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Generating Insight - Edition 4 - 2013
Generating Insight - Edition 4 - 2013
Edition 4
generating
Grid Codes –
Compliance and Certification
Pages 7-9
Edition 4:
Page 2
UK Speaker of The
House of Commons
Visits Romania
Facility
Page 3-4
The Application
of Our Expertise
Page 5-6
Hybrid Power
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generating insight | edition 4
Foreword
We thank you for your continued business in 2013, and wish you a
productive 2014.
Robin Jackson
Chief Engineer
Global Service Engineering
Cummins Generator Technologies
The Application
of Our Expertise
Cummins Generator Technologies enhances its Customer Engineering support
Cummins Generator Technologies' Applications That operational ‘know-how’ is fed-back to the product
Engineering team is determined to make sure that the design and development teams, thereby ensuring a
generator you buy is right for you. continuous product development activity that’s driven by
the needs and requirements of customer applications and
The Applications team is an easy-accessible repository of associated challenges―which products must match, in
product knowledge, operating experience and electrical order to stay competitive and gain market advantage.
engineering capability that can help ensure our products
match your needs. Cummins Generator Technologies’ Global Applications
Team is led by Simon Walton. Simon has been with
However, for the Applications team to meet that challenge, Cummins for more than 18 years gaining considerable
many things need to be in place in order to make sure knowledge and experience within the world of rotating
customer expectations are met each time, every time. In machines. He has been tasked with developing the
short, making sure each generator matches the customer’s company’s customer support capabilities, particularly
mission. through the recruitment of skilled personnel to support
business expansion in regions like North America and
To that end, Cummins Generator Technologies has recently
recently restructuring operations in China.
taken steps to increase the capabilities and expertise within
its Applications team in a number of areas. So what are Cummins Generator Technologies’ customers will continue
those steps? to benefit from its Applications teams’ unrivalled knowledge
of their products and operations in a wide range of
Within the engineering team organisation, ‘customer-focus’
industry segments―traditionally provided by our Application
is the number one priority and primary function. Thus, the
Guidance Notes.
Customer Engineering team now incorporates Applications
Engineering and Service Engineering personnel―both with Simon Walton also continues to champion Applications
key distinct tasks. Engineering Functional Excellence - our process for driving
improvement - through the development of harmonised
The Applications Engineering team’s role is to fully
applications performance data and the creation of
understand current-product applications, managing and
applications tools. Moreover, the use of Six Sigma’quality-
providing product performance data through a number of
improvement tools and processes has already seen a
delivery streams, interacting with the global customer base
number of Customer Focused Six Sigma (CFSS) projects
in order to ensure that the products Cummins Generator
delivering automated performance data creation tools
Technologies sell meet the performance criteria and
such as:
specifications demanded by the customer. This is achieved
by an on-going dialogue with the customer before, during ■■ P-Q diagrams (machine-operating capability charts)
and (equally-important) after the sale of a generator.
■■ Three-Phase Decrement curves
The Service Engineering team, meanwhile, is responsible
for driving, and resolving, customer product investigations ■■ Transient Voltage Dip and Recovery curves
through the Rapid Problem Solving (RPS) processes, as
well as product validation, interacting with not only with ■■ Magnetisation curves
Cummins’ customers but also with end-users.
■■ Overload curves
Creating the Customer Engineering team has already
These tools, together with many others, provide a
achieved a great deal―not least through effectively joining-
harmonised and above-all-else consistent approach
up the two ends of the customer-facing engineering
to performance-matching data, and speed-up the
activity, bringing together applications excellence
creation and delivery of this critical product performance
with product issue resolution, translating both sets of
confirmation to our customers.
knowledge into improving our product application reliability.
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generating insight | edition 4
Equally important, to ensure these latest improvements customers. But for now, with the on-going strategy of
reach and benefit customers, Cummins Generator constantly enhancing the structure and capabilities of the
Technologies’ Applications team has become even more Applications team, Cummins Generator Technologies will
closely aligned with the commercial organisation as continue to deliver products and services in support of their
members of key accounts teams. Together, they deliver customers whatever the product, wherever the application.
focused applications guidance and product matching
capability, ensuring a successful product delivery process If you would like to contact our Application team, please
to all customers. As a result of those organisational email: applications@cummins.com
enhancements, customers will not
only enjoy a quicker delivery
of information and advice
throughout the generator
delivery process, but also
enjoy even greater ‘mission-
matching’ of products to
their requirements―which
can only enhance the value
that Cummins Generator
Technologies already brings
to its customers, from
initial product application
advice through to on-going
operating support.
Hybrid POWER
Commercial vehicle operators’ concerns about greener Burning less fuel naturally means fewer harmful emissions
trucks and buses could be allayed with the development of too, especially in environmentally sensitive inner-city areas,
integrated hybrid subsystem components. where air quality is an increasingly major issue. Hybrid
technology also provides large transport organisations with
Putting a hybrid drive in a commercial vehicle is hardly the perfect tool to demonstrate a clear ‘green’ strategy.
‘breaking news’…Europe’s truck and bus makers have
been developing diesel/electric chassis for years, so today Yet despite all those obvious ‘pros’, many fleet buyers
they’re no longer CV show ‘talking points’, but fully- remain wary of hybrid trucks and buses thanks to ‘cons’,
available production-line models that have already been that include the additional weight of battery packs, vehicle
tried and tested by some of the biggest logistics, municipal servicing and reliability issues, technology durability
and passenger transport fleets in Europe. uncertainties, and their additional costs.
On paper, hybrids come with impressive credentials, Cummins Generator Technologies’ CorePlus™ motor
especially in terms of cutting CO² and saving fuel, with generator, together with its own controls software in the
the OEM’s regularly quoting reductions of up to 25% for power electronics, will tackle those concerns head-on,
both. By being able to use supplementary electrical power both for OEMs and potential hybrid truck and bus buyers.
during a hybrid vehicle’s launch-phase truck and bus Its compact design (168mm long) means the generator
manufacturers have the potential to remove one of the can be easily fitted between the engine and gearbox, with
most fuel-thirsty stages in a vehicle’s every-day operation. minimum disruption to existing drivetrain layouts.
Likewise, given the stop-start nature of inner-city delivery Suitable for either parallel, or series-hybrid drivetrains, its
and refuse-collection trucks, as well as city-bus operations, hollow rotor design fits any driveshaft configuration. And as
using a regenerative braking system on a hybrid vehicle its rotor casting only has to handle the torque produced by
means there is plenty of opportunity to regularly top up its the electric motor only (rather than the diesel engine) the
battery pack, further extending the use of the hybrid drive. overall weight is just 103kg.
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generating insight | edition 4
Battery Pack
By adding its own CorePlus™ power electronics inverter new levels of safety as the motor generator and power
and controls software to the motor generator, Cummins electronics have full protection.
Generator Technologies has been able to optimise
performance and efficiency. The operating efficiency of the To help OEMs develop future hybrid systems, Cummins
CorePlus™ generator, which has a maximum power of can also use custom simulation tools. For a given hybrid
90kW and a peak torque of 660Nm, is quoted as “greater vehicle duty cycle these can determine the best power,
than 95%.” The latter is a particularly noteworthy point torque and performance requirements to deliver the best
explains Robert Lee, Executive Director, Power Generation fuel and emission savings. Furthermore, highly efficient low
Strategy for Cummins Generator Technologies: “Efficiency cost solutions from the company’s manufacturing site in
is the single-most important factor affecting a hybrid China offer shorter payback on investment and rely less on
system’s overall economic case, primarily through vehicle government subsidies to promote adoption.
fuel savings.
Lee concludes thus: “Working together, the CorePlus
“The higher the efficiency of the motor generator, the more hybrid subsystem components offer a tightly integrated
energy is captured so the hybrid drive can run for longer, solution that improves performance, efficiency and
thereby improving the vehicles’ fuel savings and reducing system protection. We have the people and systems in
emissions even further.” place to work with OEMs to deliver the latest in engine
electrification, anywhere in the world.”
By fully integrating the hybrid system with the rest of
its hardware and software, Cummins has also ensured
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generating insight | edition 4
Grid Codes –
Certification and Compliance
An evaluation of generator set design implications and the certification process
A Distributed Landscape in some extreme cases a collapse of the entire grid. Grid
By 2030, world electricity demand will have doubled since codes are being introduced in part, to protect the system
the turn of the century, if projections by the International from potential mass drop-off events.
Atomic Energy Agency are accurate. That power increase
would have historically come from traditional sources of The impact of this necessary legislation is that in future,
power generation such as fossil fuels and nuclear fission. generating sets will be expected to stay connected
But in today’s distributed power generation landscape regardless of any short term power disturbance. This
a great deal of that additional demand will come from means the generator must be capable of ‘riding through’
renewables and distributed power generation. severe transient events and still come out smiling on the
other side.
Distributed generation is commonly defined as a collection
of small scale energy sources dispersed over a grid. This To ensure this continuity and security of power supply,
type of power generation relies on prime movers with an electricity Transmission System Operators (TSO) and
internal combustion engine using diesel or gas, or hydro Distribution System Operators (DSO) across the world are
turbines, solar plants with inverters, wind farms with and beginning to introduce grid code requirements that define
without inverters. performance expectations on power plants. These codes
fall under two distinct categories Steady State operation
Distributed power plants benefit from a relatively fast and Transient operation.
installation cycle, enabling quick delivery of grid support.
Steady State Operation
They can also achieve green and environmentally friendly
Under steady-state (static) conditions, grid codes require
solutions in the case of solar, wind and hydro power.
that the generator’s specified kVA rating be supplied over
However the self-contained and self-protecting nature
a wide range of voltage, power factor and frequency
of distributed power plants can make the grid less
conditions. The specifics of each country’s or region’s grid
stable. Traditionally, distributed power generating plants
codes vary slightly, but from a broad perspective, the key
were allowed to disconnect from the grid during short
aspects of the Steady State conditions are:
disturbances. However, with such a large proportion of the
grid being supplied by distributed sources, self-protection ■■ Terminal Voltage variation of ±10%
can lead to a mass drop-off of these installations and so
■■ Lagging or Leading Power Factor
Transient Operation
The Transient, or dynamic operating condition, requires the
generating set to stay connected to the grid during fault or
disturbance events. This requirement is commonly called a
Fault Ride Through (FRT) or in some cases a Low Voltage
Ride Through (LVRT) event. These FRTs can expose the
generator to severe thermal, mechanical and electrical
stresses. Designing generators and their associated
components to comply with grid codes is therefore very
challenging.
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generating insight | edition 4
Under an FRT, the voltage at the Point of Common ENTSO-e is already in the process of developing these
Coupling (PCC) drops to a very low value and the active mandatory European wide regulations and have a planned
load on the generating set drops proportionally. There is a implementation date of 2017. Once this standard has been
chain of events now set in place. Firstly, the kinetic energy finalised by the ENTSO-e consortium, we will publish an
in the shaft tries to accelerate the unloaded generator article to expand on the implications of this new common
toward a pole slip event. A generator designed with the European Grid Code.
correct levels of system inertia and synchronous reactance
will limit the impact of this rotational step change and a The demand for grid regulation is not just European
pole slip will be avoided. However this stage of the FRT specific. In the USA, IEEE1547 is being modified to
event will cause high levels of thermal and mechanical incorporate steady state voltage and frequency variation
stress, as the acceleration of the rotor stresses the and to allow for transient FRT capability. Australia is
generator mechanically whilst the low voltage at the implementing their own mandatory grid code regulations
generator terminal induces high short circuit currents in the for power plants above 30MW, whilst Japan is promoting
stator windings. the implementation of a smart grid infrastructure rather
than introduce transient condition grid codes.
The second phase of an FRT event occurs when the
Design Implications
TSO or DSO clears the grid fault and the generating set
In order to satisfy new grid regulations, generators need to
is required to align itself almost instantly to grid frequency
be designed to be statically and dynamically stable.
and voltage. It should be noted that the generating set
has potentially just been through an acceleration event, so A key parameter affecting stability is operating load angle
there is a high possibility that the generator and the grid – the larger the load angle, the more likely a pole slip will
are now electrically out of phase with one another. As there occur. The level of synchronous reactance (Xd, Xq) of the
is no longer the luxury of a controlled resynchronisation generator, can directly impact the operating load angle and
sequence, the generating set must be designed to be through careful design they can be tailored to minimise
robust enough to deal with a ‘crash sync’ that could be as load angle for a given generator rating.
severe as 180oelec out of phase. A design
challenge indeed. The inertia of the rotating mass of crankshaft, coupling
arrangement and rotor, has a fundamental influence on the
Global Grid Codes
dynamic stability of the generating set. In simple terms, the
Germany is leading the way for grid codes implementation
higher the inertia constant (H) the harder it is for the FRT
with Italy and France not that far behind. Each country
event to alter the synchronous speed of the generating set.
has their own specific grid regulations, however, there is
This is particularly important when the fault is cleared and
a move to harmonise all European grid codes into one
the generating set is resynchronised with the grid.
Pan European grid code. This initiative is being led by the
European Network of Transmission System Operators for
electricity, more usually referred to as ENTSO-e.
Apply Requirements
Cummins
Generator
Establish test plan
Develop simulation model Technologies to
of product support and
supply
generator data
Tuning of
Actual LVRT and
simulation model
power quality tests
with credited test
house
Responsibility of the
Share data with certification body Generating Set Manufacturer
Gain certification
Grid compatible generators should be inherently robust The certification model derives the majority of
in order to withstand the physical impact of FTR events. its performance parameters from the generator
This can be through enhanced stator and rotor bracing or manufacturer. For the engine, only kW rating and
simply by derating. In order to soften the impact of high inertia constant (H) are required. Cummins Generator
rotor transients on the excitation circuit, driven by FRT Technologies has already developed the certification
and pole slip events, snubber resistors may also be fitted. models required for our generator ranges.
To provide ongoing design improvement data, Cummins The diagram above shows the steps and processes
Generator Technologies has developed GenSentry™, a required to certify a generating set for grid code
custom data logging system which identifies and records compliance. It should be noted that he certification
grid disturbances. GenSentry™ seamlessly integrates process is for a complete generator set and not the
into the terminal box of STAMFORD or AvK generators to generator alone.
provides customers with valuable real-time and historical
data about the load and transient environment that their To support our customers through the certification
generating set isoperating in. process we have developed a range of products and
certification models from 150kVA to 18,000kVA, which
Certification not only meets the requirements of grid code operation
Having grid code compatible generators fitted to grid but also ensures the durability and performance of the
code compliant generating sets requires an intensive alternator is unaffected.
certification process. The certification process requires
that a practical FRT test be conducted using specially The solution Cummins Generator Technologies offers
constructed reactive and resistive networks capable of includes not only the product, but also the expertise and
simulating grid events. Further certification within that experience to assist our customers through certification,
product range can then be achieved through running a wherever they are in the world.
computer simulated model using parameters gained from
For further information please visit:
the practical test. One practical product test will cover a
www.gridcodegenerators.com or email:
range of power outputs from 50% to 200% of the tested
applications@cummins.com
product. For example, the practical testing of a 1,500kVA
generating set, will certify the same product over a 750 to
3,000kVA range.
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generating insight | edition 4
We continue to use our technology leadership position and resources to develop the
power industry’s most comprehensive range of products, through the internationally
renowned STAMFORD® and AvK® brands.
www.gridcodegenerators.com
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generating insight | edition 4
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generating insight | edition 4
E3 Academy Electrical
Engineering Internships
Partnership with Institution of Engineering Technology provides student opportunities
With the support of the Institution of Engineering As with the other industrial partners, Cummins Generator
Technology, the Electrical Energy Engineering or E3 Technologies involvement with the Academy is not wholly
Academy was founded four years ago by Nottingham and altruistic. As well as encouraging and training these
Newcastle Universities and five industrial partners, one of students, we are also looking at graduate recruitment
whom is Cummins Generator Technologies. possibilities following the internships. And to be fair the
students also have an expectation of Cummins Generator
Technoloiges becoming their potential employer.
Cummins has recently announced its plans to expand The Cummins Innovation Centre research facility was
the Cummins Innovation Centre at the University of established at the University of Nottingham in March
Nottingham to include world renowned experts Professor 2012 with £2m in initial funding from Nottingham
Fred Eastham, Professor Ed Spooner, Professor Tim University, Cummins Generator Technologies and The
Miller and Professor Steve Williamson in the design of Royal Academy of Engineering. A world-renowned centre
electrical machines. These experts are distinguished of excellence, the Cummins Innovation Centre draws
appointees to the centre’s newly formed advisory council, upon the skills and knowledge of world leading experts
which also includes Dr. Neil Brown, Director of Advanced to enable advances in electrical machines and drives
Machines at Cummins, and Dr. Chris Gerada, Innovation technology leading to product innovation benefiting
Centre Director. The purpose of the council is to inspire customers of Cummins.
and guide future advances in electrical machines and
drives. Council members will review projects, deliver
lectures and provide both mentorship and advice to
students and academic staff at the University.
Customer in Focus
Generators Operate at -20°C in Russia
manufacturer of high quality drilling rig systems and
drilling rig components. Their current portfolio exists of
Customer: Bentec various types of rigs and specific components. Their key
rigs are: Euro rigs, desert rigs, arctic rigs and special rigs.
Where: Siberia, Russia
Each rig has its own unique requirement, mainly based on
Specified: 16 x DSG 86 generators local infrastructure and climate conditions.
Purpose: Generate 25MW power for an Onshore Bentec has embraced the Oil & Gas industry’s drive into
Oil & Gas Stationary Rig more challenging territory with the creation of high quality,
cost effective and durable drilling and oilfield systems
targeted at the harshest and most hostile environments.
As a single source supplier of the drilling power modules
Sixteen AvK DSG 86 generators have been specially and alternators, Cummins offers the customer a
produced to meet the challenging requirements of the customised and adapted solution to meet the challenging
Russian market to operate at a stationary rig where market requirements.
temperatures reach -20°C. Not only the rig, but the AvK
generators as well as 16 cylinder Cummins engines were The AvK generators were all successfully tested before
developed down to the finest detail, able to endure the installation and are now driven by the Cummins power
harsh Siberian climate. modules at the stationary rig in Russian Siberia.
This stationary rig, which was produced by Bentec, Bentec was so convinced of the suitability of AvK
weighs around 320 tons and can drill to a depth of up generators for the Oil & Gas sector that they placed
to 5,000 metres. However, being located in Siberia and another order, this time for 4 AvK DIG 130 generators
its arctic – like climate, makes it really challenging for all delivering a total of 6,400 kVA power.
parties involved.
For more information on AvK generators or Cummins Oil
The DSG 86 AvK generators are equipped with & Gas products, please visit:
1,600 kVA of power and rated at 690 V, 50 Hz, 4 poles, www.stamford-avk.com
IP23, have a speed of 1500 rpm and are driven by www.CumminsOilandGas.com
16 cylinder KTA50 Cummins engines. This robust land
based drilling power module provides power to the
stationary rig, including top drive, draw works and
mud pump.
www.cumminsgeneratortechnologies.com