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The generator in Figure 1 is initially operating in the steady-state condition given in Example 1
when a temporary three-phase-to-ground short circuit occurs at point F. Three cycles later, circuit
breakers B13 and B22 permanently open to clear the fault. Use the equal-area criterion to Snap a photo from your pho
determine the maximum value of the power angle δ. to post a question
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EXAMPLE 1
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Generator internal voltage and real power output versus power angle

Figure 1 shows a single-line diagram of a three-phase, 60-Hz synchronous generator, connected 888-888-8888 Text me
through a transformer and parallel transmission lines to an infinite bus. All reactances are given
in per-unit on a common system base. If the infinite bus receives 1.0 per unit real power at 0.95
By providing your phone number, you agree to rece
p.f. lagging, determine (a) the internal voltage of the generator and (b) the equation for the one-time automated text message with a link to ge
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electrical power delivered by the generator versus its power angle δ.

SOLUTION

a. The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 2, from which the equivalent reactance between the
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machine internal voltage and infinite bus is

The current into the infinite bus is Power Modern Electric

System... Control... Machinery.
5th Edition 13th Edition 1st Edition

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and the machine internal voltage is

b. From (11.2.1),

FIGURE 1

Single-line diagraph
Chapter 11, Problem 13P 8 Bookmarks Show all steps: ON

FIGURE 2

Equivalent circuit

Equation

Step-by-step solution

Step 1 of 13

Consider the following single line diagram:

Figure 1

Comment

Step 2 of 13

Draw the equivalent circuit before fault:

Figure 2

Comment
 Step 3 of 13

Refer to Example 11.3 in the textbook.

Chapter 11, Problem 13P 8 Bookmarks Show all steps: ON
Consider the following data:

Internal voltage of generator is 1.21812 p.u

Voltage at bus, = 1 p.u

Inertia constant, H = 3.0 per unit-seconds

Power factor, p.f. = 0.95

Comment

Step 4 of 13

For normal working (before occurrence of fault):

From figure 2, calculate the equivalent impedance between the bus and the generator.

Calculate the current entering the bus.

Calculate internal voltage of generator.

Comment

Step 5 of 13

Now calculate the real power before occurrence of fault.

…… (1)

Where,

Real power is P

Internal voltage of generator is

Voltage of bus is VBUS

Equivalent reactance is Xeq

Load angle is

Calculate the initial load angle using equation (1).

Chapter 11, Problem 13P 8 Bookmarks Show all steps: ON

Comment

Step 6 of 13

After the occurrence of the fault, the breakers B13 and B22 open.

Determine the equivalent impedance.

So, the equivalent impedance is now 0.60 per unit.

Calculate the real power after occurrence of fault.

…… (2)

At t=0, the short circuit occurs. So, the electrical power drops to zero and remains zero until
the fault is not cleared. The fault is cleared after 3 cycles i.e. 0.05s.

Comment

Step 7 of 13

Consider the following power angle curves post and pre fault:

Comment

Step 8 of 13

Comment
 Step 9 of 13

Figure 3
Chapter 11, Problem 13P 8 Bookmarks Show all steps: ON

Comment

Step 10 of 13

Write the swing equation.

…… (3)

Where,

Synchronous speed is

Mechanical power per unit is

Electrical power per unit is

Accelerating power per unit is

With given conditions it becomes:

Apply integration to the above equation.

Again integrate the above equation.

…… (4)

Apply initial values to above two equations.

Comment

Step 11 of 13

Substitute for t, for H, 0.4179 for in the equation (4).

Calculate the area of .

Comment
 Step 12 of 13

Calculate the area of .

Chapter 11, Problem 13P 8 Bookmarks Show all steps: ON

As per the equal area criteria, both areas should be equal, so equate the areas.

Comment

Step 13 of 13

Solve the above equation using iteration in newton-raphson method. Take the first iterative value
as 0.60 radians.

So,

And calculate the iterative equation.

The table shows the values of iteration and value of .

i 0 1 2 3 4

0.6 0.925 0.804 0.785 0.7850

Therefore, the maximum value of power angle, is or .

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Chapter 11, Problem 13P 8 Bookmarks Show all steps: ON
 Chapter 11, Problem 13P 8 Bookmarks Show all steps: ON

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