjhL jfty;fs; FiwthfNt
mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.
rkTauf; Nfhl;Lg; glnkhd;wpy; NfhLfs; njhiytpy; mikAnkdpd; me;epyk; rkjskhd epykhFk;.
rkTauf; Nfhl;Lg; glnkhd;wpy; NfhLfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W mUfUNf mikAnkdpd; me;epyk; rupthd
epykhFk;.
jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 11 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up
jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 12 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up
jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 13 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up
 03.20 - epy msit El;g Kiwfs;
epy msitf;fhfg; gpdt; Uk; El;g Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
jsgPl Kiw epy msit
rq;fpyp Kiw epy msit
jpirfhl;b Kiw epy msit (Compass surveying)
jpNahliyw;W Kiw epy msit
,yj;jpudpay; (g+uzkhd) Kiw J}u mstPL (EDM - Electronic Distance Measurement)
xspg;gl msit (Photogrammetry)
g+Nfhs ,lq;fhzy; Kiwik (Global Positioning systems - GPS)

01. jsgPl epy msit (Plane table surveying)

jsgPlj;ijAk; NtW rpy tpNrl cgfuzq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp> ahNjDk; epyg;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s
ntt;NtW nghUs;fspd; mikT njhlu;ghd mstPLfisg; ngw;W msTj;jpll; g;gb glk; tiujy; jsgPl
epy msit MFk;.
Kf;fhyp kPJ nghUj;jg;gg; l;l jsgPlj;jpd; kPJ tiujy; fljhrpnahd;W ,izj;J cupa tpNrlkhd rpy
cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> epy msit nra;ag;gLk;.
,k;Kiw %yk; rpwpa epyg;gFjpfis ,yFthf msf;fyhk;.
msj;jy; nrad;KiwAk;> jpll; g;glj;ij tiujy; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Vf fhyj;jpy; nra;ag;gLfpdw ; ik ,jd;
rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

jsNkirapd; mE$yq;fs;
1. JupjkhdJ> rpwpa gug;gstpw;F Vw;wJ.
2. fsf;FwpgG; Njitapy;iy> fsg;Gj;jfj;jpy; gjpAk;NghJ Vw;gLk; jtW jtpuf; f; g;gLk;. Neubahf tiue;J
nfhs;syhk;.
3. fsj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mk;rq;fis xg;gplL
; f; nfhs;syhk;.
4. mstpLfis jtwtpLtjw;fhd rhj;jpakpyi ; y.
5. fsj;jpy; cs;s milahsq;fis Neubahf guplr; pff; yhk;.
6. xOq;fw;w cUtikg;Gf;fisf;$l rupahf tiuayhk;.
7. nryT Fiwthd KiwahFk;.
8. mjp$ba Nju;rr; p mtrpakpy;iy.

jsNkirapd; gpujp$yq;fs;
1. ngupa gug;gstpwF
; nghUj;jkw;wJ.
2. msf;Fk; ,lk; jpwe;jntspahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. kioNeuj;jpy; msf;f KbahJ.
4. rupahd mstPL vLg;gJ fbdk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 14 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

5. #upaxspapdhy; mstPLfSf;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLk;.
6. cgfuzj;ij efu;jJ ; tjdhy; tOf;fs; Vw;gl ,lKz;L.
7. fsg;Gj;jfj;jpy; gjpTfs; ,y;yhky; nra;tjhy; kPzL; k; msf;Fk; NghJ gy gpur;rpidfis vjpuN; ehf;f
,lKz;L.
8. ghhpa gug;Gs;s NkL> gs;sk;> mlh;ej; fhL> jilfs;> kzw;gug;Gs;s gFjpfSf;F nghUj;jkw;w Kiw

02. rq;fpyp Kiw epy msit

cNyhff; fk;gpfis tisj;J ,izg;Gf;fshf ,izjj;J cUthf;fpa "rq;fpyp" vDk; cgfhuzj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gLk; epy msitNa rq;fpyp Kiw epy msit vdg;gLfpwJ.
Vfgupkhz (Nfhl;L) mstPLfis khj;jpuk; ngw;W epyj;ij
Kf;Nfhzpfshf tFj;J epy msit nra;ag;gLk;.
kpfr; rpwpa epyg;gFjpfis msg;gjw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
,yFthf fhzpiz msg;gjw;fhd KiwahFk;.
Njitahd cgfuzq;fs; kpff;FiwT. ,uz;L rq;fpypfs;
khj;jpuk; ,Ue;jhNy NghJkhdjhFk;. J}uq;fs; khj;jpuNk
msf;fg;gLk;. mjhtJ Nfhzq;fs; jpirNfhs;fs; msf;f KbahJ.
mstPLfis fsj;jpy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L> fzpjj; y;fis mYtyfj;jpy; nra;ayhk;.
rpwpa jl;ilahd fhzpfSf;F kpfg;nghUj;jkhdJ.
ngWNgWfs; mjpfk; nrk;ikahdJ.

03. jpirfhl;b Kiw epy msit (Compass surveying)

mupaj; jpirfhl;bnahd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp> ahNjDk; Nfhl;bd; jpirNfhs; (bearing) mjhtJ mf;NfhL
tlf;Fj; jpirapypUe;J tyQ;Ropahf mikf;Fk; Nfhzk; msf;fg;gLk;.

jpirfhl;b epymsit rpghh;R nra;ag;gl;Ls;s re;jh;gg ; q;fs;

1. epymsit nra;a Ntz;ba ,lk; nghpjhf ,Uj;jy;
2. MWfs; fhzg;gLk; re;jh;gg; q;fs; fiuNahuq;fis epymsit nra;Ak;
NghJ .fpilj;jsj;jpYk; epiyf;Fj;Jj; jsj;jpY
3. jilfs; mjpfk; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs;
4. Kf;Nfhzthf;fy; nghUj;jkw;w ,lq;fs;
5. fhLfspd; vy;iyfs; Nghd;w jplg; k; Fiwe;j vy;iyfis mse;J eph;zapjj; y;

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 15 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

mD$yq;fs;
ngupa epyg; gFjpfis msf;fyhk;.
jpirfhl;b rpwpajhfTk; ,yFthf nfhz;L nry;yf; $ba gUkidAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,f;fUtp vspikahd mikg;gpidf; nfhz;bUg;gjd; fhuzkhf ifahStJ ,yFthfTs;sJ.
jpnahliyw;iwf; fhl;bYk; ,yFthfTk; tpiuthfTk; Nfhzq;fis mtjhdpff; yhk;.
rq;fpyp epymstPlb; dhy; epymstPL nra;aKbahj ,lq;fspy; ,k;Kiwapid gad;gLj;jyhk;.

gpujp $yq;fs;
cgfuzkhdJ ntt;NtW fhe;jg; Gs;spfspd; jhf;fj;Jf;F cs;shtjhy; thrpgG; f;fspd; nrk;ik
FiwthfNt ,Uj;jy;
jiuj;Njhw;w NtWghLfs; mjpfKs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; msg;gJ fbdkhdJ.

04. jpNahliyw;W Kiw epy msit (Theodolite surveying)

Nfhz mstPLfs; ngWtjw;fhf jpNahliyw;W vDk; cgfuzk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ePs mstPLfisg;
ngWtjw;fhf nghJthd msit ehlh gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
fpilj;jsf; Nfhzq;fisAk; epiyf;Fj;Jj; jsf; Nfhzq;fisAk; ,jd; %yk; msf;fyhk;.
Mhpaj; jpirfhl;bapdhy; fpilf;Nfhzq;fs; rpy fiyfspd; jplg; j;jpwN; f msf;fKbAk;
Mdhy; jpNahliyw;Wfspdhy; tpfiyapd; jrk;jhdq;fSf;Fk; msf;fKbAk;.

jpNahliyw;W Kiwapd; gad;fs;

Neubahfr; nrd;wila Kbahj kl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s
kuj;jpd; my;yJ fl;llj;jpd; cauj;ijj; Jzpayhk;.
cjh: KO epyj;jpd; mjpfsthd gFjpapy; fl;lk; mike;Js;s
NghJ
msf;f Ntz;ba fhzp rkjskw;wjhf ,Ug;gjhy; fpilj;
J}uq;fis msg;gjpy; ,lu;ghLfs; cs;sNghJ
tprhykhd fhzpfis msg;gjw;F
fhzpapy; gy fl;llq;fs; my;yJ gy juTfs; fzg;gLk;
NghJk; fhzpiar; rpy Kf;Nfhzpfshfg; gpupgg; J fbd
khdjhf ,Uf;Fk; re;ju;gg; q;fspd; NghJk;.

05. ,yj;jup dpay; Kiwapy; J}uj;ij msj;jy; (Electronic distance measurement - EDM)
,k;Kiwapd; NghJ Vfgupkhz (Nfhl;L) mstPLfs; ngwg;gLk;. ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;F ,ilapyhd J}uj;jpdJ
Neubahd thrpgi; gg; ngwyhk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 16 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

NtW Kiwfs; cjhuzk; : ftl;ls tPlL ; Kiw> rq;fpyp Kiw> msit ehlh Kiw %yk; J}uj;ij msg;gJ
eilKiwr; rhj;jpakw;w re;ju;gg; q;fspy; ,k;Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
cjh: thfd neupry; fhuzkhf tPjpapd; ahNjDk; gFjpapdJ mfyj;ij msg;gJ fbdkhf mikAkhapd;
,t;Tgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp mjid msf;fyhk;.

cgfuzj;jpd; njhopwg; hL
kpdf; he;j miyr; nrYj;Jif %yk; J}uk; jPuk ; hdpff; g;gLk;. cgfuzj;jpdhy; ntspaplg;gLk; kpdf; jpu;
nry;Yk; fjp khwhg; ngWkhdKilaJ. vdNt> msg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; mr;rpd; topNa xU
Gs;spapy; Kf;fhypkPJ cgfuzk; jgpff; g;gLk;. kw;iwa Gs;spkJ P mupankhd;W epWj;jg;gl;Ls;s Nfhy;
epiyf;Fjhf epWj;jg;gLk; cgfuzj;jpd; njhiyfhl;b mupaj;ij rupahf ,yf;Fitj;J> msj;jYf;Fupa
fl;lisia toq;Fk; nghj;jhid mOj;jpaTld; cgfuzj;jpypUe;J kpdf; jpu; ntspgg; l;L mJ mupaj;jpd;
kPJ gl;L kPs cgfuzj;ij te;jilAk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 17 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 cgfuzj;jpdhy; ntsptplg;gLk; kpd; fjpu; mupaj;ijr; nrd;wile;J kPzL
; k; cgfuzj;ij te;jil
tjw;Fr; nrythFk; Neuj;ijf; nfhz;L mt;tpuz;L Gs;spfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd J}uk; fzpff; g;gLk;.
NkYk;> ,e;j ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd epiyf;Fj;Jf; Nfhzj;ij msg;gjd; %yk; fpilj;
J}uk; fzpff; g;gLk;. ,r;nrad;Kiw cgfuzj;jpdhy; jd;dpahf;fkhfr; nra;ag;gLk;. Fwpjj; J}uj;Jf;
Fupa thrpgG; cgfuzj;jpd; fhl;rpjj; piu kPJ fhl;rpaspfF
; k;.

06. cyfshtpa topfz;lwpjy; nra;kjp Kiwik (Global Navigation Satellite system - GNSS)

Gtpiar; #o xOf;Ffspy; jhgpff; g;gl;Ls;s nra;kjpj; njhFjpnahd;wpd; %yk; jfty;fisg; ngw;W epyj;jpd;
jdp (Absolute) mikitj; Jzptjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU KiwNa ,JthFk;.
,J GPS Kiw GLONASS Kiw Mfpa ,uz;L KiwfsJk; Nru;khdj;jpyhdJ.
GPS - 1995 ,ypUe;J 32 nra;kjpfs; %yk; nra;ag;gLk; xU nrad;KiwahFk;.
GLONASS -u\;ahtpdhy; 1995 ,y; 24 nra;kjpfisf; nfhz;L elj;jp tug;gLk; xU nrad;KiwahFk;.
,k;Kiwfspd; gpujhdkhd Nfhl;ghL> mwpag;gl;l xu ; ,lj;jpypUe;J mwpag;glhj xu; ,lj;ij mikf;Fk;
El;gKiwahFk;.
; (Reciever) toq;fg;gLk;
Gtpiar; #o epjKk; rQ;rupf;Fk; ,e;j nra;jpfs; %yk; Gtp kPJ cs;s thq;fpfF
juTfs; %yk; mjw;F mikthd Ms;$Wfs; jug;gLk;
GPS Kiw %yk; ehd;F nra;kjpfshy; jug;gLk; juTfs; %yk; Fwpjj; ,lj;jpd; mikT jug;gLk;.
,k;Kiwapd; %yk; mstPlb; d; nrk;ikia mz;zsthf 1 cm tiu Ngz KbAk;.
cjh : Smart tifj; nry;Ngrpfspy; cs;s $Fs; glk; %yk; jhk; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijf; fhl;Ljy;.
Fwpj;j cgfuzj;jpy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s thq;fpapd; (Receiver) typikapNyNa ,j;njhopDl;gj;jpd;
nrk;ik (Accuracy) jq;fpAs;sJ.

; l msit (Photogrammetry surveying)

07. xspgg

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 18 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

,k;Kiwapd; NghJ Mfha tpkhdj;jpy; nghUj;jg;gl;l fkuh %yk; Fwpjj; gpuNjr xspgg; lk; gpbf;fg;gLk;.
,t;nthspgg; lk; fzpdpapy; cs;s tpNrlkhd nkd;nghUnshd;wpdhy; Kg;gupkhzg; glkhf (3D drawing)
cUthf;fg;gLk;. gpdd
; u; mt;nthspgg; lq;fis xd;wpd; kPJ xd;whf ,izg;gjd; %yk; epyj;jpd; cauk;
fzpf;fg;gLk;.

08. Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwik (Geographic Information System - GIS)

,J fzpdp %yk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; xU glthf;f KiwahFk; xNu glj;jpd; kPJ gy;NtW jfty;fisf;
nfhz;l glq;fisf; fzpdpg;gLj;jyhk;.
xNu glj;jpd; %yk; gy;NtW jfty;fisg; ngw KbtJ ,k;Kiwapd; xu; mD$ykhFk;.
cjh: ePuj; N; jf;fq;fs;> fhLfs;> MWfs; Nghd;wit
GIS vd;w fzpdp td;nghUs;> nkd;nghUs;> Gtpapay; juTfs; > jdpegh;> Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
 ,j;njhFjpahdJ tpidj;jpwdhf ,l my;yJ Gtpapay; juTfis ifg;gw;wy;> Nrkpjj; y; > ngUf;fy;>
gFg;gha;jy;> Kfhik nra;jy;> njhpag;gLj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
,q;F juTfs; Vector, Raster tiffspy; ngwg;gLfpJ

ed;ikfs;
1. fsj;jpw;Fr; nry;yhky; Neutpuak; ,d;wp Gtpapay; juTfis Nkk;gLj;jy;
2. rhpahd juTfis toq;fy; 3. rpwe;j vjph;T$wYk; gFg;gha;Tk;
4. juTfis ghh;j;J ,yFtpy; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f Kbjy;> gpur;rpidfSf;F jPh;TfhzYld;
mtw;iw ,yFtpy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

jPikfs;
1. cs;sf tO fhuzkhf ngUksT ghjpg;Gf;fs; Vw;gly;
2. nkd;nghUl;fs; tpiy $bait
3. ghjpf;fg;gl;l ghfq;fs; cs;s ,lj;jpd; jpUj;j NtiyfSf;F $ba fhyk; Njit.
4. Guhjd glq;fis xd;wpizj;jy; fbdk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 19 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 03.30 - jsgPl msit - Plan Table Surveying
jsNkiriag; gad;gLj;jp> rpwpa fhzpfspd; glnkhd;iw msTj;jpl;lg;gb tiue;J gug;ig fhZk;
KiwahFk;.
,jd; %yk; fhzpapd; glnkhd;wpid (Map) ,yFthf msTj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb tiue;J nfhs;syhk;.
Neubahf Fwpg;gpl;l fhzpapy; tiuAk; Nkiria epWj;jp tiuayhk;.

jsgPl msitapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. JupjkhdJ> rpwpa gug;gstpw;F Vw;wJ.
2. fsf;Fwpg;G Njitapy;iy> fsg;Gj;jfj;jpy; gjpAk;NghJ Vw;gLk; jtW jtpu;f;fg;gLk;. Neubahf tiue;J
nfhs;syhk;.
3. fsj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mk;rq;fis xg;gpl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;.
4. mstpLfis jtwtpLtjw;fhd rhj;jpakpy;iy.
5. fsj;jpy; cs;s milahsq;fis Neubahf gupl;rpf;fyhk;.
6. xOq;fw;w cUtikg;Gf;fisf;$l rupahf tiuayhk;.
7. nryT Fiwthd KiwahFk;.
8. mjp$ba Nju;r;rp mtrpakpy;iy.
9. jpirfhl;b epymsit Kiwiag; (Compass surveying) gad;gLj;j Kbahj gpuNjrq;fspYk;
,jidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

jsgPl epy msit Kiwapd; gpujp$yq;fs;

kionga;af;$ba thdpiy epiyik fhzg;gLkhapd; ,k;Kiwiaf; ifahs;tJ fbdkhFk;.
ngupa gug;gstpw;F nghUj;jkw;wJ.
msf;Fk; ,lk; jpwe;jntspahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
#upaxspapdhy; mstPLfSf;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLk;.
cgfuzj;ij efu;j;Jtjdhy; tOf;fs; Vw;gl ,lKz;L.
fsg;Gj;jfj;jpy; gjpTfs; ,y;yhky; nra;tjhy; kPz;Lk; msf;Fk; NghJ gy gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;f
,lKz;L.

jsNkirapy; gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs;

jsNkir gpujhdkhd ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.
1. Kf;fhyp kPJ Vw;wg;gl;l gyif - ,J Rw;wf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;tiugyif kPJ tiujy;
jhnshd;wpid nghUj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. ,t;tiugyif ed;F gjg;gLj;jpa mupkuj;jpdhy; (Njf;F Nghd;w) Mf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
3. (40 x 30 cm my;yJ 75 x 60cm). ,J kl;lq; fhzf;$bathW Kf;fhypkPJepWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kf;fhypapd; ghjq;fisr; nrg;gQ; nra;tjd; %yk;kl;lq;fhzyhk;. rpy Kf;fhypfspy; kl;lkhf;Fk;
jpUF (levelling screw) my;yJ ge;Jf; fpz;zj; jiy (Ball and socket head) fhzg;gLk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 20 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

tl;lr; Rw;whiuak; { mypNll;L - Alidade
1. thrpg;G ngwg;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,jD}lhfg; ghu;j;Nj thrpg;G ngwg;gl;L> Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpd; Gs;sp
Fwpf;fg;gl;L NfhL tiua gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
2. ,J ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
1. Plane Alidade - js ghu;it tiuap

2. Telescope Alidade - tl;lr;Rw;whiuak; { njhiyfhl;b ghu;it tiuap

 Plumbing Fork and Plumbob - ftu;j; J}f;Ff;Fz;L - ,t;Tgfuzj;jpd; %yk; epyj;jpd; eLg;Gs;spia
tiujhspy; Fwpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

 Trough Compass - mupaj;jpirfhl;b - ,J tiujhspy; jpiria Fwpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. (tlf;F)

Spirit Lever - (ePu;kl;lk;) - jsNkiria kl;lg;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;gLk;. jsNkirapd; Kf;fhy;fis

mirg;gjd; %yk; kl;lk; rupnra;ag;gLk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 21 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

ePu;Gfh kiwg;G - fsj;jpy; kiofhuzkhf tiujy; fljhrp eidtijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
ngd;rpy;> mbkl;lk; (ruler), tiujy; Crp (Drawing pins), tupirg;ghl;Lf; Nfhy; (Rangeing poles),
kur;Rj;jpay;> mupku Kisfs; (Pegs), Fj;J}rpfs; (Arrows), kPw;wu; Kiwr; rq;fpyp (metric chain)

jsNkir msit Kiwfs;

1. Traversing - efu;j;Jk; msit Kiw (flj;Njfy;)
2. Radiation - Miua msit Kiw (Miuag;gLj;jy;)
3. Triangulation - Kf;Nfhzthf;fy; Kiw (Kf;Nfzg;gLj;jy;)

Traversing - efu;j;Jk; msit Kiw (flj;Njfy;)

1. fhzpapd; jilfis fhzg;gLfpd;wntdpd; mtw;iwj; jtpj;jthW fhzpia msf;fj;jf;f xU

KiwahFk;.
2. jsNkiria nghUj;jp> tiujy; gyifapy; tiujy; fljhrpia ,izj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. fhzpiar; Rw;wptu A, B, C, D, E vd;w Rangeing poles I eLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. Gs;sp Aapy; Fz;^rpia Fj;jp Alidade %yk; AB Nfhl;il tiujy;.
5. gpd;du;> E Gs;spia Nehf;fpthW AE Nfhl;il tiujy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. AB, AE J}uj;ij mse;J mstpilg;gb Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
7. gpd;du;> Gs;sp B f;F Nkiria efu;j;jp kl;lk; nra;J nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. B apypUe;J C I Nehf;fp
NfhL tiue;J> msTj;jpl;lg;gb Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
8. ,NjNghy; CD, DE NfhLfSk; tiue;J tiuglk; G+u;j;jpahf;fg;gLk;.
9. glj;jpd; gug;gsitf; nfhz;L fhzpapd; gug;gsitf; fhzyhk;.

Radiation - Miua msit Kiw (Miuag;gLj;jy;)

1. fhzpapd; vy;iyfs; njspthfj; njd;gLk; jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhd KiwahFk;.
2. fhzpapd; eLg;gFjpapy; xU Gs;spia njupTnra;J milahskpl;Lf; nfhs;f.
3. mt;tplj;jpy; TableI itj;J> Nkiria kl;lg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f. (ePu; kl;lk; %yk;)
4. jsgPlj;jpd; tiujw; gyifapy; fljhrpia itj;J tiujy; Crpfs; (Drawing pins) %yk;
,izj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
5. jpirfhl;bia tiujhSf;F rkhe;jukhf itj;J tlf;F njw;Fj; jpirapy; tuf;$bakhjpup tiujw;
gyifia mirj;J rupnra;J tiujw; gyifia ed;whf mirahJ ,Wf;fpf; nfhs;sTk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 22 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 6. fljhrpapd; ikag;Gs;sp O MdJ epyj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spAld; xU epiyf;Fj;Jf; Nfhl;by; mikAkhW
ftu;j;J}f;Ff; Fz;bd; JizAld; milahskpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
7. fhzpapd; vy;iy topNa tupirg;ghl;L Nfhy;fis (Ranging Poles) jhgpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
8. gpd; (Side Ruler) Alidade I eLg;Gs;spapy; itj;J Range Pole I Nehf;fp ghu;j;J NfhL fPw
Ntz;Lk;.
9. xt;nthU %iyf;Fk; (Range pole f;Fk;) Alidade %yk; NfhL fPw Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; eLg;
Gs;spapypUe;J Range pole f;Fupa J}uj;ij mse;J nghUj;jkhd msTj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb tiua
Ntz;Lk;.
10. xOq;fw;w vy;iyahapd; Range pole I neUf;fkhf ehl;b msf;f Ntz;Lk;.
11. thrpg;Gf;fis ngWk; xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; gpd;tUk; epge;jidfs; G+u;j;jpahjy; Ntz;Lk;.
jsgPlk; kl;lkhf ,Uj;jy;.
Fkpop ikaj;jpy; mike;jpUj;jy;.
,uz;L Gs;spfSk; XNu epiyf;Fj;Jf; Nfhl;by; ,Uj;jy;. (tiujy; gyif kPJs;s ikag;
Gs;spAk; epyj;jpd; nghUe;Jk; Gs;spAk;)
tiue;j glj;jpd; JizAld;> mse;j epyj;jpd; { fhzpapd; gug;gsitf; fzpAq;fs;.
,jw;fhf ntt;NtW Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJz;L.
Triangulation - Kf;Nfhzthf;fy; Kiw (Kf;Nfzg;gLj;jy;)
1. msf;f vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fhzpapy; X, Y vd ,uz;L Gs;spfisj; njupe;J Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
2. X Gs;spapd; kPJ jsNkiria epWj;jp rkg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. fljhrp kPJ cs;s Gs;sp X kPJ
Fz;Lrpnahd;iwf; Fj;jpf; nfhs;f.
3. X ,ypUe;J ftu;J}f;Ff; Fz;L %yk; epyj;jpy; mikAk; Gs;spia milahskpLf.
4. fhzpiar; Rw;wptu tupirg;ghl;Lf; Nfhy;fis eLf. (A, B, C, D, E, F)
5. X ,ypUe;J Alidade %yk; Yg; Gs;spiaf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhz;L X, YI ,izf;fTk;. ,J mbj;jsf;
NfhL (Base line) vdg;gLk;. Gs;sp Yy; Table PointI Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 23 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up
 6. X, Y J}uq;fis mstpilg;gb milahskpLf.
7. gpd; Nkiria Y Gs;spapy; itj;J kl;lg;gLj;jpagpd;> Y apypUe;J xt;nthU fk;gq;fisAk;
Alidade %yk; Nehf;fp NfhL tiujy; Ntz;Lk;. (YA, YB, YC, YD, YE) ,NjNghy; X ,ypUe;Jk;
NfhL tiuAk;NghJ> ,f;NfhL Y apypUe;J tiue;j Nfhl;il ,ilntl;Lk; tiu tiua Ntz;Lk;.
8. X, Y Gs;spfisj; njupT nra;Ak;NghJ ey;y ,ilntl;Lf; Nfhznkhd;W fpilf;FkhW Gs;spfis
njupT nra;J nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. (30 - 1500)
9. ,Wjpapy; glj;jpd; gug;gsitf; fhZjy; Ntz;Lk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 24 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

03.40 - rq;fpyp epy msit - Chain Surveying

Vfgupkhzj; (Nfhl;L) J}uq;fis khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp> fhzpnahd;wpid mse;J mjd; gug;gsitf;

fhz;gjw;fhf rq;fpypiag; gad;gLj;jp epyj;ij msj;jNy rq;fpyp epy msit (Chain surveying)
vdg;gLfpwJ.
,jw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; rq;fpypfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
nkw;wpfF; r; rq;fpyp (Metric chain)
fd;wupd; rq;fpyp (Gunter's Chain)
  ve;jpupar; rq;fpyp (Engineer's chain)
rq;fpy msit vd;gJ fhzpnahd;wpd; gug;gsitj; Jzptjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba vspikahd>
,yFthd> gioikahd> jpUj;jkhd xU KiwahFk;.
Nfhz mstPLfs; ,d;wp mjhtJ Vfgupkhz (Nfhl;L) mstPLfis khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp> tpy;ntl;ly;
%yk; mikf;fj;jf;f kpf vspa Nfj;jpu fzpj cU Kf;NfhzpahFk;. fhzpia Kf;Nfhz thf;fk;
(Triangulation) nra;J mf;fhzpapd; gug;gsitj; JzptNj rq;fpyp epy msitapd; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.

epy msitapd; NghJ Kf;Nfhzthf;fk; (Triangulation) gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ> fz;kl;lj;jpy; ed;F

mjhtJ ed;dpiyahf mikTWk; Kf;Nfhzpfs; njupT nra;ag;gLk;.
rkgf;f Kf;NfhzpNa kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd Kf;NfhzpahFk;> mt;thwhf rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzpfisg;
ngw KbahjNghJ Nfhzq;fs; 30 ghiff;Fk; 120 ghiff;Fk; ,ilg;glj;jhd Kf;Nfhzpfs; njupT
nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> rq;fpyp msitapd; NghJ nghJthf> fz;kl;lj;jpy; ed;dpiyahd Kf;Nfhzpfisj; njupT nra;J
nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdJ MFk;.
fhzpnahd;wpd; gUkl;lhd tpsf;fg; glk; tiue;J mjid Kf;Nfhzpfshfg; gpupff; j;jf;f tpjk; tUkhW.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 25 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

rq;fpyp epy msitf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba re;ju;gg ; q;fs;
juTfspd; vz;zpfi ; f Fiwthd> rkjskhd rPuhd fhzpnahd;wpid msg;gjw;fhf
Fwpj;j fhzpia kpf ,yFthf Kf;Nfhzpfshfg; gpupff; f;$ba re;ju;gg; q;fspy;
mstpy; rpwpa fhzpfis msg;gjw;fhf
jpwe;j ntspahd gFjpfs; mjpf mstpy; ,Uf;Fk; fhzpfis msg;gjw;fhf
Fwpj;j fhzpapd; ghupa msTila glnkhd;wpidj; jahupff; NeupLk; re;ju;gg; q;fspy;

rq;fpyp msit Kiwiag; gad;gLj;j Kbahj re;ju;gg ; q;fs;

rupthd epyj;ij my;yJ kiyg;ghq;fhd xU gpuNjrj;ij msj;jy;.
kpfg; ngupa fhzpfis msj;jy;
mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd juTfisf; nfhz;l fhzpfis msj;jy;
msit ,lq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd fpilj; J}uj;ij msg;gJ fbdkhd re;ju;gg; q;fspy;
fhl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fis msj;jy;.

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
,yFthf fhzpiz msg;gjw;fhd KiwahFk;.
Njitahd cgfuzq;fs; kpff;FiwT.
,uz;L; rq;fpypfs; khj;jpuk; ,Ue;jhNy NghJkhdjhFk;. J}uq;fs; khj;jpuNk msf;fg;gLk;. mjhtJ
Nfhzq;fs; jpirNfhs;fs; msf;f KbahJ.
mstPLfis fsj;jpy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L>; fzpjj; y;fis mYtyfj;jpy; nra;ayhk.; rpwpa jl;ilahd
fhzpfSf;F kpfg;nghUj;jkhdJ.
ngWNgWfs; mjpfk; nrk;ikahdJ.

Njitahd cgfuzq;fs;
ngaupy; rq;fpyp mstPL vd tof;fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhYk; jw;fhyr; Rw;Wr; #oypy; rq;fpypiag; gad;gLj;jp kpf
ePskhditfis mstpLtJ kpdr; rpukkhdjhf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,d;W msitehlh gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw ; J.
nrq;Fj;ij mstpl rpwpa msTehlh gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,jw;fika rq;fpyp mstPlL ; f;F 50 m msTehlhTk;> 20 m msTehlhTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw ; J.
MdhYk; mtrpakw;wjhf fhzg;gl;lhYk; mstPL njhlu;ghd gpdt ; Uk; cgfuzq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
; u; rq;fpyp { ve;jpupapd; rq;fpyp (Metric Chain) - fpilj;J}uq;fis msj;jy;.
kPww
cNyhf msf;Fk; ehlh - FWe;J}uq;fis msj;jy; (Fj;jsT vLj;jy; - Offsets)
ghu;it %ykl;lk; - Optical Square mupaj; jpirfhl;b - Trough Compass
Fj;J}rpfs; - Arrows mupku Kisfs; - Wooden pegs
jl;Lg;nghy;Y - Mallet fsg;gjpNtL> ngd;rpy;

rq;fpyp mstPlb
; y; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fiyr; nrhw;fs;

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 26 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

01. jsf;NfhL (Base Line ) (AB)
rq;fpyp epy msitapy; ,ad;wsTf;F KOf;fhzpAk; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; Neu;Nfhlhf msf;fj;jf kpf
ePzl; NfhNl> jsf;NfhL vdg;gLfpd;wJ. glk; tiuAk; NghJ fljhrp kPJ Kjd;Kjyhf tiuAk; NfhLk;
,JthFk;. Kf;Nfhzpfspd; kw;iwa vy;yhg; gf;fq;fSk; ,f;Nfhl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpyn; tl;L
Kiwapy; mikf;fg;gLk;.
jsf;Nfhl;ilj; njupT nra;Ak; NghJ ftdj;jpwn ; fhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
Rkhuhf> rkjskhd Nkw;gug;gpd; topNa nry;Yjy;
Rkhuhf> msf;fTs;s fhzpapd; eLg;gFjpapd; Clhfr; nry;Yjy; mjhtJ msf;fTs;s fhzpahdJ
jsf;Nfhl;bdhy; mz;zsthf rkkhd ,uz;L gFjpfshfg; gpupff; g;gLjy;
jsf;Nfhl;bd; fpilj;J}uj;ijr; rupahf msj;jy;.

02. gpujhd msit ,lq;fs; (Main survey stations) (A, B, C, D)

ahNjDk; ,uz;L gpujhd msitf; NfhLfs; re;jpf;Fk; ,lNk gpujhd msit ,lq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
nghJthf xU msitf; Nfhl;bd; ,U KidfspYk; ,uz;L gpujhd msit ,lq;fs; mikAk;.
,it> msf;Fk; epyj;jpy; Kjd;ikahd Ma;T elj;Jk; re;ju;gg; j;jpy; jhgpff; g;gLk;. gpujhd rq;fpypf;
Nfhl;bd; ,U me;jq;fspYk;> kw;Wk; Vida gpujhd Kf;Nfhzpfspd; cr;rpg; Gs;spfisAk; jhgpjJ ; f;
nfhs;sy; my;yJ ,dq;fhzNy gpujhd msit ,lq;fisf; Fwpjj; y; vdg;gLfpdw ; J.

03. Jizahd msit ,lq;fs; (Subsidiary survey stations) (E)

rpy re;ju;gg; q;fspy; gpujhd msitf; NfhLfs; %yk; khj;jpuk; rfy juTfisAk; Nrfupgg; J fbdkhdJ.
cjhuzkhf xU Fwpjj; juthdJ NtW rpy juTfshy; kiwf;fg;gl;Ls;s NghJ> mj;juTf;fhd mstPLfisg;
jsf; Nfhl;bypUe;J ngw KbahJ. mt;thwhd re;ju;gg; q;fspy; gpujhd msitf; Nfhl;bd; kPJ NtnwhU
Gs;spiaf;FwpjJ ; gpujhd msit ,lj;jpypUe;J mg;Gs;spfF ; xU Nfhl;ilj; JzpjJ
; mjd; %yk;
cupa juTf;Fupa mstPLfs; ngwg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd ,lq;fs;> Jizahd msit ,lq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

04. gpujhd msitf; NfhLfs; (Main Survey Lines) (AD, BD, BC, AC Mfpad )
ahNjDk; ,uz;L gpujhd msit ,lq;fis ,izf;Fk; NfhL gpujhd msitf;NfhL vdg;gLk;.
,t;thwhd gpujhd msitf; Nfhl;bd; %yk; epyj;jpd; kPJ cs;s juTfSf;fhd mstPLfs; ngwg;gLk;.

05. Jizahd msitf;NfhLfs; (Subsidiary Servey Lines) ( DE )

Nkw;gb tpsf;fg;glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sjw;fpzq;f (1) vDk; fl;llj;Jf;fhd mstPLfisg; ngWk; fUkj;ijg;
gpujhd msitf; NfhLfs; %yk; nra;a KbahJ. mt;thwhd re;ju;gg; q;fspy; ,t;thwhd Jizahd
msitf; Nfhnlhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jpj; juT Nrfupff; g;gLk;.

06. epUzaf; NfhLfs; (Check Lines) ( GF, HI )

,e;j msitr; nrad;Kiwapd; jpUj;jkhd jd;ikiar; (Accuracy) Nrhjpgg; jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk;
NfhLfs; epUzaf; NfhLfs; vdg;gLk;. gad;gLj;Jk; xt;nthU Kf;NfhzpfF
; k; epUzaf; Nfhnlhd;W
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

07. vjpupilfs; (Offsets) (Fj;jsTfs;)

fsj;jpy; mike;Js;s nghUs;fspy; (juTfspy); ,Ue;J gpujhd Nfhl;Lf;F tiuag;gLk; kpff; FWfpa
nrq;Fj;Jj; J}uq;fs; vjpupilfs; vdg;gLk;.
rq;fpyp epy msitapd; Kf;fpakhd xU fUkkhf vjpupilfs; mikg;gijf; Fwpgg; plyhk;. ,jw;fhf
msitf; Nfhl;bd; topNa nrd;w J}uKk; mjpypUe;J Fwpjj; juT (nghUs;) tiuapyhd J}uKk;
msf;fg;gLk;
nrq;Nfhz vjpupilfs;
msitf; Nfhl;Lf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf msf;Fk; J}uk; nrq;Nfhz vjpupil (Fj;jsT) MFk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 27 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 
  rupT vjpupilfs; (Fj;jsT) (Oblique offsets)

msitf; Nfhl;bypUe;J Gwj;Nj cs;s xU Gs;spapd; mikit ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf>

nrq;Fj;Jj; J}uj;ij msf;f Kbahj re;ju;gg; q;fspYk;> mg;Gs;sp mjpf J}uj;jpy;
mike;jpUf;Fk; re;ju;gg; q;fspYk;> nrq;Nfhzkhf mikahj vjpupilnahd;W
(Fj;jsnthd;W) ngwg;gLk;. rq;fypf; Nfhl;bd; kPJ jpl;ltl;lkhd ,uz;L Gs;spfspypUe;J
ntspgG; wg; Gs;sp tiuapyhd J}uq;fis mse;J nfhs;sNy ,q;F nra;ag;gLfpdw ; J.
,tw;iwg; glkhFk; NghJ tpwf; s; ntl;Ljy; %yk; milahs kplg;gLk;.
08. tptu tupg;glk; (Detailed drawing)
09. Gy VL (Field book)
10. Fwpj;j mstPlL ; g; glk; (Surveyed Plan)

ghlrhiy tstpy; njupT nra;J nfhz;l xU (rpW) gFjpad p ; glj;ij tiutjw;fhf rq;fpyp
msitiag; gpdt ; Uk; gbKiwfs;
Nehl;lkwp mstPL - Reconnaissance survey
ahNjDk; fhzpapy; mstPLfisf; Nrfupff; Kd;du;> msf;fTs;s fhzp njhlu;ghd mbg;gilahd
tpsf;fj;ij epy msitahsu; ngw;wpUg;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. ,t;thwhd mbg;gilahd tpsf;fj;ijg;
ngWtjw;fhf epy msitahsu; mf;fhzpapy; rQ;rupjJ ; mz;zsthfj; jfty;fisj; jpul;bf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
mjhtJ fhzpia Kf;Nfhzpfshfg; gpupfF ; k; tpjk;> msit ,lq;fspd; vz;zpfi
; f> msitf;
NfhLfspd; vz;zpfi ; f> msit ,lq;fisj; jhgpf;f Ntz;ba ,lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mtu;
jPuk
; hdpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. NkYk; Nkw;gb rfy juTfSk; cs;slq;FkhW fhzpapd; gUkl;lhd xU
glj;ij tiue;J nfhs;thu;.
,Wjpapy; epy msitf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw> gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs;> msitf;Fupa nryT>
nrythFk; fhyk; Nghd;w jPuk ; hdq;fSk; vLf;fg;gLk;.

msit ,lq;fis epyj;jpy; milahskply;

msit ,lq;fshfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa ,lq;fisj; njupTnra;J nfhz;l gpdd
; u;> me;j ,lq;fis
ku Kisfs; my;yJ rPke;J Kisfs; %yk; epyj;jpy; milahskpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. me;j ,lq;fisg;
gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; ,yFthf ,dq;fhzf;$bajhfTk; Kisapd; Nkw;gFjp epyj;jpd; Nkyhfj;
JUj;jhj tifapYk; mt;tplq;fspy; Kisfs; nghUj;jg;gLk;.

epUzaf; NfhLfSf;fhf ,lq;fis milahskply;

xt;nthU Kf;Nfhzpf;Fk; xt;nthU epUzaf; NfhL ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 28 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

msitf; NfhLfspd; ePsj;ij msj;jYk; juTfSf;fhf mstPLfs; ngWjYk; Nkw;Fwpgg; pll; rfy
fUkq;fSk; Kbtile;j gpd;du; msitf; NfhLfspd; ePsj;ij msj;jiyAk;> ntt;NtW epyj;Njhw;wq;
fSf;fhd mstPLfisg; ngWtijAk; Muk;gpff; yhk;. juT Nrfupjj; Yk; ngw;w thrpgG; f;fisg; gjpT
nra;tJk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. NkYk;> epUzaf; NfhLfspd; ePsj;ijAk; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
juTfisf; FwpfF ; k;NghJ ,yf;fq;fisAk; vOj;Jf;isAk; njspthfTk; rupahfTk; FwpjJ ; f; nfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;. (mstLP fisg; ngw;wtud;wp NtW xUtu; glj;ijj; jahupff; j; ,lKz;lhjyhy;)
me;je;jr; rq;fpypf; Nfhl;Lf;Fupa tptuq;fisf; fs Vl;by; (Field book) gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
glkhf;fypd; NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba gbKiwfs; tUkhW.
fljhrpia gyifnahd;wpd; kPJ ,izj;jy;
nghUj;jkhd xu; mstpiliaj; njupT nra;jy;.

mstpiliaj; (Scale) njupTnra;Ak; NghJ ftdj;jpwn ; fhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; tUkhW>

  glj;ij tiuAk; fljhrpapd; msT (size)
  juTfspd; msT - juTfspd; vz;zpfi ; f mjpfkhdnjdpd;> ngupa mstpilnahd;iwAk; juTfspd;
vz;zpf;if Fiwthapd; rpwpa mstpilnahd;iwAk; njupTnra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
  fhzpapd; msT : ngupa fhzpfspd; rpwpa mstpilnahd;iwAk; rpwpa fhzp vdpd; ngupa mstpil
nahd;iwAk; njupT nra;J nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
  juTfspd; nrk;ik (accuracy)
  epy msitapd; Nehf;fk; : ve;jputpay; fUknkhd;Wf;nfdpd; ngupa mstpilnahd;iwAk;> ,y;iyNay;
rpwpa mstpilnahd;iwAk; njupT nra;Jnfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
gpujhd msitf; Nfhl;il> mstpilg;gb tiue;J nfhs;f. Vida NfhLfspd; ePsq;fisf; nfhz;L>
tpy;ntl;L %yk; gpujhd msit ,lq;fsJk; mikitf; FwpjJ ; f; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
epUza ,lq;fis msitf; NfhLfs; kPJ FwpjJ ; > me;j ,lq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd J}uj;ijAk;> cz;ikahd
epyj;jpd; me;j ,lq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd J}uj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp> msitapd; nrk;ikiar; Nrhjpff;
Ntz;Lk;.
msitapd; nrk;ik gw;wpj; jpUg;jpgg; l KbAnkdpd>; Fj;jsT rhu;ej; mstPLfisAk; glj;jpy; FwpjJ;
mse;j fhzpapd; fpilg;glj;ijg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
fpilg;glj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd Vida Jizahf juTfisAk; (mstpil> tlf;Fj; jpir
Nghd;wit) milahskpl;Lg; glj;ijg; g+u;jj; pnra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
fhzpia Kf;Nfhzpfshfg; gpupjJ ; > mtw;wpd; gug;gsitf; fz;L fhzpapd; gug;gsitf; fzpff; Ntz;Lk;.
rq;fpyp epy msitapd; NghJ Vw;glj;jf;f njhopDl;gg; gpur;rpidfis ,dk; fhz Ntz;Lk;.
cgfuzk; rhu;ej; tOf;fs;
ifahSk; Kiw rhu;ej; ,lu;ghLfs;
rupthd fhzpfspy; epy msitia elj;JtJ fbdkhjy;
jlq;fy;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fspy rq;fpypia ,lKbahkw; Nghjy;.
cfg;gw;w thdpiy epiyikfspd; NghJ gad;gLj;JtJ fbdkhdJ.

rq;fpyp epy msitapd; NghJ Vw;glj;jf;f tOf;fs; tUkhW

ePsj;ij msf;Fk; NghJ Vw;glj;jf;f tOf;fs;
msTfisg; gjpT nra;Ak;NghJ Vw;glj;jf;f tOf;fs;
msit ehlhit fpilahfg; gpbj;J itj;jpUf;fhik fhuzkhf Vw;glj;jf; tOf;fs;
gjpTnra;j juTfisf; nfhz;L jpll; g;glj;ij tiuAk;NghJ Vw;glj;jf;f tOf;fs;
Fj;jsTfisj; (vjpupilfis) njhLf;Fk; NghJ Vw;glj;jf; tOf;fs;
fzpj;jy;fspdN; ghJ Vw;glj;jf;f tOf;fs;

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 29 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

Nkw;gb tOf;fspd; jhf;fj;ijf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhff; ifahsj;jf;f cj;jpfs;
cgfuzq;fisg; gad;Lj;j Kd;du; mtw;wpy; tONtJk; cz;lh vdg; gupry P pjj; y;.
jsf;Nfhl;il (Baseline) ,uz;L jlit mse;J nrtit ghu;jJ ; f;nfhs;sy;.
xt;Nthu; msitia msf;Fk;NghJ mtw;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak;NghJ kPsg; gupry P pjj; y;.
epUzaf;NfhLfs; (Check Lines) gad;gLj;Jjy;.

rq;fpyp epy msitapd; mD$yq;fs;

jpUj;jkhd xU Kiwahf ,Uj;jy;
vspikahdJ> ve;jnthU tifahd (rpwpa { ngupa) fhzpiaAk; msg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
msitf;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fs; FiwT
mstPLfisg; Gyj;jpy; ngw;W glk; tiujiyAk; fzpjj; iyAk; mYtyfj;jpy nra;aj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
rpwpa> rkjskhd fhzpfSf;Fg; ngupJk; nghUj;jkhdJ.

rq;fpyp epy msitapd; gpujp$yq;fs;

rupahd fhzpfs;> rJg;G epyq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mikg;gJ fbdkhdJ
fhLfs; kw;Wk; kuq;fs; cs;s fhzpfis mikg;gJ fbdkhdJ
kionghopAk; Ntisfspy; msg;gJ fbdkhjy;
rq;fpypiaf; ifahs;tjpy; cs;s ,lu;ghLfs;

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 30 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 03.40 - fsj;jpy; kl;lq;fhzy; - Leveling
mjw;fikag; Gtpapd; kPJ my;yJ Gtpapd; cs;Ns mike;Js;s Gs;spfspd; rhu;gstpyhd cauj;ij
mjhtJ Vw;wj;ijj; (Elevation) JzpAk; nrad;KiwNa kl;lq;fhzy; (Levelling) vdg;gLfpwJ.
fl;llq;fs; mikj;jy;> njUf;fs; mikj;jy;> fhy;tha;fs; mikj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpdN; ghJ epyj;jpy; ,uz;L
,lq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd cau NtWghL Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nbgWfpdw ; J.

kl;lq;fhzypd; gad;fs;
rpwpa fhy;tha;fs; mikj;jy;
fopfhd; njhFjp jpll; kpLjy;
fl;Lkhdr; nraw;wpl;lq;fs; jpll; kply;
ngUe;njUf;fs; mikj;jy;
; gpd; Njitf;Nfw;g cU tiuglq;fs; (Conour) /
Xu; epyj;jpy; gy Gs;spfspy; mtw;wpd; cauj;ij mwpeJ
ePs;tpupntl;L FWf;F ntl;Lg; glq;fis tiuayhk;. (rkTauf;NfhL fPWjy;)

epy myq;fupgG; f; fUkq;fs;

kl;fhg;G eltbf;iffs; (gbf;fl;likg;G> rkTauj; jplL
; f;fSk; tbfhy;fSk;)
ePiu cau;jJ ; k; fUkq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd ePu; gk;gpfisj; njupTnra;Ak;NghJ> Vw;wk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
Xu; epyj;jpy; gy Gs;spfspy; mtw;wpd; cauj;ij mwpeJ ; gpd; Njitf;Nfw;g cU tiuglq;fs; (Conour) /
ePs;tpupntl;L FWf;F ntl;Lg; glq;fis tiuayhk;. (rkTauf;NfhL fPWjy;)

kl;lq;fhzYf;fhd cgfuzq;fs;
,lk;gp kl;lk; (Dumping Level) / jd;dpaf;f kl;l cgfuzk; - Auto level

Kf;fhyp - Tripod
kl;lj;jz;L - Levelling staff

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 31 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

msit ehlh - Measuring tape
,tw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf kl;lq;fhzypy; gad;gLk; NtW cgfuzq;fs; tUkhW.
xUr;rupT kl;lk; - (Tilting level)

tpiunrg;g kl;lk; - (Quick set level)

jplg; kl;lk; - (Precise level) Nyru; kl;lk; - (LASER level)

,yf;fkl;lk; - (Digital level) jpNahliyw;W - (Theodolite)

kl;lq;fhzy; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fiyr;nrhw;fs;

01. Vw;wk; (Elevation)
ahNjDk; khl;lw;W kl;lj;jpy; (Reference Level) ,ypUe;J Nky; Nehf;fpa my;yJ fPo; Nehf;fpa
epiyf;Fj;Jj; J}uk; mjhtJ fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J cs;s cauk;

02. epiyf;Fj;Jj; J}uk; - <u;itapd; jpirf;F epiyf;Fj;jhd Nfhl;bd; topNa cs;s J}uk;.

03. kl;l Nkw;gug;G (Level surface)

Nkw;gug;Gg; Gtpapd; fpilf;Nfhbd; Nkw;gug;Gf;Fr; rkhe;jukhdJ. ,g;gug;gpd; kPJ ,Uf;Fk; ahNjDk;
Gs;spf;F> Gtpapd; ikaj;jpypUe;J cs;s J}uk; rkkhdJ. NkYk;> ahNjDk; ,lj;jpy; vLf;fg;gLk;
<u;itf; Nfhl;Lf;F ,k;Nkw;gug;G nrq;Fj;jhdJ.
cjhuzk; : mirah ePu;epiynahd;wpd; ePu; Nkw;gug;G

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 32 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

04. kl;lf;NfhL (Level line)
kl;lf;NfhlhdJ xU tl;ltbtf; NfhlhFk;. ,f;Nfhl;bdJ vy;yhg; Gs;spfSk; xU cauj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.
,f;NfhL epiyf;Fj;Jf; Nfhl;Lf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf mikAk;. ,J cz;ikapy; xU Nfhld;W khwhf xU
tl;ltbtj; jskhFk;.

05. juT kl;lk; { Rl;b kl;lk; (Datum line, Reference line)

kl;lq;fhzy; nrad;KiwahJ ahNjDk; fpilj;jsj;Jf;Fr; rhu;ghfNt Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;. (rfy Gs;sp
fsJk; epiyf;Fj;J cauk;> nghJthd Rl;b kl;lj;Jf;Fr; rhu;ghff; fhl;lg;gLk;) ,t;thW epakg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;Sk; mbg;gilahd fpil kl;lNk juT kl;lk; vdf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjh : - epy msitapaypy; ,ilf; fly; kl;lNk mbg;gilahd juT kl;lkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

06. juTf;NfhL (Datum level)

epakg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l ahNjDk; ,uz;L Gs;spfis ,izj;J tiuag;gLk; NfhL juTf;NfhL
vdg;gLk;.

07. juTg; gug;G (Datum Surface)

ve;jnthU Gs;spf;Fk; rhu;ghf cauj;ij msf;Fk;NghJ mt;Tauk; G+r;rpak; (0m) MFk; xU gug;G
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F ahNjDk; Gs;spapd; caukhdJ mt;thuk;Gg;Gs;spf;Fr; rhu;ghff; fz;lwpag;gLk;.
nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; juTg;gug;G ,ilf; fly; kl;lk; (Mean Sea Level) MFk;.

08. ,ilf; fly; kl;lk; (Mean Sea Level - MSL) ruhrupf; fly; kl;lk;
mz;zsthf 19 tUl fhyj;Js;> kzpj;jpahyj;Jf;F xU jlit tPjk; fly; kl;lj;ij mse;J
mjd; ,iliaf; fhz;gjhy; ,ilf; fly; kl;lk; fpilf;Fk;

kl;lq;fhzypd; NghJ (js msitapd;NghJ) Gtpapy; mike;Js;s ntt;NtW ,lq;fspd; cauj;ijj;

JzpAk; NghJ ahNjDk; epakkhd kl;lj;Jf;Fr; rhu;ghf cauk; Jzpag;gLk;. ,q;F ahNjDk;
epakkhd kl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;j KbAnkdpDk; nghUk;ghyhd ehLfs; ,ilf; fly; kl;lj;ij
(ruhrupf; fly; kl;lj;ij) epakkhd fly; kl;lkhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 33 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 ,jw;fhfg; gj;njhd;gJ (19) tUl fhykhf> xt;nthU kzpj;jpahyj;Jf;F xU jlit ahNjDk;
,lj;jpy; fly; kl;lj;ij mse;J mjd; ,il (ruhrup) fzpj;jwpag;gLk;. ,r;nrad;Kiwiag; gy
,lq;fspy; elj;jp mjid xU jskhff; nfhs;sg;gLk; mJ epak kl;lkhff; fUjg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk;
ehl;bd; cl;gpuNjrq;fspy; ntt;NtW ,lq;fspd; khw;wpa (ReducedLevel)gPlf; Fwpfspd; cauk;)
fzpf;fg;gLk;.

09. gPlf; Fwpfs; (Bench marks)

fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J my;yJ NtW ahNjDk; Fwpj;j kl;lj;jpypUe;J Fj;Jauk; mwpag;gl;l epiyahd
xU Gs;spNa ,JthFk;. kl;lq;fhZk; NghJ mt;tstPlL ; f; fUkq;fis ,g;Gs;spapNyNa Muk;gpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. Vida Gs;spfspd; Fj;Jauk; ,g;Gs;spf;Fr; rhu;ghff; fzpf;fg;gLk;.
nghJthf ve;jnthU kl;lk;fhzy; nrad;KiwapYk; gPlf; Fwpapy; Muk;gpj;J gPlf; FwpapNyNa
Kbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ahNjDnkhU ehl;Lf;fhf Gtpj;jsj;jpd; kPJ ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; (kiy
cr;rpfspy;) gPlf;Fwpfs; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j ,lq;fspd; khw;wpa cauq;fs; (Reduced height)
xspg;gl msit Kiwapy; (Photogrammetry) fz;lwpag;gLk;. ,yq;ifapd; epak kl;lkhf>
,ilf; fly; kl;lk; (MSL) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

10. jw;fhypfg; gPlf; Fwpfs; (Temporary Bench Marks)

epak kl;lj;jsj;jpy; cs;s xU Gs;spf;Fr; rhu;ghf kw;WNkhu; ,lj;jpy; epiyf;Fj;J cauk; mjhtJ kl;l
NtWghL Fwpf;fg;gLkhapd; mt;thwhf Fwpf;fg;gl;l ,lk;> jw;fhypfg; gPlf;Fwp vdg;gLk;. kl;lq;fhZk;
,lj;Jf;F mUfhikapy; gPlf;Fwpfs; ,y;yhjtplj;J> jw;fhypfg; gPlf;Fwp gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

11. ghu;it { fhl;rp { Nehf;F (Sight)

cgfuzj;jpd; Clhf mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ fhZk; Gs;spiaAk; cgfuzj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk;
NfhNl ghu;it { fhl;rp vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J xU fpilf; NfhlhFk;. mJ epak kl;lj;Jf;Fr; rke;jukhf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fhl;rp { ghu;it { Nehf;F %d;W tifg;gLk;
01. gpd; Nehf;F (gpd; fhl;rp mstPL) (Back sight - BS)

kl;lq;fhzw; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ mstPLfs; ngWtjw;fhf cgfuzj;ijg; nghUj;jpa gpd;du;

ngWk; KjyhtJ mstPL gpd; Nehf;F MFk;. ,y;iyNay; ,J Fj;Jauk; njupe;j xU Gs;spapy;
epWj;jpa kl;lf;Nfhypd;JizAld; ngWk; thrpg;G MFk;. mg;ngWkhdj;ij mg;Gs;spapd;
Fj;Jauj;Jld; $l;b> cgfuzj;jpd; cauj;ijf; (HI) fz;lwpayhk;

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 34 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 02. Kd; Nehf;F (Kd; fhl;rp mstPL) (Fore sight - FS)
Fj;Jauk; njupahj xU Gs;spapd; Fj;Jauj;ijf; Jzptjw;fhf> mg;Gs;spapy; vLf;fg;gLk; Nfhy;
thrpg;ghFk; cgfuzj;jpd; cauj;jpy; ,Ue;J mt; thrpg;igf; fopj;J mg;Gs;spapd; Fj;Jauj;ijf;
fz;lwpayhk;. ahNjDk; ,lj;jpypUe;J cgfuzj;ijg; ngau;f;f Kd;du; vLf;fg;gLk; ,Wjpahd
mstPL ,JthFk;.
03. ,il Nehf;F (Intermediate sight)

Kd;Nehf;F kw;Wk; gpd; Nehf;F my;yhj rfy mstPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fSk; ,ilNehf;F %yk;
ngwg;gLk;. gpd; Nehf;Ff;Fk; Kd; Nehf;Ff;Fk; ,ilapy; vLf;Fk; rfy thrpg;Gf;fSk; ,il Nehf;F
thrpg;Gf;fs; MFk;. Differential Levelling nra;Ak; NghJ fpil Nehf;F thrpg;Gf;fs; mj;jpahtrpa
khdit my;y ntdpDk;. Profile levelling , Topografic levelling Mfpatw;wpd; NghJ ,il
Nehf;F thrpg;Gf;fs; mlq;fpapUf;fyhk;.

12. ghu;itf;NfhL (Line of sight)

cgfuzj;jpd; eLg;Gs;spf;F Clfr; nry;Yk; NfhNl ,JthFk;. kl;lq;fhZk; NghJ mf;NfhL rhu;ghfNt
thrpg;Gf;fs; ngwg;gLk;.

13. jpUg;gw; Gs;sp { khW Gs;sp (Turning point/ Changing point)

cgfuzj;ij xu; ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;WNkhu; ,lj;Jf;F khw;Wk;NghJ> cgfuzj;ijg; Gjpjhf ,lg;gLj;jpa

gpd;du;> kPz;Lk;; cgfuzj;jpd; cauj;ij fz;lwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf mg; Gjpa ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J
Kd; Nehf;ifg; ngw;W mNj ,lj;Jf;fhfg; gpd; Nehf;F xd;wpis ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf Kd;Nehf;F>
gpd;Nehf;F Mfpa ,uz;L thrpg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;l Gs;spNa jpUk;gw; Gs;sp { khW Gs;sp MFk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 35 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

14. khw;wpa kl;lk; (Reduced level)
rfy Gs;spfsJk; epiyf;Fj;J cauj;ijg; nghJ khl;Nlw;W kl;lj;Jf;Fr; rhu;ghff; fhl;LtijNa ,J
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. (Fiwj;j { fzpj;j { xLf;fpa cau kl;lk;)

15. cgfuzj;jpd; cauk; (Hight of the Instrument - (The elevation of the line of sight of the
telescope)

khl;Nlw;W kl;lj;jpypUe;J cgfuzj;jpd; eLf;NfhL tiuapyhd epiyf;Fj;J cauj;ijj; Jzptjd;

%yk; fzpf;fg;gLk; kl;lj;jpy; cgfuzj;ijj; jhgpj;j gpd;du; cgfuzj;jpd; Clfj; njupAk; fpilj;
jsj;jpy; cs;s Nfhl;bd; cauk;(khl;Nlw;W kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J) cgfuzk; cauk; mjhtJ cgfuzkl;lk;
vdg;gLk;.

16. tupirahf;fw; NfhL (Line of Collimation)

,e;j cgfuzj;jpd; FWf;F kapupiofs; (Cross Hairs) ClWf;Fk; ,lKk;> nghUs; Jz;bd; (Object)
xspapay; ikaKk; ,izAk; NfhNl tupirahf;fw;NfhL vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
kl;lk; msj;jypd; tiffs; - Types of leveling
1. Profile leveling - gf;fj; Njhw;w kl;lq;fhzy;
2. Topographic leveling - ,ltpsf;ftpay; kl;lq;fhzy; (epyj; Njhw;w kl;lq;fhzy;)
3. Differential leveling - tifaPl;L kl;lq; fhzy; (,uz;L ,lq;fspd; cauj;ij xg;gply;) Ntw;Wik
kl;lq;fhzy;
jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 36 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up
Profile Leveling
fhy;tha;fs;> tPjpfs; mikg;gjw;F ,k;Kiw gad;gLj;jgLk;.
G+kpapd; ntt;NtW tpj;jpahrkhd Point fis tiugpy; fPwp Profile I jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhfj;
njupT nra;ag;gl;l ,uz;L Gs;spfspd; topNa Vw;wk; (elevation) msf;fg;gLk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
msf;Fk; NfhL> cj;Njr fhy;thapd; my;yJ ngUe;njUtpapd; eLg;Gs;spahFk;.
Gs;spfspuz;Lf;F ,ilapy; epyj;jpd; mikT (Vw;wj;ij) mse;J tiughf;fg;gLk;.
 fhy;thapd; my;yJ nghUe;njUtpy; ntl;b mg;Gwg;gLj;j Ntz;ba my;yJ epug;g Ntz;ba ,lq;fis
,dq;fhzyhk;.
me;j ,lj;Jf;Fupa J}uj;ijAk; Vw;wj;ijAk; (elevation) Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; mjidr;
nra;ayhk;.
fhy;thapd; { ngUe;njUtpd; mfyk; mwpag;gl;Ls;sjhapd; ntl;b mg;Gwg;gLj;j Ntz;ba my;yJ
,lk; epug;g Ntz;ba kz;zpd; msitj; jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

Topographic leveling
rkTauf; Nfhl;L Kiwia gad;gLj;Jtjw;F nra;ag;gLk; KiwahFk;.

Differential leveling - tifaPl;L kl;lq; fhzy;

tifaPl;L kl;lq;fhzy; vd;gJ ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;F ,ilapyhd Fj;Jau NtWghl;ilj; JzptjhFk;.
tifaPl;L (differential) kl;lq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tUkhW.
ePu;g;ghrdf; fhy;tha;fs; mikf;Fk; NghJ
fl;llq;fs; mikf;Fk;NghJ (epyj;jpy; caukhd ,lq;fisf; fz;lwpjy;)
ePiu cau;j;Jk; cauj;ijj; Jzpjy; (vt;tsT cauj;Jf;F ePiug; gk;g KbAk; vd;gJ)
ngUe;njUf;fs; mikf;Fk; NghJ
kz;fhg;Gf;fhf
fopTf;fhd; njhFjpfisg; guhkupj;jypd; NghJ
kl;lq;fhz Ntz;ba ,uz;L ,lq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd J}uj;Jf;F mikthf kl;lq;fhziy NkYk;
,uz;L Kiwfspy; nra;ayhk;.
01. vspa kl;lq;fhzy;
02. NghF kl;lq;fhzy; (Traverse Levelling)

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 37 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

vspa kl;lq;fhzy;

kl;lq;fhz Ntz;ba ,uz;L ,lq;fSk; mUNf mike;Js;sdthapd; ,k;Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

ghu;it Nfhl;Lf;F rhu;ghf A ,w;F B ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd kl;l NtWghL = h1 - h2

NghF kl;lq;fhzy; (Traverse Levelling)

NghF kl;lq;fhzy; vdg;gLtJ> gpd;tUk; Gs;spfis xd;Wlndhd;W ,izj;J xOq;FKiwahfj;
njhlu;e;Jk; mstPLfisg; ngWjyhFk;.
,uz;L ,lq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd J}uk; mjpfkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> 'NghF" Kiwapy; ,t;tpuz;L
,lq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cau NtWghl;ilj; Jzpahyk;.
NghFKiw ifahsg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; tUkhW.
jw;fhypfg; gPlf; Fwpnahd;W mikj;Jf;nfhs;f.
,uz;L ,lq;fspd; khw;wpa (Reduced)kl;lq;fis ,dq;fhzy;.
NghF Kiwapy; NghJ cgfuzj;ijj; jhgpf;Fk; ,lq;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;lit fhzg;glyhk;.
,k;Kiwapd;NghJ ,il thrpg;Gf;fs; Njitapy;iy gpd;Nehf;F kw;Wk; Kd;Ndhf;F thrpg;Gf;fs;
khj;jpuk; NghJkhdit MFk;.

ghlrhiyf; fhzpapy; njupTnra;j ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;F ,ilapyhd Vw;wj;jpd; (elevation)

NtWghLfisj; Jzpjy;
kl;lq;fhzy;
01. Gy Ntiy (Field work)
Njitahd cgfuzq;fisr; rupahf ,dq;fhzy;
kl;lq;fhz;gjw;Fupa epyj;jpy; Nehl;lkwpjy; (Reconnaissance)
kl;lq;fhZk; ,lq;fisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;
cgfuzj;ij ,lg;gLj;JjYk; jw;fhypfr; nrg;gkhf;fy;fisr; nra;jYk;
cgfuzq;fis kl;lg;gLj;jy;
gutad;ik (Parallax) tOit ePf;Fjy;
thrpg;Gf;fisg; ngWjYk; gjpT nra;jYk;
02. mYtyf Ntiy
fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;jy;
kl;lq;fhZk; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ ngWk; thrpg;Gf;fisg; gjpT nra;tjw;fhfTk; fzpj;jy;fisr;
nra;tjw;fhfTk; gpujhdkhf ,uz;L Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 38 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 vOg;g tPo;r;rp Kiw - Rise & Fall Method
cgfuzj;jpd; cau Kiw - Height of Instrument Method
vOg;g tPo;r;rp Kiwapy; juT gjpT nra;tjw;fhfTk; fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;tjw;fhfTk; gpd;tUk;
ml;ltiz gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

cgfuzj;jpd; cau Kiwapy; juT gjpT nra;tjw;fhfTk; fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;tjw;fhfTk; gpd;tUk;

ml;ltiz gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

kl;lq;fhZk; cgfuznkhd;iw nrg;gk; nra;jy; - Adjustment Level

kl;lk; Nehf;fy; nray; Kiwnahd;wpd; NghJ mstPLfisg; ngWtjw;F Kd;du; cgfuzj;ij Xu;
,lj;jpy; epiyepWj;jp> thrpg;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,ilepiyf;F khw;Wjy;
cgfuzj;ij nrg;gk; nra;jy; vdg;gLk;. 2 ,J ,uz;L Kiwfisf; nfhz;lJ.
1. jw;fhypf nrg;gk; nra;jy; - Temporary adjustments
2. epue;ju nrg;gk; nra;jy; - Permanent adjustments

1. jw;fhypf nrg;gk; nra;jy; - Temporary adjustments

cgfuzj;ij gad;gLj;jk; egupd; ,lj;jpw;fika cgfuzj;ijg; nghUj;Jk; vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspd;
NghJk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; epiykhw;wkhFk;. (thrpg;ig ngwKd; nra;ag;gLk; nraw;ghLfshFk;)
,J %d;W gbKiwfisf; nfhz;lJ.
1. cgfuzj;ij Kf;fhypapd; kPJ nghUj;Jjy; - Setting up the level
2. cgfuzj;ij ghjj; jpUf;fpfshy; kl;lk; nra;jy; - Levelling the Instrument
3. gutaz;ik mfw;wy; - Elimination the parallax

cgfuzj;ij kl;lg;gLj;Jk; xOq;F

1k; gbKiw
01. cgfuzj;ij Kf;fhypapd;kPJ nghUj;Jjy;
nghUj;jg;gl;l cgfuzk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; egupd; cauj;jpw;F Vw;wthWk;> kl;lk; vLf;Fk; gpuNjrk;
gue;jsT njupaf; $bathWk;> cgfuzj;ijr; Rw;wp ,yFthf ele;J nry;yf;$bathWk;
nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; cgfuzk; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 39 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 Kf;fhypapd; fhy;fis kl;lk; ghu;g;gtupd; fz; kl;lj;jpd; cauj;jpw;F Vw;g nrg;gk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Kf;fhypapd; fPo;g;gFjpapy; Gs;spiaf; Fwpg;gjw;fhf J}f;Ff;Fz;ilg; nghUj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;du; Kf;fhypapd; kPJ kl;lkhdpiag; nghUj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
  gpd;du; Kf;fhypapd; xUfhiy epyj;jpy; Cd;wp kw;w ,Ufhy;fisAk; mirj;J ePu; Fkpopia
eLg;Gs;spf;F mUfpy; nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk;. (fpl;lj;jl;l kl;lkhFk; tiuapy;)
gpd;du; Kf;fhypia epyj;jpy; ,lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

2k; gbKiw
02. cgfuzj;ij kl;lg;gLj;jy;
,q;F %d;W ghjj;jpUf;fpfs; (Foot screws) %yk; kpfr;rupahf kl;lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
gpd;tUk; gbKiwapy; cgfuzk; kl;lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
2 jpUfhzpfSf;fpilapy; njhiyfhl;b itf;fg;gLk;.

1k;> 2k; jpUfhzpfis cs;> ntsp Nehf;fp jpUg;gg;gl;L> cgfuzj;jpYs;s rkepiy ePu;Fkpo;
ikaj;Jf;F nfhz;L tug;gLk;.

  gpd;G> njhiyfhl;bahdJ 2 jpUfhzpf;fpilapYk; 3tJ jpUfhzpf;fpilapYk; nrq;Fj;jhf

nfhz;L tug;gLk;.
3tJ jpUfhzpia Rw;Wtjd; %yk; ePu;f;Fkpo; ikaj;Jf;F nfhz;Ltug;gLk;.
kPz;Lk; ,r;nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhz;L cgfuzk; kl;lkhf cs;sJ vd;gJ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

3k; gbKiw
03. gutz;ikia mfw;Wjy;
gutz;ikia mfw;Wjy; vd;gJ FWf;F kapiu njspthf;Fjy; MFk;.
,jw;F njhiyNehf;fpia Kbtpypf;F Ftpar; nra;J my;yJ nts;is epwkhd gpufhrkhd gp;dd
; zp
nahd;iw Nehf;fp njhiyNehf;fpia nrg;gdply; Ntz;Lk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 40 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 gpd;du; FWf;F kapuhdJ kpfj; njspthdjhf tUk; tiuapy; fz;tpy;iyapy; fhzg;gLk; jpUFit
epiykhw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,jd; gpd;du; cgfuzj;jpypUe;J thrpg;G vLf;fg;gLk;.
Dumpy level My; Rod I mtjhdpj;J eLFWf;F Nfhl;L msit vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. (Middle Cross)

2. epue;ju nrg;gk; nra;jy; - Permanent adjustments

ve;jnthU mstPl;L cgfuznkhd;iwAk; ePz;l fhyk; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ> cgfuzj;jpd;
cl;Gwq;fspy; gy;NtW khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shFk;.
,jdhy; msf;Fk;NghJ tO Vw;gLk; rhj;jpak; cz;L. ,J tupirahf;ff; Nfhl;L tY
(Neu;tupirahf;fy; tO) (Collimation error) vdg;gLk;.
gpdt ; Uk; Kiwapy; tupirahf;fw; Nfhl;L tO gupNrhjpff; g;gLk;. ,J ,UKidr;Nrhjid (Two peg test)
vdg;gLk;.

(b1 - a1) = (b2 - a2) ,Ue;jhy; tO ,y;iy

tO ,Ue;jhy;> mDgtk; tha;e;j njhopy;El;g cj;jpNahfj;ju; %yk; Ma;T$lnkhd;wpDs;
cgfuzk; gbtFf;if nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

kl;lq;fhzypd; NghJ tOf;fs; Vw;glj;jf;f re;ju;g;gq;fSk; mtw;iw Fiwg;gjw;fhd

cj;jpfSk;
thrpg;Gf;fisg; ngw Kd;du; cgfuzj;ij ed;F kl;lg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.
xt;nthU thrpg;igAk; ngw Kd;dUk; ngw;w gpd;dUk; kl;lf; Fkpiog; (level bubble) guprPypj;jy;.
kl;lf; Nfhiy epiyf;Fj;jhfg; gpbj;Jitj;jpUf;fhik
Fkpo; tif ePu;kl;lnkhd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jhik.
kl;lf;Nfhiy ePl;bf;Fk; NghJ mJ jhsplg;glhik. rupahf jhsplg;gLk;tiu ePbj;jy;.
rkhe;ju tO Vw;gly;. cgfuzj;ij vg;NghJk; Kd;Nehf;Ff;Fk; gpd; Nehf;Ff;Fk; ,ilNa eLg;Gs;spf;F
mz;kpj;jjhfj; jhgpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cgfuzj;jpy; rkhe;ju tOf;fs; cz;lhapd; ,t;thW nra;tjhy;
mit ePq;fptpLk;.
,it jtpu gpd;tUk; tOf;fSk; fhzg;glyhk;
Kf;fhypapYs;s tpfhuq;fs;
cw;gj;jp rhu;e;j tOf;fs; - Kf;fhypj; jiyapYk; Vida ghfq;fspYk;
kl;lf; Nfhypy; thrpg;ig msj;jypd; NghJ
jtwhd tifapy; tpupj;jy;.
kl;lf;Nfhiyj; jtwhd tifapy; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; mJ NfhzYwy;

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 41 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 thrpg;Gfis thrpg;gjpy; Vw;gLk; tOf;fs;
thrpg;Gf;fis epuy; khw;wpg; gjpT nra;jy;.
,yf;fq;fs;> vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhz;gjpy; Vw;gLk; tOf;fs;
fzpg;ghd; rhu;e;j tOf;fs; (Calculations)

Kw;WtO - Error of Closure

  BS ,w;Fk;  FS ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrk; gPlf;Fwpapd; Vw;wj;jpw;Fk; fzpj;J ngw;w
ngWkhdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrk; Kw;W tO vdg;gLk;.
,t;tpj;jpahrk; rkdhdjhapd; fzpj;jy; nrk;ikahdJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
mDkjpf;fj;jf;f cr;rtOit tpl ,t;tO Fiwthdjhapd; mstPLfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
mDkjpf;fj;jf;f cr;rtO rkd;ghL>
mDkjpf;fj;jf;f cr;rtO (cm) = 2.4

Neu; tupirahf;fy; tO
1. kl;lq; fhzypd; NghJ> Fj;Jauk; fhZk; ,uz;L Gs;spfspd; ,ilNa eLg;Gs;spf;F mzpe;jjhf
cgfuzj;ij jhgpf;fkhy; thrpg;G vLg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; tO MFk;.
2. cgfuzj;ij vg;NghJk; Kd;ghu;itf;Fk;> gpd;ghu;itf;Fk; ,ilNa eLg;Gs;spf;F mzpj;jjhfj;
jhgpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW jhgpg;gjhy; cgfuzj;jpy; Neu;tupirahf;fy; tOf;fs; ,Ug;gpd; mt;tOf;fy;
mw;Wg;NghFk;.

cgfuz cau Kiwapy; Fj;Jauj;ij fhzy;

cgfuzj;jpd; cauk; = (Hight of the Instrument - HI)

A ,d; Fj;Jauk; = 100 m
HI = BS + Elevation (100m Mapd;)
= 1.346 + 100
= 101.346 m
Gs;sp B Fj;Jauk; = cgfuzj;jpd; cauk; (HI) - Kd;ghu;it gPlk; (FS)
= 101.346 - 0.567
= 100.779 m
Gs;sp A f;Fk; B f;Fk; ,ilapyhd cau NtWghL = 101.346 - 100.00
= 1.346 m MFk;.

vOg;g tPo;r;rp Kiw - Rise & Fall Method

vOg;g tPo;r;rp Kiw gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; nra;ag;gLk;.
1. BS / FS cld; xg;gply;
2. BS / IFS cld; xg;gply;
3. IFS / IFS cld; xg;gply;
4. IFS / FS cld; xg;gply;

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 42 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

BS / IFS ia tpl FS / IFS ngWkhdk; Fiwe;jhy; mjd; tpj;jpahrj;ij Rise (+) y; gjpa Ntz;Lk;.
BS / IFS ia tpl FS / IFS ngWkhdk; mjpfupj;jy; mjd; tpj;jpahrj;ij Fall (-) y; gjpa Ntz;Lk;.
MfNt Rise I Elevation cld; $l;l Ntz;Lk;.
MfNt Fall I Elevation ypUe;J fopj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

gpd;tUk; fzpj;jy;fis cgfuz cau Kiwapy; fzpf;Ff.

01. cgfuzj;jpd; cauj;ijAk;> Fj;Jauj;ijAk; fzpf;f.

i. BM ,d; cgfuz cauk; = ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
ii. A ,d; Fj;Jauk; = ........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
iii. A ,d; cgfuz cauk; = ........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
iv. B ,d; Fj;Jauk; = ........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

02. cgfuzj;jpd; cauj;ijAk;> Fj;Jauj;ijAk; fzpf;f.

i. A ,d; cgfuz cauk; = ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
ii. B ,d; Fj;Jauk; = ........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

03. cgfuzj;jpd; cauj;ijAk;> Fj;Jauj;ijAk; fzpf;f.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 43 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

04. fPo;tUk; ml;ltizapYs;s juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp cgfuzj;jpd; cauj;ijAk;> Fj;Jauj;ijAk;
fzpf;f.

i. BM ,d; cgfuz cauk; =........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

ii. A ,d; Fj;Jauk; =........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
iii. B ,d; Fj;Jauk; = ........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

05. fPo;tUk; ml;ltizapYs;s juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp cgfuzj;jpd; cauj;ijAk;> Fj;Jauj;ijAk;

fzpf;f.

06. fPo;tUk; ml;ltizapYs;s juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp Rise and Fall Kiwapy; Fj;Jauj;ij fzpf;f.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 44 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

07. fPo;tUk; ml;ltizapYs;s juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp Rise and Fall Kiwapy; Fj;Jauj;ij fzpf;f.

08. ghlrhiyapd; fhzp xd;wpy; kl;lq;fhzypw;fhf khztu;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l juTfs; fPNo ml;ltizapy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(i) NkNy ml;ltizapy; xt;nthU epiyaj;jpYk; cgfuzj;jpd; cauk;> Vw;wk; (Elevation) vd;gtw;iwj; Jzpf.
(ii) nghJthd Gtpkhd kl;lq;fhzypd; gb mDkjpf;fj;jf;f cr;r tO ahJ.

09. epyk; kl;lkhf;fspd; NghJ ngwg;gl;l juTfSk;> fzpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fSk; ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(i) ml;ltizapypUe;J B2 ,d; Fj;Jauj;ijf; fzpf;f.

(ii)ml;ltizapypUe;J Kw;W tOitf; (Error of closure) fzpf;f.
(iii) mDkjpf;fj;jf;f cr;r tOTf;Fupa rkd;ghl;ilj; jUf.
(iv) mDkjpf;fj;jf; cr;r tOitf; fzpf;f.
(v) ,t;kl;lq; fhzYf;fhd mstPl;il Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhkh.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 45 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

10. ePug; g; hrdj; njhFjpnahd;wpid mikf;f Kd;du;> kl;lq;fhZk; NghJ me;je;j fpilj;J}uq;fSf;F xg;ghd
mstPLfspd; thrpg;Gf;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. gPlf;Fwpapd; Fj;Jauk; 20m vdf; fUJf.

a. ,j;juTfis kl;lg; gf;fnkhd;wpy; gjpT nra;f.

b. mjidf; nfhz;L ,Wjpg;Gs;spapd; Fj;Jauj;ijf; fzpf;Ff.
c. kl;lg;gf;fj;jpd; nrk;ikiar; Nrhjpf;Ff.

11. jsgPl msitKiwapy; mse;J ngwg;gl;l fhzp xd;wpd;

mstpilg; glj;ij glk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
x

(i) Nkw;gb mstpilg; glk; jsgPlj;jpy; vk;Kiwapy; ngwg;gl;ljhFk;.

(ii) glj;jpy; Gs;sp Ald; epyj;jpy; cs;s Gs;sp I rupahd nrq;Fj;jpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
cgfuzk; vJ?
(iii) jsgPlj;ij kl;lg;gLj;j gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzk; vJ?
. (iv) NkNy jug;gl;l glj;jpd; gug;gsitj; Jzpf.

12. ve;j tifahd cgfuzKkpdw ; p> ePsj;ij msg;gjw;fhff; ftL itj;jy; Kiwiaf; ifahsyhk;> xUtuJ
xU ftl;bilj;J}uk; 50cm MFk;. mtu; A,B Mfpa ,uz;L Gs;spfspuz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapyhd J}uj;ij
mse;j NghJ fpilj;j ftl;bilj;J}uq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 40,42,43 Mff; fhzg;gl;ld.
i. mtu; mse;j J}uk; vt;tsT.
ii. ,k;KiwapdJ nrk;ik 1 : 50 (2%) vdpd; cz;ikahd J}uk; NtWgLk; tPr;irf;Fwpg;gpLf.

13. 50m vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L msf;Fk; ehlhnthd;wpdhy; ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;F ,ilapyhd J}uj;ij mse;j
NghJ 489.27m vdg;gjpthfpaJ. mt;tsf;Fk; ehlhtpd; ePsk; 6cm $LjyhdJ vd;gJ gpd;du; njupa
te;jJ. msf;fg;gl Ntz;ba cz;ikj; J}uj;ijf; fzpf;f.

14. fhzp xd;wpd; msptpilg; glk; mUNf jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; gug;gsT

mz;zsthf

15. jsgPl msit Kiwapy; fhzp xd;wpd;

gug;gsitj; Jzptjw;fhf ngwg;gl;l
mstpilg; glk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhzpapd; cz;ikg; gug;gsT ahJ.
(mstpil 10 m = 1 cm)

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 46 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

 03.50 - kl;lq;fhzYf;fhd rkTauf;Nfhl;L glkhf;fy;
rkkhd Vw;wj;ijf; nfhz;l Gs;spfis ,izj;J tiuag;gLk; NfhNl rkTauf; NfhlhFk;. rkTaug;
glq;fs; tiuAk; NghJ rk cauKs;s Gs;spfs; ,izf;fg;gLk;.
rkTauf; NfhLfspd; gad;ghLfs; tUkhW
jiuj;Njhw;wk; (Terrain) gw;wpa jfty;fis toq;Fjy;.
epyj;jpd; jd;ikiaAk; rupitAk; kjpgg; ply;
rptpy; ve;jpupar; nrad;KiwfSf;fhf epyj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; fUkq;fs; njhu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itj;jy;.
cjh : Gifapujg; ghijfs;> ePuj; N; jf;fq;fs;> fhy;tha;fs;> mizf;fl;Lf;fs; (Dams)
nraw;wpll; q;fSf;fhd ,lq;fis (Sites) ,dq;fhzy;
cjh: mjpNtfg; ngUe;njUf;fs;> ePuj; N; jf;fq;fs;
nrd;wila Kbahj my;yJ fz;Zf;nfl;lhj ,lq;fspy; mstPLfs; ngWjy;
Aj;j eltbf;ifspd; NghJ epyk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWjy;
ePuj; N; jf;fnkhd;wpd; nfhs;ssitf; fzpj;jy;
epUkhzg;gzpfspd; NghJ mg;Gwg;gLj;j Ntz;ba my;yJ epug;Gtjw;fhf ,lNtz;ba kz;zpd;
msitf; fzpjj; y;.
fopTf;fhd; njhFjp> njhiyj; njhlu;G topfs; (Communication lines) mikj;jy;
rkTaug; glkhf;fypd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fiyr;nrhw;fs;
rkTau ,ilntsp Mapil (Contour Interval)
Njrg;glnkhd;wpy; rkTau ,ilntsp khwpypahFk;.
,J glnkhd;wpd; mLj;jLj;J mike;Js;s ,uz;L rkTauf;Nfhl;L
kl;lq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd epiyf;Fj;Jj; J}uk; MFk;.
fpilj;J}ur ; rktY (Horizontal Equalent) (HE)
rkTaug; glnkhd;wy; mLj;JtUfpd;w ,uz;L rkTauf; NfhLfSf;F (consecutive contours)
,ilapyhd fpilj;J}uNk "fpilr;rktY" vdg;gLk;.
gbj;jpwd; (Gradient)
mLj;JtUf;fpdw ; (consecutive) ,uz;L rkTauf; NfhLfSf;F ,ilNa MNuhfz my;yJ mtNuhfzr;
rupT %yk; gbj;jpwd; fhl;lg;gLk;.

; (Consecutive) NfhLfspuz;Lf;F ,ilapyhd gbj;jpwid tan %yKk; fhl;lyhk;.

mLj;J tUfpdw

rkTaug;gLj;jy;
,uz;L topfspy; nra;ayhk;.
Neu; Kiwr; rkTaug;gLj;jy; (Direct contouring)
Neupy; Kiwr; rkTaug;gLj;jy; (Indirect Contouring)

Neu; Kiwr; rkTaug;gLj;jy; (Direct contouring)

Neu; Kiwapd; NghJ xt;nthU rkTauf; Nfhl;bYk; Gs;spfs; (Points) kl;l cgfuzk; %yk; Neubahfg;
Gyj;jpNyNa mse;J glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,k;KiwahdJ mjpf Neuk; nrythFk; xU Kiwahf
,Ue;jNghjpYk; kpfj; jpUj;jkhf msf;fj;jf;f xU KiwahFk;.
rpwpa gug;GfSf;Fg; ngupJk; nghUj;jkhd xU KiwahFk;.
jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 47 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up
Neupy; Kiwr; rkTaug;gLj;jy; (Indirect Contouring)
Neupy; Kiwapd; NghJ> njupTnra;j ,lg; Gs;spfspd; Vw;wj;ij (elevation) mse;J gpdd ; u; Fwpjj; rkTau
kl;lq;fis Neupy; Kiwapy; mg;Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNa jhgpjJ ; (Njitahd kl;lq;fis) gpdd ; u; mg;Gs;spfis
,izg;gjd; %yk ; rkTauf; NfhLfs; mikf;fg;gLk;.
rkTaug; glnkhd;wpidj; jahupfF ; k; Kiw tUkhW.
nea;aup Kiw (Grid method)
,l cauj;ijf; Fwpj;jy;
rkTauf;Nfhl;L ,ilr;nrUfy;
rkTauf; Nfhl;Lg;glk; tiuAk;NghJ rkTau ,ilntspiaj; jPuk ; hdpjj; y; Ntz;Lk; mjw;fhfg; gpdt; Uk;
tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Gy NtiyfSf;Fk; mYtyf NtiyfSf;Fk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Neu msTrkTau ,ilntsp
rpwpajhapd;> nrythFk; Neuk; mjpfkhFk;
msg;gjw;Fupa gug;gsTk; msj;jypd; FwpfN; fhs;fSk;.
kz;iz ntl;b mg;Gwg;gLj;jy;> kz; epug;Gjy; Nghd;w vj;jputpay; fUkq;fspd; NghJ rpwpa rkaGu
,ilntspfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
ePuj; N; jf;fq;fs;> fopTePu; tbfhd; njhFjp Nghd;w ngupa fl;Lkhdf; fUkq;fspd; NghJ tpupthd jfty;
Njitapyi ; yahjyhy; ngupa rkTau ,ilntspfs; (CI) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
epyj;jpd; jd;ik : rkjskhd my;yJ rPuhd rupTs;s xU gpuNjrj;jpy; ngupa rkTau ,ilntspfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; (NtWghLfs; Fiwthd epyk;)
xOq;fw;w epykhapd; rpwpa rkTau ,ilntspfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
glj;jpd; mstpil jug;gl;Ls;s glj;jpd; msTj;jpl;lj;jpd; Neu;khW (Inversse) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
epUkhzpgG; f;fSf;fhf (Building Site) 0.25m - 0.5m
ePuj; N; jf;fq;fs;> efuj;jpll; kply;; 1-2m
nghJ epyj;Njhw;wf; fUkq;fs; 3m my;yJ mjw;F Nky;

rkTauf; NfhLfspd; ,ay;Gfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;.

mjpf rha;thd kiy cr;rpapy; rkTauf; NfhLfs; kpf neUf;fkhf mikj;jpUj;jy;.
kiy mbthuj;jpy; mjhtJ rkjskhd ,lj;jpy; rkTauf; NfhLfs; J}uj;J}u mike;jpUf;Fk;.
,uz;L rkTauf; NfhLfSf;F ,ilapyhd fpilj;J}uj;jpd; %yk; ruptpd; jd;ik fhl;lg;gLk;.
rPuhd J}uj;jpy; mike;j rkTauf; NfhLfs; %yk; rPuhd rupT fhl;lg;gLk;.
xOq;fw;w rkTauf; NfhLfs; %yk; xOq;fw;w Nkw;gug;Gf; fhl;lg;gLk;.
mUfUNf mike;j %ba rkTauf; Nfhl;Lj; njhlnuhd;wpdhy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s xU glj;jpd; kj;jpapy; caupa
ngWkhdnkhd;W fhzg;gLkhapd;> mjd;%yk; xU kiy fhl;lg;gLtNjhL kj;jpapy; cs;s ngWkhdk;
Fiwthdjhapd; mjd;%yk; xU ,wf;fk; fhl;lg;gLk;.
U tbtr; rkTauf; NfhLfs; (epyj;ij Nehf;fpa Fiwthd ngWkhdk;)
NkL%yk; fhl;lg;gLk; V tbtr; rkTauf; NfhLfs; %yk; (epyj;jpidNehf;fpf; Ftpthf mikjy;)
gs;sj;jhf;F fhl;lg;gLk;.
rkTauf; NfhLfs; rpW gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; (Gully) FWf;fhfr; nry;Yk;NghJ tyQ;Ropahfr; nrq;Nfhzj;jpy;
jpUk;GtNjhL cs;Ns my;yJ tisTfSs;s ,lq;fspy; cau; ngWkhdk; nfhz;ljhf mikAk;.
rkTauf;NfhLfs; nghJthf xd;iwnahd;W ClWg;gjpyi ; y rkTauf;NfhLfs; ahNjDk; ,lj;jpy;
re;jpf;Fkhapd; mt;tplj;jy; epiyf;Fj;jhd ghjhsk; (Vertical cliff) xd;W cs;sJ.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 48 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

rkTauf; NfhLfs; tiuAk;NghJ gpdt ; Uk; tplaq;fs; FwpjJ; f; ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;
rkTauf; NfhLfs; xg;gkhd nky;ypa NfhLfshFk;
mit rPuhd mfyKilait
rkTauf; Nfhl;bd; kPJ rpwpanjhU ntsp tplL; mt;tplj;jhy; rkTaug; ngWkhdj;ijf; fhl;Ljy;.
,ilr; nrUfy; %yk; ngw;w thrpg;Gfisf; Fwpgg; pl;L> cgfuzq;fspdw ; pf; (Free hand) NfhLfis
tiujy;.

Neupy; rkTaug;gLj;jiyg; gad;gLj;jpg; ngw;w Vw;wj;jd p ; (elevation) %yk; glnkhd;wpid

mikj;jy;
me;je;j ,lj;jpy; nea;aup (grid)milahsk; ,ly;
me;je;j ,lj;jpd; cauj;ij msj;jYk; Fwpjj; Yk;
ngw;w juTfisj; juTg;gpdd ; y; ml;ltizapy; Fwpjj; Yk; ,ilr;nrUfy; (interpolation) %yk; ,lj;jpd;
cauj;ijf; fzpj;jYk;.

rkTauf;Nfhl;L ,ilr;nrUfy; vd;gJ ,uz;L gpdd ; y;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa> ,ilr; rkTauf;Nfhl;L kl;l
nkhd;wpid mikf;Fk;NghJ ,Uf;f Ntz;ba tpfpjk; MFk;. rkTauf; Nfhnlhd;wpid tiua Kd;du;
,jidf; fzpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
gpdd
; y; ml;ltizia> tiuGj; jhnshd;wpy; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Neupy; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpg; ngw;w Vw;wq;fis (elevation) nfhz;L glj;ij mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rkTauf; NfhLfs; %yk; epyj;jpd; ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhz KbAk;.
rkTauf; Nfhl;Lg; glj;ijf; nfhz;L gf;fj;Njhw;w tiuahyhk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 49 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up

milaskpl;l Gs;spfis ,izj;J tiuigg; G+u;j;jp nra;f. ,jw;fika Fiwe;j rkTau kl;lq;fs;
glj;jpd; kj;jpapy; (cl;Gwkhf) fhzg;gLk;. mjw;fika ,e;epyk; ,wf;fq;fisf; nfhz;lJ vd KbT
nra;ayhk;.

cau; ngWkhdKs;s rkTauf; NfhLfs; glj;jpy; eLg;gFjpapy; mikAkhapd; kiynahd;W

fhzg;gLtjhf KbT nra;ayhk;.

jpU. gp.vt;.ujPe;jpuFkhu; 50 kl; / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up