CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

CLASS -VIII
LEARNING OUTCOMES :

 GOLGI APPARATUS
 LYSOSOMES
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 RIBOSOMES
 VACOULE
 GOLGI APPARATUS
. Was first described by noble laureate
Camillo Golgi.
. He used a special method of staining
referred to as the black reaction, which
uses a weak solution of silver nitrate.
. Found in the cytoplasm of both plant
and animal cells.
. A cell may have one large golgi
complex or several small ones.
. In plant cells, golgi apparatus is
simpler and present as single units
called dictyosomes.
 STRUCTURE OF GOLGI APPARATUS
. It consists of a set of membrane bound,
fluid-filled vesicles and flattened cisternae,
which are arranged parallel to each other
in stacks.
. These membranes often have
connections with the membranes of ER.
. Normally, the apparatus receives vesicles
from the ER and other cell components on
it’s formative or convex or cis face for
modification and packaging of their
contents. They are then dispatched to
intracellular and extracellular targets
through vesicles developed on the
maturing or concave or trans face of the
apparatus.
 FUNCTION OF GOLGI APPARATUS
It’s functions involve
storage, modification and
packaging of the products in
vesicles coming from ER. The
material synthesised in the
ER is packaged and
despatched to various
targets in the form of
vesicles inside and outside
the cell through the golgi
apparatus.
. Sometimes complex sugars are made from simple sugars in golgi
apparatus.

. It is also involved in the formation of lysosomes.

 LYSOSOMES
. Small, spherical single
membrane-bound sac like
structures.
. Filled with hydrolytic enzymes
which are capable of digesting
or breaking down most of the
organic material.
. Occur in most animal cells and
in few types of plant cells.
. Lysosomal enzymes are made
by RER.
 FUNCTIONS OF LYSOSOMES
Lysosomes are a kind of waste disposal system of the cell. Lysosomes help to keep the cell
clean by digesting any foreign material as well as worn-out cell organelles. Foreign materials
entering the cell, such as bacteria or food, as well as old organelles end up in the lysosomes.
Lysosomes are able to do this because they contain powerful digestive enzymes capable of
breaking down all organic material.

DIGESTIVE BAGS OF
THE CELL

SUICIDAL BAGS OF
THE CELL
 WHY LYSOSOMES ARE CALLED SUICIDAL
BAGS OF THE CELL?
During the disturbance in cellular metabolism, like when a cell
gets damaged, lysosomes may burst and the enzymes digest
their own cell. Therefore lysosomes are also known as the
“suicide bags of a cell”.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM :

Endoplasmic reticulum is a mesh of interconnected membranes that serve a

function involving protein synthesis and transport. Rough endoplasmic
reticulum (Rough ER) is so-named because of its rough appearance due to the
numerous ribosomes that occur along the ER. Rough ER connects to the nuclear
envelope through which the messenger RNA (mRNA) that is the blueprint for
proteins travels to the ribosomes. Smooth ER; lacks the ribosomes
characteristic of Rough ER and is thought to be involved in transport and a
variety of other functions
 VACUOLES
. Vacuoles are storage sacs for
solid or liquid contents.
. Vacuoles are small sized in
animal cells.
. Plant cells have very large PLANT CELL

vacuoles. The central vacuole VACUOLES

of some plant cells may

occupy 50 – 90% of the cell
volume. ANIMAL CELL
 VACUOLES IN PLANT CELLS
. In plant cells vacuoles are
full of cell sap and provide
turgidity and rigidity to the
cell.
. Many substances of
importance in the life of plant
cells are stored in vacuoles.
These include amino acids,
sugars, various organic acids,
and some proteins.
 FOOD VACUOLES
. Food vacuoles are
found in unicellular
organisms like amoeba, FFO
paramecium etc. OD
. Food vacuoles contain NUCLEUS
PSEUDOPODIUM
FOOD PARTICLE

food particles consumed

(INGESTION)

by these organisms. OO
FOOD VACUOLE
EGESTED WASTE
 CONTRACTILE VACUOLES
These are the vacuoles which CONTRACTILE VACUOLE
help in osmoregulation, i.e.
maintenance of water and salt
balance in unicellular organisms
like amoeba, paramecium etc.
The water entering and leaving
the contractile vacuole may
contain some excretory matter,
causing excretion as an
additional role.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS :
1. Colourless plastids are known as
(a) Chromoplasts (b) Chloroplasts(c) Leucoplasts(d) Protoplast
2. Animal cell lacking nuclei would also lack in
(a) Ribosome(b) Lysosome(c) Endoplasmic reticulum (d) Chromosome
3. The phenomenon by which protoplast of a cell shrinks from the wall is
(a) Osmosis(b) Plasmolysis(c) Diffusion(d) Glycolysis
4. Which of the following are examples of prokaryotes?
(a) Algae(b) Fungi(c) Bacteria(d) Protozoa
5. The barrier between the protoplasm and the outer environment in an animal cell is
(a) Cell wall(b) Plasma membrane(c) Nuclear membrane(d) Cytoplasm
6. Ribosomes are the site of
(a) Photosynthesis(b) Respiration(c) Protein synthesis(d) Absorption
7. Which is the largest cell organelle present in plant cell?
(a) Nucleus (b) Chloroplast (c) Endoplasmic reticulum (d) Mitochondria
8 The term cell was given by

(a) Robert Hooke

(b) Tatum
(c) Schwann
(d) De Bary
9 .The cell is not applied for

(a) Algae
(b) Bacteria
(c) Virus
(d) Fungi

10 .The membrane around the vacuole is known as

Tonoplast
Elaioplast
Cytoplast
Amyloplast
PALLAVI PIPLANI