PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE 1

HISTORY AND THE ART OF WHAT OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES IN

INTERPRETATION AID THE STUDIES OF HISTORY
✓ Historia in Spanish • Anthropology
✓ Histoire – French • Sociology
✓ Gesichte – German • Philosophy
✓ Kasaysayan – Filipino • Theology
Kasaysayan – rooted in 2 words SEMIOTICS
- salaysay (narrative) & saysay (meaning) - The science of signs and symbols
HISTORY OR KASAYSAYAN - We live in the world of signs and
symbols be it verbal, non-verbal,
• a “narrative that can be written, sexual.
visual or oral or a combination
SEMIOTICS APPLICATIONS
of the three about past events
that has meaning to a certain
group of people in a given time
and place” (Ocampo, A., 2011)
HISTORY IN SAYSAY
• Past – HindSIGHT
• Future – foresight
• Present – synergy to find HERMENEUTICS
inSIGHT - The art and science of interpretation
HISTORY IN INTERGRATED SCIENCE - Deconstruction and Reconstruction
of Ideas and Meanings.
• Interdisciplinary – the
interdependence of sciences BASIC PROCESSES IN
where they are seen to be COMMUNICATION
interconnected and not isolated
from each other. There is focal MESSAGE
science to serve as a lead.
• Multi-disciplinary – the
difference is there are multiple
interconnected sciences
examining in equal terms, a SENDER RECEIVER
certain issue or object of
analysis.
BASIC HERMENEUTICAL PROCESSES INTERTEXTUAL
1. INTERNAL CRITICISMS
World of
the Text 2. EXTERNAL CRITICISMS

World World
Behind Before EXEGESIS
the Text the Text
- The blending process between
the world behind the text to draw
WORLD OF THE TEXT out the contextual meaning.
- Subject (content as it is)
- Theme
- Form: Elements and Style
Contextual World
World of Behind the
the Text Meaning
WORLD BEHIND THE TEXT Text

• History Background
• People Behind the Story, Culture,
Time
EISEGESIS
• Context
- The application of the contextual
- Diachronic Analysis meaning to the contemporary
- Historical Criticism readers be it relevance to certain
- Contextual Reading which personal, social, or global issues
could be in a form of:
Ideological Criticism, Feminist
Criticism, Psycho-Analytic
Contemporary
Realities
Contextual Application confronted by
Meaning derived of Meaning the Interpreters
THE CONTEXT OF JUAN LUNA from Exegesis and Readers
Today

- JUAN NOVICIO LUNA (1857-

1899) -

• History
• Artist
• Culture
• Ideology, worldview, and
perspectives
• Beliefs
• Power struggle
• Intention
HERMENEUTICS APPLICATION o The text is mostly in OLD MALAY
LANGUAGE (similar to the
standard form of the Early Kawi
Script used around the 10th Century
C.E like the OJ Randoeseri
inscription of Central Java, dated 905
A.D)
o There are several technical Sanskrit
words, common to this type of
inscription, and some Old Javanese
words expressing ceremonious forms
ARTIFACT (WORLD OF THE TEXT)
of address, but the main language of
the LC1 is clearly Old-Malay
o According to Dr. de Casparis, an
expert in Indonesian paleography,
this type of script can be found from
Balie (Indonesia) in the East, to
Thailand and Champa (Central
Vietnam) in the West.
o LC1 seems to be a semi-official
certificate of acquittal of a debt
incurred by a person in high office,
together with his whole family, all
relatives, and descendants.
o Dutch anthropologist and Hanuno’o
ARTIFACT – INTERNAL CRITICISM script expert Antoon Postma have
Internal Criticism – appraising the concluded that the document also
meaning and intent of the data source. Much mentions the places of Tondo
of it is engaged into textual criticism. (Tundun); Paila (Pailah), now an
enclave of Barangay San Lorenzo,
Norzagaray; Binuangan
(Binwangan), now part of Obando;
and Pulilan (Puliran).
ARTIFACT – EXTERNAL CRITICISM
o Date and Provenance:
The LC1 bears the Saka date of
882, or 900 A.D which situates it
at the beginning of the reign of
King Balitung of Central Java,
without implying that the LC1
necessarily originated from that
Area (Postma, PhilStudies)
 o LCI was found in 1989 near the
mouth of the Lumbang River near
Laguna de Bay, by a man who was
dredging sand to turn into concrete.
The man suspected that the artifact
might have some value but found no
buyers. He eventually sold it to the
National Museum of the Philippines,
where it was assigned to Alfredo
Evangelista, head of its
Anthropology Department.
SOCIOFACT
• World Behind the Text
- Concepts like gold, debt, slavery,
and class distinctions occur in the
LCI
- Gold as indicator of an advanced
society at that time as shown in the
narrative of Scott:
- “The glitter of just such gold
chains dangling from Filipino necks
that first dazzled the eye of the
Spanish conquistador--those kamagi
as thick as a man's finger and
reaching down to the chest” (Scott
1982, 533)
• Debt
- Practice of debt was existing as
shown in Postma’s analysis:
“a debt could increase on a daily,
monthly or yearly basis by as much
as 100 percent or, upon repayment
within any time period agreed upon,
with an increase from 50 to 150
percent interest. If not paid with
money, land property was another
means of payment, or service to the
person indebted to”
• Slavery of Class Distinctions
- In his further examination, Postma
stated that the “the debtor could
legally be forced to become a slave,
often together with his whole family
and descendants, thus becoming the
victim of a purposeful scheme of the
onewho lent him the money.”
(Postma, PhilStudies)
• Value of the Artifact in Sociofact
Analysis in the Life of Early
Filipinos
- Artifact Corroborates the Claim of
Social stratification existing before
the Coming of the Spanish
Colonizers
- It can also deconstruct the claim of
the early Spanish chroniclers that the
society was barbaric and crude.
MENTIFACT
• World Before the Text
- Tagalog: Kung anong inutang siya
ring kabayaran
- Cebuano: Utang lipay (happy) kita
likay (avoidance) Singil away
(conflict)
- Ilokano: Nu inayab na utang
Mapilitan ka agbayad (Kapag
tinawag na utang sapilitang
babayaran)
- Judeo-Christian Tradition shown
in Proverbs 37:21 the wicked
borrows but does not pay back but
the righteous is generous and gives
• Utang, Hiya, and Loob
- Pag may utang, nakakahiya at
mabigat ang loob
- Pag nakabayad, naibalik ang dangal
at pangalan at magaan ang
kalooban
- Pag di nakabayad, nagkakaroon ng
sama ang loob, at ang hindi
nakabayad ay itinuring na walang
utang na loob.