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ALC Speed Acceleration Packet
ALC Speed Acceleration Packet
Name:
8 Describing Motion
Chapter_2_Notesheet
9 Acceleration
Reading_Packet
10 Graphing Acceleration
14 Quiz on Speed/Acceleration
Frame9 of Reference
Ac the very moment you read this, you are hurtling through Laarntnq Goals
pace at 30 kilometers per second.That’s equivalent to nearly When you are finisfled with this
65.000 miles per hour How is it possible for you to sit there and !es.son, you should be able to
read these words while you are traveling thu fast? Because the
speed of everything in the universe has to be measured relative Descrlb how different
frames of reference affect
to something else. You hive probably heard someone say that
your observations of the
verything’s relauve. Were they talking about science? Probably motion around you.
tot, but in science all motion is relative, and to measure the
speed or any object it’s important to understand frames of • !dentlly frames of reference
in a picture or story.
reference.
[f you ride the bus to school in the morning you undoubtedly
spend some time looking out the window. Part of the sensation
of motion you feel while riding comes from the up-and-down
and back-and-forth movement that comes with a bumpy bus
ride. But even if the ride were perfectly smooth, you would still
know that you were moving. Why? Because most of us treat the
earth as a stationary frame of reference. In other words, we
assume that the earth isn’t moving.Therefore, as you look out
the bus window and observe the scenery as you pass by you
assume that you are the one in motion.
What if you didn’t consider the earth a stationary frame of
reference? Then you might believe that your bus was stationary;
and the earth was moving past you! Although it seems to be an
unusual way to view the world, that perspective doesn’t violate
a single law of physics.
Consider an astronaut on board the space shuttle. She cer
tainly doesn’t view the earth as a stationary frame of efeicace.
From her point of view, the earth is an enormous, spinning
sphere. While those of us on earth experience one sunrise every
24 hours, an astronaut obiting Earth sees 16 sunrises in the same History Connection
period of tirne.Astronauts hive a different frame of refei’ence to
the sun than you do. For centuries, th. greatest
Having a stationary frame of reference is essential to finding astronomers in Europe
one’s way around the world. Image how different it would be to believed that the stars, the
sun, and the planets moved
drive across the city if you couldn’t assume that the earth is in circular orbits arour4
stationary. How would you know how far to drive in any direc Earth. In the 16 century, a
tion? The problem would be even worse if there were no roads Polish astronomer named
to toUow. That was exactly the problem faced by sailors who Copernicus proposed that
traveled across the ocean before compasses were invented. Earth and the other planets
moved around the sun
From our point of view (assuming the earth is stationary), the instead. Talk about radical!
I
called
earth. ft was the North Stai
change position relative to the vided
obile manufacturer), that pro
Polaris (now a famous snowm to
nce that early sailors needed
the stationary frame of refere
an ocean without landmarks.
tind their way in the middle of truly
there is no such thing as a
ft Ls import:ant to realize that you
stationary frame of reference
. If you are riding in an airplane,
vet
cnay decide to use the aiplanc
is your reference frame. Howe
see the ground apparently
if you look out the window you
vin g bel ow you . But eve n if you change your mind and make
mo
the earth your stationary frame
of reference, the earth is still
t
vin g aro und the sun . Fu rth erm ore, the sun is moving as par
rrzo what
Ties are moving. Therefore,
of the gairry, and all of the gIIa
reference, Is moving in an
is not moving in one frame of e
ody’s moving according to som
othet In other words, everyb ,
st common frame of reference
bodyThe earth may be the mo
t it is the ‘correct one.
but there is no rule that says tha
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a a I a
ldiiiiJ
Motion, Force, and Energy
2Disp Equation Units Definition
lacement
Distance
Speed
Velocity
Acceleration
Force
Mass
Weight
Mornen turn
Work
Power
Equation Units Definition
Gravi tcitional
Potential
Energy
Elastic Potential
/Kx
1
Block: —
The grid below contains a hidden treasure chest. To find it, follow the directions and
draw a continuous line on the grid. Place an X at the end of your line. This is where
the key to unlock the treasure chCst fits.
One side of a square = 1 cm. The diagonal of one square equals 1.4 cm.
Directions:
1. From start go 2 cm N, then 8. 2.8 cm SE 15. 4cmN
2. 6cmE 9. 1 cm S 16. 2cmE
3. 5cmS 10. 6cmW 17. 2 cm S
4. 6cmW 11. 2.8 cm NW 18. 2cmE
5. 2.8 cm NW 12. lcmN 19. 2cmN
6. 5cmN 13. 2.8 cm SE 20. 1.4 cm SW
7. 6cmE 14. 5cmS Place X here.
W-e
Name:
) Graphing A Skate Boarder’s Distance
Use the graph paper provided and
graph the skate boarder’s distance.
Label the x axis as Time (seconds) and
the Y axis as distance
(meters). Determine the range of
values needed for each axis. After
completing the graph, Answer the que
stions below.
Li
)
)
U
)
6-2 Speed and Velocity
Sveed Learning Goals
one of the basic tenets of the particle theory of matter is that all When you are finished with rhis
particles are in constant motion.The random movement of lesson, you should be able to
particles is one of the types of motion that all of us experience Describe how different
daily. The ride to school, walking through the halls between frames of reference affect
classes, and the movement of a hockey puck in a game of boot your observations of the
hockey are a few more ways that motion might affect you. motion around you.
Whatever the object, the most common way that people de • Describe and interpret mo
scribe motion is by talking about its speed. tion graphically.
While all of you use the concept of speed daily, not everyone
can define what speed is (and what it isn’t). In science, quanti • Distinguish between speed
ties like speed are called rares.A rate is defined as a quantity
and velocity.
divided by time. Speed is the distance an object travels in a • Calculate when a moving
certain amount of time. To calculate an object’s speed, you object will arrive at a given
divide the distance the object has moved by the elapsed time. point.
distance
speed =
time
For large objects like cars and long distances speed is usually
J expressed in kilometers per hour (km/h). Many other units are
also in common use such as miles per hour (mph) and meters
per second (mis). Ships and airplanes use nautical miles per
hour (knots).Whatever units you choose to use for speed, the
relationship .berween distance and time is the same.
Cantant Speed
Suppose that at a track meet one of the runners travels around
the 400 m track in 58 seconds. What is his speed? The answer
may be found by substituting these numbers into the speed
formula.
400 m
speed= =6.9 rn/s
58s /1
<peed
It is also possible to use the speed formula to calculate dis
tance and time. As with the density formula, you can use a for Figure 6.1 Find the right equation
mula triangle to rind the proper equation. If you are planning a by covering the variable you are
trip, and you know the distance to your destination, you can looking for and reading the fcrmIa
calculate the approximate time that your trip will take if you from the rern’nng o.
know your average speed. Suppose that you plan to drive to
Duluth which is 250 km from St. Paul. If your average speed is
3 u km,h then ‘ou can calculate ‘your tra’iel time using the
rmula
3
_________
distance 250 km
=2.8h
time= =
90 km /h
speed to
sci en tif ic ca lcu lat ion s you should be careful
As with all
its and show your work.
include the proper un
eed
ph at constant sp
c4stance-tme gra each unit
ls the same distance in
When an object trave ph
is sai d to be mo vin g at constant speed. A gra
of time, it
h1*rj
gure 6.2.
an object is shown in Fi
110
100
of the mo tio n of su ch nt
dis tan ce -ti me gr ap h of an object at consta
80 Notice that a a graph
70
d is a str aig ht lin e. Be cause it’s a straight line,
60 spee future dis
be used to predict the
of constant speed can
50
lation
40
e of the ob jec t by extrapolation. Extrapo
a tance or tim past the
pr oc es s tha t inv olv es extending the line
10 is a that
0
91011 ta. Fo r ex am ple , fro m the graph it is clear
3 4 5 6 7 5 current da ery second. On
tance of 10 meters ev
0 1 2
ob je ct tra ve ls a dis
the object will
ble to predict that the
Tim. (a)
-time graph of an that basis, it is reasona though
Figure 6.2 The distance 20 0 m et er s in 20 seconds—even
d is a straight line. have tra ve led
object at constrt spee ar on the graph itself.
those data don’t appe
f)
The diierence herween speed and velocity, then. is straight
krward. Velocity includes speed and direction. Suppose you
100
a 50
0
0 2 4 6
Time (ii)
Practice Exercises
1. A car travels 240 kilometers in 3 hours. What is the average speed of the car during
3 time?
that
2. The average speed of a cruise ship is 50 km/h. How far will the ship travel in 14 hours?
3. It is 1 2:OC noon. The local weather bureau is tracking a violent storm that is traveli
ng
eastward at 25 kmlh. It is 80 kilometers west of Henry Sibley High School. If school gets
done at 2:30, will the students be able to leave before the storm arrives?
)
3
Name
Speed Problem Period
Worksheet
Directions: Solve the following speed problems. Use the triangle to help solve the
problems. Show all your work. Circle your answer.
3. How much time does it take for a bird flying at a speed of 45 kilometers per hour
to travel a distance of 1,800 kilometers?
4. A comet is cruising through the solar system at a speed of 50,000 Idlometers per
hour for 4 hours time. What is the total distance traveled by the comet during
this time?
5. If Steve throws the football 50 meters in 3 seconds, what is the average speed
(velocity) of the football?
6. If it takes Ashley 3 seconds to run from the batters box to first base at an average
speed (velocity) of 6.5 meters per second, what is the distance she covers in that
time?
7. Bart ran 5000 meters from the cops and an average speed (velocity) of 6 meters!
second before he got caught. How long did he run?
8. If Justin races his Chevy S-1O down Highway 37 for 2560 meters in 60 seconds,
what is his average speed (velocity)?
Name:
Block:
SPEED
[___
20 15 5
12 *
25 20 12
11
30 25 17
25 30
35 31 24
40 35 24
38 40
45 45 24
50 45 29
53 50
55 58 34
60 55 39
62 641
65 64 44
70 83 46
64 70
75 64 50
75 53
Both travelers are traveling to a des
tination that is about 64 miles awa
y.
QUESTIONS:
TRAVELER 1:
9 When you look at the graph, how can you tell when the person was traveling slower
9
)
10. How does the graph show when the person was stopped?
(Traveler 2)
16. Average speed for entire trip (in miles per hour)
17. Did this person ever make it to their destination (according to your data)?
18. Describe what was happening during this trip (when was the person on side
streets/slow traffic, when were they on the highway etc.)
ed
_
_
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____ ____
____
____ _ ____ ____________
Motion
I
A. in velocity’s rate
1. acceleration—speed is increasing.
2. acceleration—speed is decreasing.
1. Acceleration = / time
I
4g;on 33
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—an ____
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Date Class
4am.
-
-
-
at work
C. Auto crashes—the law of
bçlt keeps moving at the car’s speed even after
1. A passenger not wearing a seat
the car stops.
as the car slows down and stops.
2. A passenger wearing a seat belt
(3
U
Acceleration
Learning Goals
Acceleration
When you are finished with this Just like speed and velocity; acceleration is a rate. In the case of
lesson, you should be able to
acceleration, it is the rate that velocity changes with time.The
Describe the effects of faster velocity changes, the greater the acceleration.The relation-
acceleration on objects at rest
and in motion. change in velocity v
acceleration = = —
a changeintime
—
- a —
—
— final velocity starting velocity
-
changein time
a=
-
138km/h 0km/h =15.3 km/h/s
9s
What if velocity decreases during the time period? What’s the
Acceleration Graph word for that situation? Scientists don’t consider that case to be
very different from the more obvious one (increasing velocity),
120 and usually refer to it as negauve acceleration. Non-scientists
often call negative acceleration deceleration. Any possible confu
100 —— - sion about whether velocity is increasing or decreasing is
avoided in calculations involving acceleration by using a nega
80
tive sign to indicate negative acceleration. Consider the follow
ing sample exercise.
C
60
----
——\--
j) 30
Figure 6.5 shows what happened when the car from the
20 previous problem saw a police officer. What was the cars
0 ---1P average rate of acceleration between 2 and 6 s?
Step 1 What do you know?
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s) final ve!ociry = 23 km/h
starting velocity =80 km/h
Figure 6.5 Plot of speed vs. time
showing negative acceleration, time = 4 s
Step 2 What are you trying to calculate?
acceleration =?
Step 3 Write the formula and substitute given numbers.
1w final velocity starting velocity
-
a=—=
change in time
Step 4 Solve and check units.
a=
23km/h - 80km/h =-14.3km/h/s
4,5
10
per second. In other words,
may help to think instead about rn/s
an acceleration of 2.5 rn/s/s means
that the velocity of the )
2.5 rn/s every second.Assum
object in question is increasing by lime Velocity
e of velocity vs. time for the
ing a constant acceleration, a tabl (s) (mis)
graphical representation of
object would look likeTable 6.1.A
graph is straight line pointing
the data is found in Figure 6.6 The 0 0.0
constant and positive.
upward because the acceleration is
1 2.5
Graph of constant acceleration 2 5.0
3 7.5
14
4 10.0
——-—7—
12
-—-r——
5 12.5
10
I ——/—
6 — --- acceleration data
4
—— -/-— Figure 6.6 Graph of
data from Table 6.1
2
0
7— 4 5 6
showing the relation
ship between speed
and time for constant 3
0 1 2 3
acceleration.
Time (a)
Practice Exercises
. it reaches
at the bottom of a hill. Three seconds later
1. A rollercoaster is moving at 25 m/s
the top of the next hill, moving at 10 rn/s
. What is the acceleration of the rollercoaster?
el
is trav elin g at 60 km /h. It acc eler ates to 85 km/h in 5 seconds. What is the acc
2. A car
eration of the car?
t
11
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_____
_____
_____
____
____
____
_____________Row
_______________
___________
__ __________ _____
___
Names Row
hour
ACCELERATION I
Ue the attached graph to answer the following questions. The graph represents a
thp.
car
1. Between which points was the car accelerating (more than one answer)?
2. Between which po nts was the car decelerating (more than one answer)?
Calculate the acceleration between the following points. Remember the formula for
acceleration: A Vf. Vjf Show your work (set up the problem). UNITS!!
)
1 Acceleration between G-H: —
I ei
11. Where was acceleration the greatest (between which points)?
)
12. How does the graph show this?
15. Where was the car traveling at a constant speed (between which points)?
17. Did the car ever stop during the trip? How can you tell?
)
See the diagrams attached (A, B and C) V
A car at a stop sign accelerates to 30 mi/br in 30 seconds. The car cruises at this
speed for 10 minutes. The car then enters the highway and accelerates to 60 mi/hr.
The car cruises at this speed for 15 minutes. The car exits the highway and slows to
a stop.
oc
———-i-
—,
—
-
—
—
— o9
— —
—
____i-_______—_____ø
— 1 — — — — — — — —
______çq
— — — —
—
I--
V wwvd
__________________________
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_
Name,
Period Date
PART 2: CALcuLATIoNS
FORMULA:
ANSWER:
FORMULA:
ANSWER:
During that time, he speeds up from 5 mIs
8. A runner coversthe last straight stretch of a race in 4 s.
this part of the race?
to 9 mIs. Wbat is the runner’s acceleration in
GIVEN: WORK:
FORMULA:
ANSWER:
FORMULA:
ANSWER:
dro p with an ave rag e acc eler mIs If an object falls from a tall building,
ation of 9.8 2
.
10. Falli ng obj ects
ed of 48 m/s?
how long will it take before it reaches a spe
GIVEN: WORK:
FORMULA:
ANSWER:
eleration of 1.8
in 2.5 s. The ball traveled at a constant acc
1 1. Josh rolled a bowling ball down a lane ed of 7.6 m/s by the time it reac hed the pins at the
m/s2 down the lane and was traveling at a spe
when it left Tim’s hand?
end of the lane. How fast was the ball going
GiV!N WORK:--— --—--
FORMULA:
ANSWER:
The Name:_______________
CarRace Period: 1 2 3 4
1. The graph below represents three cars during the first minute of a race. Using the.
following information, draw another curve on the grid representing the motion of CarD.
This car moves as follows,.
a. Car D accelerates from a rest position at 0 seconds to reach a speed of 120.0 km/s at
5.00 seconds.
b. Car D maintains this speed for 5.00 seconds, then decelerates to 30.0 1cm/s at 20.0
seconds.
c. It then accelerates to reach a speed of 90.0 km/s at 30.0 seconds and maintains this
speed for 5.00 seconds.
d. Car D then decelerates to 55.0 km/s at 40.0 seconds, further decelerates to 40.0 kuils
at 50.0 seconds and then accelerates to 120.0 km/s at 55.0 seconds and maintains that
speed.
120 Ii14#
. .,,—
Iji I-
110 I1L—-.
.,
100 ..
4 .. . . ‘ “ V !,
90. -
- -.-‘- .
80
soffl
: fr’s
Car r.}2
A — — — 10 15 20 25 30, 33 40 45 50 55 60
B
C — — — —
Time (s)
Show Your Work! 4 steps (‘what you don’t know, 2 what you know, 3 the equation and 4 the
math). Watch your units! Watch your significant figures!
15. What is the acceleration of car “A” from 0 to 60.0 seconds? Is this constant acceleration?
16. What is the acceleration of car “B” from 0 sec. to 15.0 sec.?
Lab#
Motion Graphs
:, this lab, you will use graphs
to investigate motion. The
motion and will be drawn by the graphs will represent your
calculator. own
Graphs can be used to repres
ent motion. For example, if
object as time goes by, you can you track the position of n
make a plot of distance vs. tim
detector will track your pos e. In this lab the motion
ition and the calculator will
your motion. The motion detec draw a distance vs. time graph
tor sends out a pulse of hig of
listens For the echo. 3y con h frequency Sound and then
tinually sending pulses and
detector tracks your position listening for echoes, the motio
over a period of time. This n
calculator and generates a information is fed to the
graph of distance vs. time.
II
graph
1. Explain what you did to match this
T ph
2. Explain what you did to match this gra
I
1
S. Explain what you did to
match this graph________
__
T
7. Explain what you did
to match this graph
T
8. ExplaIn what you did
to match this graph