Chemistry Form-Four (Chapters Summery of Questions With Answers)

Form Four AL-ACLAA PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL
Chemistry Form-Four(Chapters Summery of Questions With Answers)

Chapter Contents ( 2020-2021 )
1. Hydro-carbons
2. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
3. Aldehydes, Ketones, And Carboxyclic Acids
4. Bio-Chemistry
5. P-Block Elements
6. Chemical Kinatics
7. Chemical Equilrbirium
8. Introduction Nuclear Chemistry
‘’CHAPTER ONE ‘’
1. Define hydrocarbons ? and give example ?

 Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only E.g: methane, propene
and pentyne
2. List at least three common uses of of hydrocarbons?
 Fuels, candle and oil.
3. List classification of hydrocarbons?
 Inbonding: Saturated & un-saturated .
 Structure: Cyclic & Acyclic.
4. List clasification of un-saturated hydrocarbons?
 Alkanes, alkynes and aromotic.
5. What are the different types of aliphatic hydrocarbons?
 These are three alkane, alkene & alkyne.
6. Define the following terms:
 Aliphatic hydrocarbons: These are hydrocarbons drived by chemical degradation of fats or oil.
 Aromotic hydrocarbons: These are h-carbons obtained chemical of certain pleant smelling
plant extracts.
7. List classification of aromotic hydrocarbons?
 Benzenoid and non-benzenoid.
1
8. Differiancite Classification of Alkanes?
 Side chain: There are short chain attached to parent chain.
 Parent chain: This is the longest straight carbon-carbon chain of carbon atom.
By, Eng.Daud Hassan Hussein | DaudHassan192@gmail.com

9. Differiancite the following terms.
 Stright chaine alkane: In wich carbon atom is bonded to not more than two carbon atom.
 Branched chain alkane: These are alkanes in which at least one atom is bonded to more
than two other carbon atoms
10. List general method of Preparation Of alkane?
 From Alkyl Halides ( R-X) & Decarboxylation
11. State Uses of Alkyne?
 Acetyne is used in Oxy-Acetylene .
 Acetylene Is used For manufacture of westron
12. State Physical Properties of Alkene?
 Alkenes with Branches Have lowers Boiling Point
 Boiling Point Of alkene increase with Increase In molecular mass.
13. State Uses of Alkene?
 I-Thylene is used to manufacture polythene
 Alkenes is used to prapave alkene alcohols
14. State Physical Properties of Alkynes?
 All Alkynes except ethyne are clour less
 The are less dense in in water they are insoluble less in water.
15. List two physical properties of alkane?
 Alkanes are lighter than water.
 They are less dence in air.
16. List two uses of alkanes?
 Liquid alkane are used as solvents.
 Alkane are used as fuel b/c they produce large amount of heat in combustion.
17. Define cyclo alkanes?
 Cyclo alkanes are cyclic hydrocarbons with only single carbon-carbon –bond.
18. Define alkanes? and give example?
 Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only C-C single bonds. E.G: methane,
ethane and propane.
19. Define Alkene? And give example?
 Alkenes are un-saturated containing at least one Carbon-Carbon double bound b/w carbon
atoms. E.G: Ethene, propene and butene.
20. Define alkynes? and give example? 2
 Alkynes are defined as un-saturated hydrocarbon compounds containing. E.G: ethyne, and propyne.
21. Define Alkyl? And give example?
 An alkyl group is an alkane that has one hydrogen less. E.G: Methy, propyl and pentyl.

22. Define Aromatic hydrocarbons? And give example?
 Aromatic are defined as as acyclic organic compounds which contain at least one aromatic-
ring that resembles benzene .E.G: Cinnamon, ranilla and jasmine.#
23. State classification of alkenes?
 Symmetric alkenes and a symmetric alkenes.
24. Define Isomerism?
 Are defined molecules with some molecular formula but different structural formula.
25. Who discovered Benzene?
 Benzene was discovered by Mechail farday in 1825 7 given it’s Structure Fried rich August
Kekale in 1865.
26. State uses of Benzene?
 Benzene is an Important source of chemicals which is used as pesticides and detergents .
‘’CHAPTER TWO ‘’
1. Define Alcohol? And give example?
 Alcohol are organic compounds which contain hydroxyl (OH) as functional group . E.G:
Methanol and ethanol.
2. Define Ether? And give example?
 Ether are organic compound which contain oxy (-OH-) As functional group. E.G: Methoxy
propane
3. State classification of alcohol?
 Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol.
4. Define functional group?
 Can be defined as active part of an organic compound which is responbsible for
characteristics of that compound.
5. Define phenols?
 Are compounds that have hydroxyl group bonded directly to benzene.
6. State classification of ether?
 Symmetrical and un-symmerical.
7. State Physical Properties of alcohol?
 Boiling Point of Alcohol are higher than those of cross bonding hydrocarbon.
8. State Classification of Phenols?
 Monohydric Phenol, Dihydric Phenol and Trihydric Phenol.
9. State uses of phenol? 3
 Are used to prepare Asipirin & dyes & Plastics .

10. State Uses Of Eher?
 Ethers are Widely Used as solvent For oil, gums , Resin .

CHAPTER THREE
1. Define Ketone? And give example?
 Ketone are organic compounds with carbonyl (-O) as functional group. EG: Methanone and
proponone.
2. Define Aldehydes and give example?
 Are Organic Compounds wihich Contain Carbonyl ‘’ CHO ‘’ As functional group.
EG: Proponal, Butanal & Heptanal .
3. State Physical Properties Of Aldehydes& Ketones?
 Boiling point and Solubility
4. State uses of Aldehydes and ketones?
 Acetaldehyde is used Production of acetic acid
 Ketones Acetone is produced naturally in cells during the breaking down of fatty acids.
5. Define carboxylic acid? And give example?
 Are organic compounds which certain carbonyl (COOH) As functional group. E.G: Butanoic
acid and proponoic acid.
6. State classification of Carboxylic acid?
 Mono, Di and tri carboxylic acid
7. State Uses of Carboxylic acid ?
 Acetic acid, Aspirin, Adipic acid .
8. State Physical Properts Of Carboxylic acid ?
 Carboxlic acids often exists as dimers held to gather by two intermolecular hydrogen bonded.
CHAPTER FOUR
1. Define Biochemistry?
 Biochemistry is an integrated of science of biology and chemistry.
2. Define Bio molecules?
 The chemical process that occur in the living system are collectively known as metabolism and
chemical Constituents of the living system are known as Biomolecules
3. What are the field of Biochemistry?
 Structural Biology and Enzymology .
4. What are the Major types of bio molecules?
 Carbohydrates , Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acid .
5. What are Carbohydrates? 4
 Carbohydrates can be defined As polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.
6. State Classification of Carbohydrates according to the behavior Hydrolysis ? And
differentiate them?

 Monosaccharide: Glucose, Fructose, Glactose
 Oligosaccharide : Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Raffinose
 Polysaccharide : Strach, Glycogen, Celluslose, Fibers .
7. State classification af carbohydrates according Of TEST? And differentiate them?

 Sugar : These carbohydrates sweet in taste
 Non-Sugar : These are carbohydrates which are not sweet in taste.
8. State classification of Carbohydrates Reducing According on the behavior ?
 Reducing sugar : These carbohydrate which is cable of reducing Tollen’s reagent and feh-
lings solution .
 Non-Reducing sugar : These are carbohydrates that are unable to reduce tollen’s reagent
9. State Classification of monosaccharide on the basis on the functional group?
 Aldoses and Ketones .
10. State classification of Monosaccharide According to number of carbons?
 Trios, Tetroses, Pentoses, Hexoses.
11. State The structure of monosaccharide ?
 Full structure, Fisher projection and Haworth projection.
12. What is the difference b/w Fisher projection and Haworth projection?
 Fisher Protection: This is a formula that represents the straight-chain structuresof
monosaccharide’s.
 Haworth projection : This a formula that represents cyclic structure of monosaccharide
13. State classification of Oligossaccharides ?
 Disaccharides, Trisaccharides, Tetrasaccharide, Polysaccharides
14. What are the functions of Carbohydrates?
 The carbohydrate act as a major source of energy for animals and humans beings.
 The carbohydrate are the structure material for the cell wall.
 The carbohydrate act as food reserve in plant ( Starch), and animals ( Glycogen).
15. Differenciate Numeric Carbon Carbonyl group?
 Nomeric carbon: The carbon called called the circle is known as a nomeric
 Carbonyl Group: is a group of atoms that consists of carbon cavalently attached to an oxygen
atom by doubled bond.
16. Define Proteins?
 Proteins are polymers of amino acids with vary high molar mass.
17. Define Amino acids? 5
 Amino acids are monomers of proteins
 Amino acids can also be defined as organic compounds which contain amino(-NH2)
and carboxyl (-COOH) as Functional group.

18. State the smallest amino acid?
19. GLYCINE
20. State two amino acid that belong the natural amino acids?
 Leaucine and proline
21. State two amino acids belong to acid amino acids?
 Argine and Aspartic acid .
22. List classification of amino acids according based on a number?
 Acid, Basic and Neutral.
23. What is the difference b/w essential and non-essential amino acids?
 Essential amino acids: The amino acids which can no be synthesized in the body and must be
obtained through diet is known as Essential amino acids.
 Non essential Amino acids: The amino acids which can be synthesized in the body are known
as Non essential amino acids
24. State The structure of proteins?
 Primary structure of proteins, Secondary structure of proteins and Tertiary Structure of protein
25. List types of protein based on their molecular Shapes?
 Globular proteins & Fibrous proteins.
26. Define denaturation?
 Is the process that discripts secondary tertiary and quatenery structure not primary structure.
27. List two Agents of protein denaturation?
 Heat and Heavy metals.
28. State two importance of proteins?
 Insuline and Hemoglobin .
29. Define Lipids?
 Are organic chemical compounds that are insoluble compounds n non polar solvents.
30. List classification of lipids?
 Simple lipids, Compound lipids and Derived lipids.
31. State two importance of Lipids?
 Lipids acts a source & Lipids serves as electrical insulator
32. Define Nucleic acid?
 Are poly nucleotides that occur in the nucleus of living cells.
33. List types of Nucleic acid? And Explain them?
 DNA ( AGC) & RNA ( AGCT) 6
34. List one function of Nucleic acid?
 They control protein thesis

CHAPTER FIVE
1. Define Boron family?
 Group13 or group IIIA elements of periodic table are called Boron family.
2. State physical properties of Boron family?
 In nature, Boron is metalloids while the rest in the group are metals.
 At room temperature, the physical state of Boron family is solid
 Boron ha a high melting point while gallium has the lowest melting point.
3. Sate Uses of Boron Family?
 Boron is used for manufacturing of pyrex and making bullet prove vest.
 Thallium is extremely toxic and has no commercial use
 Aluminum is used for making cooking Utensils and also used as window frame.
BORON FAMILY
No Element Atomic number Electronic Configuration
1. Boron ( B) 5 [He] 2S2 2P1
2. Aluminum (Al) 13 [Ne] 3S2 3p6
3. Gallium (Ga) 31 [Ar] 3d110 4S2 4S2 4P1
4. Indium ( In) 49 [Kr] 4d10 5S2 5P1
5. Thallium ( Ti) 81 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6S2 6p1
4. Define Carbon Family?

 Group 14 or IVA Elements of periodic table are called Carbon family.
5. State physical properties of Carbon family?
 In nature carbon is non metal, Silicon germanium are metalloids, Tin and lead are metals.
 At room temperature The physical state of all members carbon families are Solid
 The melting and boiling points of group 14 are much higher than those of corresponding
elements of group 13.
6. State Uses of carbon Family?
 Carbon is used in pencils and electrochemical cells in the form of graphite
 Since silicon and germanium are metalloids, they are used in electronics as semiconductors.
 Tin is electroplated on steel cans

CARBON FAMILY
No Element Atomic Number Electronic Configuration
1. Carbon (C) 6 [He] 2S2 2P2
2. Silicon (Si) 14 [Ne] 3S2 3P2
3. Germanium (Ge) 32 [Ar] 3d10 4S2 4P2
4. Tin (Sn) 50 [Kr] 4d10 5S2 5P2
5. Lead (Pb0 82 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6S2 6p2
7. Define Nitrogen family?

 Group 15 or VA elements of the periodic table are called Nitrogen family.
8. State physical properties of Nitrogen family?
 In nature Nitrogen and phosphorous are non metals, arsenic bismuth, and antimony are metals.
 At room temperature the physical properties of nitrogen is gas while others in the group are
solids.
 They all show Allotropes except nitrogen and bithmuth.
9. Sate Uses of Nitrogen Family?
 Two of the elements, nitrogen and phosphorus are used for fertilizers and essential for live.
 Antimony and Bismuth are used Chiefly in metal alloys.
 Arsenic which is notorious for it’s toxicity is most is most useful in agriculture.
NITROGEN FAMILY
1. Nitrogen (N) 7 [He] 2S2 2P3
2. Phosphorus (P) 15 [Ne] 3S2 3P3
3. Arsenic ( As) 33 [Ar] 3d10 4S2 4P3
4. Antimony ( Sb) 51 [Kr] 4d10 5S2 5P3
5. Bismuth (Bi) 83 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6S2 6p3

10. Define Oxygen family?
 Group 16 or VIA elements of the periodic table are called Oxygen family.
11. State physical properties of Oxygen Family?
 In nature oxygen , sulfur, and selenium are non-metals Tellurian and polonium are metalloid.
 At room temperature Oxygen is gas while all other members of the group are solids.
 Gropup 16elements show negative oxidation state of -2 and positive oxidation sate of +2, +3,
+4, and +6
12. State Uses of Oxygen family?
 Oxygen is essential for respiration in animals and humans.
 Ozone(O3) Protects the atmosphere from the harmful UV.
 Sulphur is widely used in industries to produce sulphuric acid.
OXYGEN FAMILY
1. Oxygen (O) 8 [He] 2S2 2P4
2. Sulphur (S) 16 [Ne] 3S2 3P4
3. Selenium (Se) 34 [Ar] 3d10 4S2 4P4
4. Tellurium (Te) 52 [Kr] 4d10 5S2 5P4
5. Polonium (Po) 84 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6S2 6p4
13. Define Halogens?

 Group 17 elements are called Halogens (Salt makers), B/c they make salt with metals.
14. State physical properties of Halogens?
 Group 17 elements are poor conductor of electricity.
 They are poor Conductor of heat B/c they are made up of Covalent bonds.
 Halogens has low melting and boiling points.
15. State Uses of Halogens?
 Chlorine is used as bleaching agent paper industry and textile.
 It also used in the manufacture of plastics and insecticides.
 Sodium chloride and sodium iodide are essential dietary minerals for human being.

HALOGENS
1. Fluorine (F) 9 [He] 2S2 2P5
2. Chlorine ( Cl) 17 [Ne] 3S2 3P5
3. Bromine ( Bl) 35 [Ar] 3d10 4S2 4P5
4. Iodine ( I) 53 [Kr] 4d10 5S2 5P5
5. Astatine 85 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6S2 6p5
16. Define Noble gasses?

 Group 18 or VIIIA elements of periodic table are called Noble gasses.
17. State physical properties of Noble gasses?
 Noble gasses exist as gaseous state in the atmosphere
 Noble gases are non metals
 They are monatomic in nature.
 Noble gases are slightly soluble in water.
18. State Uses of Noble Gasses?
 Helium is used to fill aero-plane tyres and balloon for meteorological observations.
 Neon emits light when high voltage electricity is passed through it.
 Argon is used infalament parts.
NOBLE GASSES
1. Helium (He) 2 1S2
2. Neon (Ne) 10 1S2 2S2 2P6
3. Argon ( Ar) 18 1S2 2S2 2S6 3S2 3P6
4. Krypton ( Kr) 36
5. Xenon ( Xe) 54 TRY IT

6. Radon ( Rn) 86
NOTE: Helium (He) Belongs to this group but I does not belong to P-Block elements. 10

CHAPTER SIX
1. Define chemical Kinetics?

 The branch of chemistry that deals with the study of the rate of the reactions, that factors
affecting these rates and the mechanism by which the reaction occurs is called CH.KT.
2. Why do we study chemical kinetics?
 B/C It explain the rate of chemical reactions.
3. State factors Affecting Reaction rates?
 Nature of reactants
 Temperature
 Concentration of reactants
 Surface area and The presence of catalyst.
4. Define Activation Energy?
 Is The minimum amount of energy that is required to active atoms r molecules to a condition
in which can under go reaction.
5. Please Explain Reaction rate low?
 Rate low is an experimentally determined equation that express the rate f chemical reaction in
the terms of molecular concentrations of the reactant.
6. Define Rate Constant?
 Is defined s the specific rate of reaction when the molar concentrations on the reactants are
taken to be unity .
7. State Conditions required for reaction to occur?
 Collision
 Orientation and Energy.
8. Define Mechanism of Reaction?
 Is the sequence of elementary steps that together make a complete chemical reaction.
9. Explain Collision Theory?
 Collision theory states the speed or the rate of chemical reaction is proportional t the number
of collisions B/w Reactants.
10. Define Catalyst?
 Is a substance that takes part in chemical reaction and speeds up the reaction rate with
undergoing a net chemical change it’s self.
11

CHAPTER SEVEN
1. Compare b/w Reversible and Irreversible Reaction?

 Reversible reaction: In some cases reactions do not go to completion but instead attain a state
of chemical equilibrium This type of reaction is known as Reversible reaction.
 Irreversible Reaction: All the reactants are used up thus they are said to have gone to
completion this type of reaction is known as Irreversible Reaction.
2. What are the Possibilities of the reaction?
 The Possibilities of reaction may be Reversible and Irreversible Reaction.
3. Define chemical equilibrium?
 Is a state which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and the concentrations
of the reactants and products remain constant.
4. State The conditions necessary to attain equilibrium?
 The reaction must be in a closed system
 The reaction must occur at a constant temperature
 The reaction must reversible
 The rate of forward reaction must be equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
5. State types of Chemical equilibrium ?and differentiate them?
 Homogenous chemical equilibrium: In this type the reactants and products of chemical
equilibrium are all in the same phase.
 Heterogeneous Chemical equilibrium : In this type of reactants and the products of chemical
equilibrium are present in different phases.
6. Define equilibrium constant ?
 They observed a certain ratio of reactants and products at equilibrium and this ratio is known
as Chemical constant.
7. Why solids and liquids not included in chemical equilibrium ?
 B/C The concentration of pure solid or liquid does not change dusts their fixed volume.
8. Define Reaction Quotient?
 Is a quantity that provides a measurement of the relative amounts of products and reactants
present in reaction a a given time.
9. Define Chateleir principal?
 ‘’I f a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in temperature , pressure or the
concentration of one of the components The system will shift its equilibrium position so as to 12
reduce the effect of the disturbance’’.
10. What is the meant By stress state how equilibrium can be stressed ?
 Any factor that disturbs the equilibrium state is considered as stress …………………………

Chapter Eight
1. Define nuclear chemistry?

 Is a sub-discipline of chemistry that is concerned with changes of the nucleus of elements .
2. Explain the most redical b/w chemical & Nuclear reaction?
 Involve only ratence electrons
 Can involve Proteins, neutrons and electrons .
3. How nuclear stability related to neutron protein ratio?
 The lass on masses accompanying the formation of an atom from protein neutrons and electron
is due to the conversion of that mass.
4. Explain How nuclear Bounding energy produce?
 The nuclear bounding energy is the energy produced when atoms nucleons are bound together.
5. State Two applications of nuclear chemistry?
 In agriculture : Radioactive materials are used to improve food crops .
 In Medicine : Radio active sources are used to diagnose treat desease & Utilize medical instrument
6. State types of radioactive decay?
 Alpha, Beta and Gamma.
7. Define radio active decay?
 The spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus in to slightly lighter nucleus is called Radio active decay.
8. Define Nuclear Mutation?
 Is a change in the identity of a nucleus as result of a change in the number of its protons.
9. Define Nuclear reaction?
 Are the process of one or more nuclides are produced from the collisions b/w two atomic
nuclei or one atomic nucleus and sup atomic particles.
10. Expalin types of Nuclear reaction?
 Fission, Fussion, Nuclear Decay and Transmutatation.
END
AL-ACLAA PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS ( All CONTENTS OF CHEMISTRY FORM-FOUR )
LECTURE ‘’ HASSAN MOALLIM MOHAMED
SUMMERIZED BY ENG.DAUD HASSAN HUSSEIN { 618265794 }
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Form Four AL-ACLAA PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL

Chemistry Form-Four(Chapters Summery of Questions With Answers)

3. Aldehydes, Ketones, And Carboxyclic Acids

8. Introduction Nuclear Chemistry

1. Define hydrocarbons ? and give example ?

By, Eng.Daud Hassan Hussein | DaudHassan192@gmail.com

By, Eng.Daud Hassan Hussein | DaudHassan192@gmail.com

 Are used to prepare Asipirin & dyes & Plastics .

By, Eng.Daud Hassan Hussein | DaudHassan192@gmail.com

By, Eng.Daud Hassan Hussein | DaudHassan192@gmail.com

7. State classification af carbohydrates according Of TEST? And differentiate them?

By, Eng.Daud Hassan Hussein | DaudHassan192@gmail.com

By, Eng.Daud Hassan Hussein | DaudHassan192@gmail.com

4. Define Carbon Family?

By, Eng.Daud Hassan Hussein | DaudHassan192@gmail.com

2. Silicon (Si) 14 [Ne] 3S2 3P2

3. Germanium (Ge) 32 [Ar] 3d10 4S2 4P2

4. Tin (Sn) 50 [Kr] 4d10 5S2 5P2

5. Lead (Pb0 82 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6S2 6p2

7. Define Nitrogen family?

2. Phosphorus (P) 15 [Ne] 3S2 3P3

3. Arsenic ( As) 33 [Ar] 3d10 4S2 4P3

4. Antimony ( Sb) 51 [Kr] 4d10 5S2 5P3

5. Bismuth (Bi) 83 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6S2 6p3

By, Eng.Daud Hassan Hussein | DaudHassan192@gmail.com

2. Sulphur (S) 16 [Ne] 3S2 3P4

3. Selenium (Se) 34 [Ar] 3d10 4S2 4P4

4. Tellurium (Te) 52 [Kr] 4d10 5S2 5P4

5. Polonium (Po) 84 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6S2 6p4

13. Define Halogens?

By, Eng.Daud Hassan Hussein | DaudHassan192@gmail.com

2. Chlorine ( Cl) 17 [Ne] 3S2 3P5

3. Bromine ( Bl) 35 [Ar] 3d10 4S2 4P5

4. Iodine ( I) 53 [Kr] 4d10 5S2 5P5

5. Astatine 85 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6S2 6p5

16. Define Noble gasses?

2. Neon (Ne) 10 1S2 2S2 2P6

3. Argon ( Ar) 18 1S2 2S2 2S6 3S2 3P6

5. Xenon ( Xe) 54 TRY IT

By, Eng.Daud Hassan Hussein | DaudHassan192@gmail.com

1. Define chemical Kinetics?

By, Eng.Daud Hassan Hussein | DaudHassan192@gmail.com

1. Compare b/w Reversible and Irreversible Reaction?

By, Eng.Daud Hassan Hussein | DaudHassan192@gmail.com

1. Define nuclear chemistry?

By, Eng.Daud Hassan Hussein | DaudHassan192@gmail.com

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