13 January 2020 UST, YEMEN 1

• There are four main types of multimedia: text,

audio, image, and video.
• These four types can be classified into two
classes according to the representation:
• Direct digital representation:
Text, and image.
• Indirect digital representation:
 Audio and video.
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• Single type of media - basic form of
representation of a specific media type used
• Mixed media – applications involving text and
images or audio and video their basic form is
used
• Integrated media (text, images, audio, video)-
Must convert all the four media into a suitable
digital form.

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 Files format

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 Signal bandwidth and
Analog signal and
effect of bandlimiting channel
frequency components

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 Associated wave form
Signal encoder

 Nyquist sampling theorem

– In order to obtain an accurate representation of a time-varying analog signal,
sampling rate >= 2 x highest sinusoidal frequency component
• Nyquist rate
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 Example

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 Unformatted text

Formatted text

Hypertext

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• Unformatted text:
Known as plaintext.
• It comprise strings
of fixed-size
characters from a
limited character set
such as ASCII* code
set.
• e.g. .txt file.
* American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII
character set).

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• Formatted text: Known as richtext.
• It is produced by most word processing packages and
used extensively in the publishing sector for the
preparation of papers, books, magazines and so on.
• Documents of mixed type (characters, different
styles, fonts, shape etc) possible.
• Format control characters are used.
• WYSIWYG: an acronym for what-you-see-is-what-
you-get.
• e.g. word .doc file
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 (a) an example formatted text string.

(b) printed version of the string.

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• integrated set of documents (each comprising
formatted text) to be created which have
defined linkages (hyperlinks) between them.
• An example of a hypertext language is HTML
used to describe how the contents of a
document are presented on a printer or a
display; other mark-up languages are:
Postscript, SGML (Standard Generalized
Mark-up language), Tex, Latex.

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• Images include computer-generated images (referred to as
computer graphics) and digitized images of documents and
pictures.
• All images are displayed in the form of a two dimensional
matrix of individual picture elements called pixels or pels.

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• Graphics are composed of all kinds of visual objects
such as lines, arcs, squares, circles and so on, as well
as any form of hand-drawn objects.
• Each object has a number of associated attributes
such as color, shape, size, shadow and so on.

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• There are two forms of representation of a computer
graphic:
 The representation of a graphic is analogous to the
structure of a program written in a high-level
programming language, which consists of a set of
commands that are necessary to draw the different
objects that make up the graphic.
 Another form of representation is the actual pixel
image of the graphic (bit-map format).
• Standardized forms of representation such as GIF
(graphical interchange format) and TIFF (tagged image
file format)

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• N×M image is presented in computer as 2D
array with M rows and N columns. It can be
written as:
𝑓(1,1) 𝑓(1,2) ⋯ 𝑓(1, 𝑁)
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑓(𝑀, 1) 𝑓(𝑀, 2) ⋯ 𝑓(𝑀, 𝑁)
• f(3,5) presents values of pixel in 3rd row and
5th column.

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 1 2 3… …N-1 N
1 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● y
2 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
3 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
..
. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
.. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
.
M-1● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
M● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
f(x,y)
x One pixel

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• For digitization of an image, the integer values M, N,
and L must be known.
M: number of rows (pixels in x-axis row)
N: number of columns (pixels in y-axis column)
L: number of levels which presents the values of the
pixels.
• L value is almost power of 2 which means 𝐿 = 2𝑘 ,
since k is the number of required bits for each pixel.
• For square images M=N, so the dimension of this
image is N×N, and called N×N image.

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• Capacity (size) of N×M image in computer
memory is N×M×k.
Example:
The capacity of 1024×1024 image which each
its pixel is presented by 8 bits is
Capacity =1024×1024×8=8388608 bits
=1048576 Bytes
≈ 1×106 B = 1 MB
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• In the case of scanners which are used for
digitizing continuous-tone monochromatic
images, more than a single bit is used to digitize
each picture element.
• For example, good quality black-and-white
pictures can be obtained by using 8 bits per pixel.
This yields 256 different gray levels per element –
varying between white and black - which gives a
substantially improved picture quality.

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• A whole spectrum of colors can be produced by using
different proportions of the three primary colors red,
green and blue.
• There are two mixing techniques: additive color mixing
and subtractive color mixing. (given in Figure – Next
Slide)
• The additive color mixing technique is useful for
producing a colour image on a black surface as is the
case in display applications.
• The subtractive color mixing technique is useful for
producing a colour image on a white surface as is the
case in printing applications

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• Color principles
Additive color mixing (RGB)
Subtractive color mixing (CMY)

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• Color combination

RGB CMY

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Raster-scan Principles

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• Frame: Each complete set of horizontal scan lines (either 525
for North & South America and most of Asia, or 625 for
Europe and other countries)
• Flicker: Caused by the previous image fading from the eye
retina before the following image is displayed, after a low
refresh rate ( to avoid this a refresh rate of 50 times per second
is required)
• Pixel depth: Number of bits per pixel that determines the
range of different colours that can be produced
• Colour Look-up Table (CLUT): Table that stores the selected
colours in the subsets as an address to a location reducing the
amount of memory required to store an image.
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 Visible lines per frame

• Aspect Ratio: This is

the ratio of the screen
width to the screen
height ( television
tubes and PC
monitors have an Digitization spatial resolution
aspect ratio of 4/3
and wide screen
television is 16/9).

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• Example display resolutions and memory requirements.

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 Example

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 Color image capture

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 RGB signal generation alternatives

• Charge-coupled devices (CCD): Image sensor that

converts the level of light intensity on each
photosets into an equivalent electrical charge
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1-Bit (Monochrome) Image
• A 1-bit image consists of on and
off bits only and thus is the
simplest type of image. Each pixel
is stored as a single bit (0 or 1).
Hence, such an image is also
referred to as a binary image.
• Example: Lena image
-640×480 monochrome image
-1 bit/pixel
- Storage size = 640×480/8=38.4 kB

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8-Bit Gray-Level Images
• Each pixel has a gray value between 0 and
255.
• Example: Lena Image
-640×480 gray-level image
-8 bit/pixel
-Storage size = 640×480×8/8
≈ 300 kB

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24-Bit Color Images
• Each pixel is represented by three bytes, usually
representing RGB.
• Since each value is in the range 0–255, this format
supports 256×256×256, or a total of 16,777,216,
possible combined colors.
• Example: Lena Image
-640×480 24-bit color image
-24 bit/pixel
-Storage size = 640×480×24/8
= 921.6kB

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• An important point to note is that many 24-bit
color images are actually stored as 32-bit
images, with the extra byte of data for each
pixel storing an α (alpha) value representing
special-effect information (transparency).
8-Bit Color Images
• If space is a concern reasonably accurate color
images can be obtained by quantizing the color
information to collapse it.

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• 8-bit color image files use the concept of a lookup
table (LUT) to store color information.
• Basically, the image stores not color but just a set of
bytes, each of which is an index into a table with
three byte values that specify the 24-bit color for a
pixel with that lookup table index.

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