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    Direct Proportion rom a public library and are late in returning the In Singapore, if we borrow books ft books, we will be fined 15 cents per day for each overdue book. Table 1.1 shows the fines for an overdue book. 2 | Bua ase nOedeage fae cto 10. 30 | 45 | 60 | 75 | 90 | 105 | 120 | 135 | 150 Table 1.1 1. Ifthe number of days a book is overdue increases, will the fine increase or decrease? If the number of days a book is overdue is doubled, how will the fine change? 2 Hint: Compare the fines when a book is overdue for 3 days and for 6 days. 3. Ifthe number of days a book is overdue is tripled, what will happen to the fine? IF the number of days a book is overdue is halved, how will the fine change? Hint: Compare the fines when a book is overdue for 10 days and for 5 days. Ifthe number of days a book is overdue is reduced to + ofthe original number, what will happen to the fine? From the investigation, we notice that as the number of days, x, a book is overdue increases, the fine, y cents, increases proportionally, i.e. if is doubled, then y wil be doubled if xis tripled, then y will be tripled. Similarly, as the number of days, x, a book is overdue decreases, the fine, y cents, decreases proportionally, i.e. if x is halved, then y will be halved; ifsisreducedto + ofits orginal value, then y willbe reducedto 4 of is original value This relationship is known as direct proportion. We say that the fine, y cents, 's directly proportional to the number of days, x, a book is overdue. Scanned with CamScanner Class Discussion LS sea ae Examples of Quantities in Direct Proportion work in pairs. 4, Give afew more real-life examples of quantities that are in direct proportion, 4, eaplain why they are directly proportional to each other Complete Table 1.2. 1 2} 3 4 5 Ge ez |, se pelenoe|ie-i0) is | 9 | a | @ | a | 9 | wos | 1 | ass | 10 Bais) P15 Sats | Table 1.2 What can we observe about the rate >? iat does > represent? ‘What does the constant ‘15’ mean in this context? =15. x Let the number of days a book is overdue be x, =3. Then the corresponding fine is = 45. et the number of days a book is overdue be x, = 6. Then the corresponding fine is wD In Book 1, we have learnt that faze 15 (constant), i.e. the two rates and pare equal le Guanties of diferent kinds. inthis cae, 2 (or22) compares . ; the fine with the rumber of days ratios 2 and 2 are equal (This can also be obtained yang: 282 ak one a acl rearranging the equation ‘or more quantities of the same kind. in this case, (ors, =x) is a. comparison of the number of days a book is overdue and 2 (or: a comparison ofthe fines. Table 1.2, 22 = Bet a Es 2and 22 90 _ 9 ie, yis doubled when x is doubled. Scanned with CamScanner Worked sir » involving Direct Prope If 6 kg of biscuits cost $27, calculate the cost of 13 kg of Example biscuits Solution: First, we note that the cost ofthe biscuits is directly proportional to the mass of the biscuits. Method 1: Unitary Method 6g of biscuits cost $27 1 kg of biscuits costs S27 13 kg of biscuits cost $27 13 = $58.50. Method 2: Proportion Method Let the cost of 13 kg of biscuits be $x. = $58.50 Alternatively, 13x, 6\x 3 cs Baar = $58.50 “13 kg of biscuits cost $58.50, Las Noa Va (@) If 50 g of sweets cost $2.10, find the cost Correct to the nearest 5 cents, y 0f 380 g of sweets, giving your answer (b) ofa piece of metal has a mass of 15 . What is tl zs i aga ts. Whats the mass of 2 ofthe piece of ®» Method 1 is called the unit method because itinvolvesfinding the costof Ike (or J unit ofbiscuts est Exercise 1A Questions 1-2, Slab), 6 Scanned with CamScanner Algebraic and Graphical Representations of Direct Proporti 1.2 ample on overdue books in Seton 11, we have found that © Inthe isa constant. If we represent this constant by k, then = k ory =15, which Where 6 0 Hence, we have: If is directly proportional to x, then »=k or y= kx, x where kis a constant and k #0. Thinking & Time If we substitute k andy? into y = kx, what can we say about the relationship between x Investigation Graphical Representation of Direct Proportion Consider the example on overdue books in Section 1.1, Table 1.3 shows the fines, ¥y cents, for various number of days, x, a book is overdue, where * = 15 or y= 15x. What does y = 15x mean in this context? G Culm eelianins. js.) 6 | 7.) 8.| 9.) 10 0 | 15 | 30 | 45.) 60 | 75 | 90 | 105 | 120 135 | 150 Table 1.3, OXFORD =. Direct and inverse Proportions Chapter 1 Scanned with CamScanner 1. Plot the graph of y against x in Fig. 1.1. pene Scanned with CamScanner Workea (Equation of Direct Proportion) Ris fy is directly proportional to x and Exam (an equation connecting x and the value of y when x the value of x when y Y= 12when x = 4 fi if nd Solution: (Since y is directly proportional to x, then y=Ax, where k is a constant Since ys recy proportional Whenx=4, y = 12, then Zak ory, where kis dekx4 e constant and 420. =3r Gi) Whenx=8, x8 4 Alternatively, when x=8, (x is doubled) x12 (vis doubled) ii) Substitute y = 21 into y = 3x: 2=3x 21 3 =7 1. Ifyis directly proportional to.x and y= 10 when x=2, find rc 1A Quaion 3-474 (@ an equation connecting x and y, a Gi) the value of y when x= 10, Gili) the value of x when y = 60. 2. Ifyis directly proportional to x and y = 5 when x=2, find the value of y when x 3. Given that y is directly proportional to x, copy and complete the table. S 4 5 nae | 30 48 37 oe - Direc and averse Proportions Chapieri Scanned with CamScanner Erample | Solution: jirect Proportion) Toerene cet a eae the number of guests, present. When there are 30 guests Present at the tea party, the expenses incurred are $210. i) Find an equation connecting £ and N. tt Calcite expenses incurred when there are 80 uests present at the tea party. Gi) Draw the graph of E against N. @ ‘Since & is directly proportional to N, then E = kN, where kis a constant. When N = 30, E=210, 210 =kx30 okeT - B= IN Gi) When n= 80, E=7x80 = 560 +. The expenses incurred are $560. iii) Worked Exam; solved using the Unit Ot the Proportion Method (se. ple 3 can also be tary Method Worked Example 1). However = there reforms of direc proportion where these two methods wi] Pot work, we need to learn the algebraic method to solve then (Gee Worked Example 6, Scanned with CamScanner A Non Example The ttal monthly charges, $C, for a mobile plan consist <2 Reed amount of $20 and a variable amount which Sepends on the usage, For every minute used, $0.0 ie charged, © Wehe duration of usage is 120 minutes, calculate the Sol monthly charges for the mabile plan, © W the total monthly charges for the mobile plan are SSO, find the duration of usage. GD Write down a formula connecting C and n, where n §S the number of minutes of usage. G9) Draw the graph of Cagainstn. bs C directly proportional ton? Use your graph to explain your answer, @ Toul monthty ‘charges for the mobile plan = $20 + 120 x $0.20 =u ‘Toul monthly charges = variable amount + fixed amount 3 C=02n+200 ~ ae ‘Since m cannot be negative, the . —~ = Aine roust start from n= 0. + When n= 120, Catt aa When «= 150, C= 50, When n =0,C=20. Sse Scien When n=5,C=21. constant. +: Cis not rectly proportional ton Cis not directly proportional to n because the line does not pass through the origin. it cir consists of a fixed amount Exercise 1A Questions 15-16 0 RST Saree ‘enrolled, the monthly cost increases by $41. ‘Direct and inverse Proportions Chapter 1 ® Scanned with CamScanner For each ofthe following, yi directly propo ce tables. “a 108 identical books have a mass of 30 kg: Find For etpy and complet the () the mass of 150 such books, a {ithe number of such books that have 2 mass : a] of 20k. ne y 2, Ina bookstore, 60 identical books ‘occupy a length tb) of 15 mona shel. Find moo [3 iss] | {the length occupied by 50 such books on 5 36 96 [ia a shelf, 7 Gi) thenumber of such books neededto completly 49, ify is directly proportional to x and y= 20 hen ‘occupy a shelf that is 80 em long. Bes, find an equation connecting x and y, “Be His directly proportional 10 and x= 435 when iy draw the graph of y against x. y=3,find (an equation connecting x and y, “AL. If zis directly proportional to y and 2 = 48 when (i the value of x when y=6, y=6, (i the value of y when x= 12. “i find an equation connecting y and z, (ii) draw the graph of z against y. 44. 1fQis directly proportional to P and Q=28when " P=4, 112, The net force, F newtons, needed to push a block. along a horizontal surface is directly proportional express @ in terms: of P, (ii) find the ‘value of @ when P =5, to the mass, m ae the block. When calculate the value of P when Q=42. F249. jecting F and m. er 4. In a e 5. Find the cost of : (a) 10g of ea leaves when 3 cost S18, Scanned with CamScanner CoS 45, The total monthly income, $D, of a salesman who sells tyres consists of a basic salary of $600 and a variable amount which depends on the number of tyres he sells. For each tyre he sells, he receives $8. @ Ifthe salesman sells 95 tyres in a particular month, find his total income for that month. Jfthesalesman’s monthly income fora particular month is $1680, calculate the number of tyres he sells in that month. Write down a formula connecting D and n, where n is the number of tyres the salesman sells in a month. (iv) Draw the graph of D against n. Is D directly proportional to n? Use your graph to explain your answer. 1.3 i) Investigation Other Forms of Direct Proport 16. Amachine which manufactures ice needs to be run for 10 minutes to warm up before the production of ice begins. The mass, in tonnes, of ice produced is directly proportional to the number of hours of production. Given that 20 tonnes of ice are produced when the machine runs for half an hour, find the mass of ice manufactured when the machine runs for 1.75 hours. Other Forms of Direct Proportion The variables x and y are connected by the equation y = 3. 1. Some values of x, and the corresponding values of y and 2 are given in Table 1.4. Table 1.4 Scanned with CamScanner OXFORD Direct and Inverse Proportions Chapter 1 Scanned with CamScanner Plot the graph of y against x in Fig. 1.3. The firs three points have been plotted for you. | PEE | 1 investigation, when y= 3x, yis not directly proportional to xbecause. tea Is nota constant. However, ys lrectly proportional to because = 3 ue . Another way tolookatthis stot ee X=.x such that y= 3x? becomes a2.Thewor yi re tox(=8). ‘ olqmnext Scanned with CamScanner Worked 5 | (ldentifying Variables Which are Directly Proportional to Each Other) Example For each of the following equations state the two variables ‘which are directly proportional to each other and explain your answer. (@ y=50 eve Solution: {@) Since y=58, ie. 2=5 is a constant, then ys directly proportional to on BI @yisneesee ere) Je is a constant, then is directly proportional to Vx. Exercise 18 Questions 401-4) Scanned with CamScanner Solution: (Since y is directly proportional to x, then Where k is a constant. Its dificult to use the Unitary When x =2, y=20, Method or the Proportion Method xP Gee Worked Example 1) 10 solve : direc proportion problems ike in Worked Example 6. Thus we need tolearn the algebraic method see = Worked Example 3) Gi) When x=3, x3 =45 (iii) When y= 1.25, 125 =52 #5025 oxe e025 = 205 Gv) Since y is directly proportional to 2°, then the graph of y against x is a straight line that passes through the origin. pe ‘As # cannot be negative, he line Le Seatac is ts Feo, yese When x=0, y=0. : 2 When x= 1, 1, Ify is directly proportional to 2° and y= 18 when x=3, cece 1B Questions 13,58, 11 (i) find an equation connecting x and y, (id find the value of y when x=, calculate the values of x when y = 32, (iv) draw the graph of y against x 2, Ifyis directly proportional to x? and y= 21 when x=2, find the value of y when x24, 3. Given that y is directly proportional to 2°, where x is a positive real number, copy and complete the table. 2 3 5 56.25 81 441 ‘OXFORD Direct and inverse Proportions Chapter 1 oe = Scanned with CamScanner ‘orm of Direct Proportion) [Nett ae Fo ais det peprinl Example the cube ofits radius, rem. When the radius of the solid is 6 cm, its volume is 905 cm*. (Find an equation connecting Vand r. Gi Calculate the volume of the solid when its radius is 10cm. Solution: (Since V is directly proportional to r then V = kr’, where kis a constant. ‘When r = 6, V=905, 905 =k x 6° pe MS eel ¥ 905, Ve rer (ii), When r= 10, 0s 216 sang = 418955 v= x10 ok Scanned with CamScanner (find an equation connecting x and y, Gi find the value of x when y calculate the value of y when (iv) draw the graph of x against y’ WZ is directly proportional to w and z= 4 when w=8, @ find an equation connecting w and z, Gi find the values of z when w = 18, Gii) calculate the value of w when (iv) draw the graph of 2 against w. Itis given that y is directly proportional to x*, ‘Write down the value of n when (@_ym*is the area of a square of length xm, Gi) yemjs the volume of a cube of length xem. tans 4 For each of the following equations, state the two. variables which are directly proportional to each. other and explain your answer. @ ys4r (b) y=3)r © yasr @ pag 12 is directly proportional to x? and x24, find the values of z when x=9. 8 when fq is directly proportional to (p ~ 1)? and q = 20 when p = 3, find the values of p when q = 80. Given that ys directly proportional tox, copy and complete the table. 75 | 648 Given that the mass, m g, of a sphere is directly Proportional to the cube of its radius, r em, copy and complete the table, 9. During a certain period inthe life of an earthworm, its length, L cm, is directly proportional to the square root of V, where Nis the number of hours after its birth, One hour after an earthworm is born, its length is 25 cm, (@ Find an equation connecting Zand N. i) Find the length of an earthworm 4 hours aiter its birth, {ii How long wil ittake for an earthworm to grow toa length of 15 cm? 10. If yis directly proportional to° and the difference in the values of y when x = 1 and x =3 is 32, find the value of y when x ED LEVEL U1. y is directly proportional to x* and y = @ for a particular value of x, Find an expression for y in terms of a, when this value of x is doubled. 12, The braking distance of a vehicle is directly proportional to the square of its speed, When the speed of the vehicle is b mvs, its braking distance is d m. Ifthe speed of the vehicle is increased by 200%, find the percentage increase in its braking distance, Dirctand nse Penarns Contr QD Scanned with CamScanner Investigation Inverse Proportion Table 1.6 shows the time taken for a Car to travel a distance of 120 km at different speeds. [20 | 40 | 60 | 120 | See otal 10 | 20 Speed (x km/h) petouezon © | 4a)eSelez eat 12 Table 1.6 1. Ifthe speed of the car increases, will the time taken increase or decrease? If the speed of the car is doubled, ‘Hint: Compare the time taken wh how will the time taken change? fen the speeds of the car are 20 km/h and x If the speed of the car is tripled, what will happen to the time taken? how will the time taken change? 4. Ifthe speed of the car is halved, fen the speeds of the car are 60 km/h and Hint: Compare the time taken whi 30 km/h. 5. Ifthe speed of the car is reduced to } ofits original speed, what will happen to the time taken? From the investigation, we notice that as the speed of the car, x kn/h, increases, the time taken, y hours, decreases Proportionally, i. fis doubled, then y will be halved; if-xis tripled, then y will be reduced to Fo its original value, Similarly, as the speed of the Car, xknv/h, decreases, the time taken, y hours, increases Proponionally, i.e. if is halved, then y will be doubled; ix is reduced to + of its original value, then y will be tripled, 3 This relationship is known as inverse proportion, We say that the speed of the car, xkm/h, is inversely proportional to the time taken, y hours, Scanned with CamScanner Work in pairs. 1. Ghea few more ra. examples of quanies tatarin nese poporon, MERE 2. Explain why they are inversely proportional to each other. Exercise 1€ Questions 1a) Complete Table 1.7. j —— Speed 10 20 is | 3% | 40.) 6 | 120 | S # | Time taken | 12 | 6 ) 6 | 4 3 ae) 1 } | ed 10x 12=120 | 20x6=120 | i Table 1.7 b | What can we observe about the product 1y? In inverse proportion, the product xy is a constant, In this case, xy = 120 listance travelled. Let the speed of the car be x, = 20. Then the corresponding time taken is y, = 6. Let the speed of the car be x, = 40. Then the corresponding time taken is y,= 3. Scanned with CamScanner a Worked (Pr Example 8 | ‘oblem involving Inverse eee calculate the 10 identical taps can fill ata F time taken for 8 such taps to fill the same Bue Solution: First, we n ote that the tir ae ional to the time taken to fill the tank is inversely prere eee number of ta the tank peas because as the number of taps increases, Method 1: Unitary Method op REBEEEAE A: ir k ire more time) dea fh 4h th 4h db Ih Sh 3h hy 10 taps can fill the tank in 4 hours. 1 tap can fill the tank in (10 x 4) hours. (fewer taps requ 10% 4 more taps require less time) 8 taps can fill the tank in : 5 Each tap can fill 7g of the tan in 4 hours. = Shours. ‘Method 2: Proportion Method s Let the time taken for 8 taps to fill the tank b . re confusing to use Then By = 10x 4. (4,9, = 43) mo Be proportion M Vorked Example { to switch the Scanned with CamScanner Worked Fee nO Te ey | 1 ‘5 men can paint 2 identical houses in 3 days. Assuming Example that all the men work at the same rate, how long will it take 10 men to paint 8 such houses? Solution: The three variables are ‘number of men’, ‘number of houses’ and ‘number of days’. First, we keep the number of houses constant. Number ofmen Number of houses Number of days 5 2 3 1 2 5x3 (fewermen require more days) 10 2 23 = 1.5 (more men require fewer days) Next, we keep the number of men constant. Number of men Number of houses Number of days 10 2 15 15 (fewer houses require g i a fewer days) 10 8 (more houses require more days) (a) 3 men can dig 2 identical trenches in 5 hours. Assuming that all the men work at the same rate, how long will it take 5 men to dig 7 such trenches? (b) 7 identical taps can fill 3 identical tanks in 45, of the taps to fill one of the tanks? utes. How long will it take 5 OXFORD 5 ‘When three variablesare involved, we keep one variable constant ata time, *~» The number of days required to paint the houses is inversely proportional tothe numberof men. zw The number of days required to paint the houses is directly proportional to the number of houses that need to be painted. Exercise 1€ Questions 13-14, 16 Direct and Inverse Proportions Chapter 1 e Scanned with CamScanner Thinkin, ab & Time ibs . Algebraic and Graphical Representations of 5 In the investigation on page 19 of Section 1.4, we have found that xy = 120, which isa constant. If we represent this constant by k, then y= k or y=, where k #0. Hence, we have: IFyis inversely proportional tox, then xy = kor y =£, where k is a constant and k #0. If we substitute k= 0 into y = *, what can xand y? 2 ; onsider the Scanned with CamScanner Mf we plot the graph of y against x, what type of graph would we obtain? Plot the graph of y against x in Fig, 1.4, Scanned with CamScanner o c € a 8 Qa € S oO £ = 3 3 c € S 3 a gap: tute Keynnrton en ee ow Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner Exercise 1c 1. Which of the following quantities are in inverse 6. A consignment of fodder can feed 1260 cattle for proportion? State the assumption made in each case. 50 days. Given that all the cattle consume the (@ The number of pencils Farhan buys and the fodder at the same rate, find total cost of the pencils. (the number of cattle an equal consignment of (@) The number of taps filling a tank and the time fodder can feed for 75 days, taken to fill the tank. (ii) the number of days an equal consignment of (©. The number of men laying a road and the time fodder can last if it is used to feed 1575 cate. taken to finish laying the road. (@ The number of cattle tobe fed and the amount 7. At a sports camp, there is sufficient food for 72 of fodder. athletes to last 6 days. I 18 athletes are absent from (©) The number of cattle to be fed and the time _the camp, how many more days can the food last taken to finish a certain amount of the fodder. _for the other athletes? State the assumption made. 2, Eight men can build a bridge in 12 days. Find the 8. If zs inversely proportional to x and z = $ when time taken for 6 men to build the same bridge. State. x =7, find the value of x when z= 70. the assumption made. 9. IfBis inversely proportional to A and B=3.5 when inversely proportional to yand:x=40 when A=2, ind the value of B when A= 14. 3, lx ~ y=, find ; 0 the value of x when, i, ~ 40. Foreach ofthe following, yis inversely proportional <: anamaton comecingxandyj) © = to Copy and complete the ables i) the value of y when x= 400. eee a 7 2 | 250 es, 4. lf Qisinversely proportional to P and Q=0.25 when SS ats neg Shcghte vhs o (express QintermsofP, 3 ]e4 25 (i find the value of @ when P=5, : | § mea (iii) calculate the value of P when Q=022. ) zo ewe , ; : 11, The frequency, fkilohertz (kHz), of a radio wave er is inversely proportional to its wavelength, 4 m. The frequency of a radio wave that has a ~ wavelength of 3000 m is 100 KHz. Find ()_ the frequency of a radio wave that has wavelength of $00:m, Gi the wavelength of a ra frequency of 800 KHZ. \dio wave that has a Scanned with CamScanner needed to complete a job is 0 N, where N is the 3 men can 12, The time, ¢ hours, inversely proportional t number of men employed for the job. complete the job in 8 hours. Find an equation connecting t and.N. (ii) Find the number of hours needed by 6 men to complete the job. (ii) Ifthe job is to be comp! many men need to be employed? NCED LEVEL 13. 12 glassblowers can make 12 identical vases in 9 minutes. Assuming that all the glassblowers work at the same rate, how long will it take 8 glassblowers to make 32 such vases? eted in? hour, how ay=kor Where kisaconstantandk#0. Similarly, ify is inversely p wom olhei Pa gal 14. 15. 16. ‘A consignment of fodder can feed 1099 , 20 days. Assuming that all the sheep co" fodder atthe same rate, how many con. of fadder are needed to feed 550 sheep, Tap A takes 6 minutes to fill a tank any . takes 9 minutes to fill the same tank. p,..” empty the tank in 15 minutes. How jon. take to fill up the tank if the pipe is in ,.. both taps are turned on? rt A contractor agrees to lay a road 3009 in 30 days. 50 men are employed and th. for 8hours per day. After 20 working days... that only 1200 m of the road is complet , many more men does he need to employ .,. tofinish the projecton time ifeach man no, , 10 hours a day? Scanned with CamScanner . Example a Ae Worked (dentifying Variables Which are Inversely Proportional to Each Other), Example For each of the following equations, state the two variables which are inversely proportional to each other and explain your answer. eel = @ye3 wee Solution: (@) Since y= ee i.e. 'y=2is a constant, then ys inversely proportional to x. (b) since y=, i.e. yJF=3 is a constant, then y is inversely proportional to./x.. For each of the following equations, state the two variables which are inversely Exercise 1D Question 3846) proportional to each other and explain your answer. 5 @y=4 ) roa => ‘orked > {Equation of Another Form of Inverse Proportion) =z : i 13 Ifyis inversely proportional to J andy=6 when ee es calculate the value of y when x= 16, nly. Ths Y= 2. However i P= 4, thenx = 2VF= 22. If we Gi find an equation connecting x and y, : iyfind the value ofxwheny=4.0 eer aa. 5 Ee Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner Worked 1 {oblem volving AvaheFrm ofterePopertn 5 . 4 a computer simulation of an experiment, a drug Example Is aclded to two Identical (last the same am cach containing, of a certain bacteria. The drug 's allowed to react with the bacteria for various times int hours, It Is found that the amount of bacteria left, « units, is inversely proportic alto (1 2) hours. In one flask, there are 6 units of bacteria left after's hours, Calculate the {in the other flask after 7 hours, puntof bacterla left Solutior Since sis inversely proportional to r~2, then s= ==>, where & is a constant, When r=5,5=6, . The amount of bacteria left in the other flask after 7 hours is 3.6 units. The force, F newtons (N), between two particles is inversely proportional to ese 1D Questions 7-8, 11 the square of the distance, d m, between them. When the particles are 2 m apar, the force between them is 10 N. Find (the force between the particles when they are 5 m apart, (ii) the distance between the particles when the force between them is 25 N. a Direct and Inverse Proportions Chapter 1 e Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner 1. Ify is directly proportional to x, then . Zekory=ky where k is a constant and k #0, «xis a straight line that passes through the origin. y qe 1p suey 5ei ssh Scanned with CamScanner es aah enamel ll Exercise s(() 1. Ifyis directly proportional to.xandy=6when 8. Ifzis inversely proportional tow +3 and... ae when w =3, find express y in terms of x, @ the value of when w=9, : {id the value of w when 2=24. find the value of y when x= 11, Gil) calculate the value of x when y= 12, ! tional to 2s (v) draw the graph of y against x: Given that y is inversely propor 2, coy and complete the table. 2 —— 2. If Aisdirectly proportional to Band A= 15 when Me os] 5 B=? find 5 Sime mismlioss | 03; zo the value of A when B= 4 7 10. The total monthly charges, $C, fora fixed phone, consists of a fixed amount of $9.81 and a vari amount which depends on the usage. For ey., 3. fy is directly proportional to x° and y = 108 when minute used, $0.086 is charged. () Ifthe duration of usage is 300 minutes, find a3 @ find an equation connecting x and y, total monthly charges for the fixed phone lrg find the value of y when x=7, (ii) If the total monthly charges for the fixed phon. calculate the value of x when y= 4000, line are $20.56, calculate the duration of u (iv) draw the graph of y against x iii) Write down a formula connecting Cand, nis the number of minutes of usage. Hence state the two variables which are direct proportional to each other. (ii) the value of B when A 4. Ifmis directly proportional to m? and n= 9.375 when m=25, find the value of n when m=3, (ii the values of m when n= 1815. 11. The gravitational potential energy, G joules ( of an object is directly proportional to its heig h m, above the surface of the Earth. When the object is at a height of 40 m above the surtace of the Earth, its gravitational potential energy is 5. Iris directly proportional to ys and 1=4 when $= 64, find the value of when s = 125, (ii) the value of s when ¢=2. 2200 J. Find @ an equation connecting G and h, 6. If y is inversely proportional to.x and y=4 when i) the gravitational ei energy of the object x3, when itis at a height of 22 m above the surface (i) express y in terms of x, of the Earth, di) fo ite sal of y oa x=6, Gii) the height of the object above the surface of Giii) calculate the value of x when y = 24. the Earth when it has a gravitational potential : ; energy of 3025 J. 7. If qis inversely proportional to p* and q =3 when p=5, find an equation connecting p and q, Gi) the value of gwhen p=10, (ii) the negative value of p when q=3. ‘OXFORD \ Chapter? Direct and inverse Proportions Scanned with CamScanner 12, Kate makes a donation to a charitable organisation ‘on amonthly basis. Her monthly donation is directly proportional to the square of her monthly savings. If she saves $900 and $1200 in January and February respectively, her donation increases by $35 from 14, 5 men are hired to complete a job. If one more man is hired, the job can be completed 8 days earlier. ‘Assuming that all the men work at the same rate, how many more men should be hired so that the job can be completed 28 days earlier? January to February. Find the amount of money she donates to the charitable organisation in each of the two months, 13. Boyle's Law states that the pressure, P pascals (Pa), of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to its volume, V dm’. The pressure of 4000 dm* of a gas in an airtight container is 250 Pa. ‘Assuming that the temperature in the container is constant, find the pressure of the gas when its volume is 5000 dm’, the volume of the gas when its pressure is 125 Pa. (2) Challenge 7) Yoursellf 1. IFA s directly proportional to C and B is directly proportional to C, prove that each of the following is directly proportional to C. (a) A+B (b) A-B (©) JAB 2. Itis given that z is directly proportional to x* and inversely proportional to YY (Write down an equation connecting x, y and z, Gi) Ifz=16 when x =2 and y =9, find the value of z when x=5 and y=4. 3. The time, Tdays, needed to paint some buildings is directly proportional to the number of buildings, B, that need to be painted and inversely proportional to the number of painters employed, P. 18 painters can paint 3 buildings in 20 days. () Find an equation connecting 7, B and P. (i) Find the number of days needed by 16 painters to paint 4 buildings. 1F 10 buildings are to be painted in 24 days, how many painters need to be employed? OXFORD. Direct and inverse Proportions Chapter 1 © Scanned with CamScanner Recap (Algebraic Expressions) In Book 1, we have leamt that an algebraic expression js an expression that consists of algebraic terms, operation symbols (+, -, x, +) orbrackets. An algebraic expression has no equal sign. We have also learnt that in the algebraic expression 3x5, there are: © 2terms: 3x, -5. * 1 variable: x * 1 constant term: -5 The coefficient of x is 3. The algebraic expression 3x 5 is an example of linear expression ofthe form ‘ax b, where.xs the only variable, and a and 6 are constants, Now, we shall learn how to manipulate quadratic expressions in one variable, The general frm ofa quadtatc expression in one vaiableis at? + eve where xis the variable, a,b and c are constants and a #0, ty Scanned with CamScanner | i We use three @) discs to represent 3x°. @@®@ wearers We use three & discs to represent -3x*, BBQ 3eeH+ OH) +4) To obtain the negative of 3x i.e. -(x"), we flip the three @) discs as shown: @0@ "> 28 -2H) =" (change sign) To obtain the negative of ~3x, i.e, -~(-3x*), we flip the three ® discs as shown: Ali 200 —*> 008 42-3" (change sign) ‘What happens if we put three ® discs and three @ discs together? 32+ (-34)=0 ‘We will get zero pairs. We can also use algebra discs to represent quadratic expressions. Example: 20° +x-3 — p++) @@ODOOD M+ Be aia : seas onest Example: -2°-x+1 @ee0 at is the quadratic exp’ apeprtnceycecont reson represered by @ @ : iiratic Subtra ncn eG eee on in aati Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner Negative of a Quadratic Expression In Book 1, we have learnt how to find the negative of a linear expression, eg. tk +2)=-¥-2, using algebra discs: flip Gage ps ODD) a} similarly, to find the negative of a quadratic expression, we flip all the discs. ‘gxample: (2x? +x~ 1) xe flip q{oee a (change sign) S280) Sater) EE oa QP —xt1, “Therefore, (2x7 +.x— 1) = Gin can also simplify quadratic expressions involving the negative of a quadratic ion using algebra discs. 2x. AGEs Sy 2a — 9x + 1-2 + 2+ 3 (simplify to get negative of expr ax —3n-+2e+ 143 (group like terms) ‘ sh at oh kaa Scanned with CamScanner Expansion and Simplification of Simple Quadratic Expressions In Book 1, we have learnt how to expand the linear expression 2(x + 3) by representing it as ‘2. groups of (x + 3)’ using algebra discs: <6005_, 2@ +3) Therefore, 2x +3) =2r + 6. We can expand quadratic expressions of similar forms using algebra discs. Example: 2(2x°-x + 1) can be represented by '2 groups of (2x°—x + 1)’: <@ee0 6 le 2QP—x41) 4P-2e42 We can also simplify quadratic expressions i expression using ieee dis ee Scanned with CamScanner | andtior SPRY EACH oF he Holowing EgrERONS by Ung Bigedea GAL ek you may WSR NTI sanglee com. gg Ma BH ALES, de AEROR™ soteare (Gow algasisc Qaantatiec AORSCORSAHNIN Th @xeend @W NERD ge eeROTED SNE @ REA 9-64 Sax @ BW-Rs T+ E4H-(o-3 © We Gs 1 -GE-BeY @WI-He we} ‘orked Expanding and Sapiving Seape Quadadk Bigeesions We 1 | yaad andor ampli eachal the avowang eG, Example @ Wet s Solution: |e ea Eee SE AT ar Gee Me tees) : ss : ede — ke Ses Bes 7-3 Qenp Hewes) EB sel aet SES GEE L484 Se AMPH HANNAN oF OAPRATO SRE BERET L1G ROVING eeelte ada Fa NEA GMMR WR ARVAe tapers Zee TEE HP SEE RE 1S GREP HEY ede See T= 4e eed Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner Example: -2@3r-2) ‘We multiply each disc in 3x ~ 2 by 2 befo fs =/@ee8e Seee00 9|90000-ara 7) | EVA, Therefore, -2(3r— 2) = (-2,n) + 2y-2) =~6r+ 4, Example: 2x(3x- 2) ‘We multiply each disc in 3x2 by 2x, e2ee0 ®\©e000— pO -5 AY Therefore, 2x(3—2) = x(x) + 2x(-2) = GE =x, Example: -2x(3x—2) ‘We multiply each disc in 3—2 by 2x before changing is sign, * SES. cleeece DG Scanned with CamScanner a In general, we have: : abs Q=eb+ ar! = sstributve Law, where ‘e groups of and Recal rom Book 1 that this is known asthe Distributive epee eSthe same a ‘a groupsofb’ and a groups of’, Le atimes of Expressions of Expanding Linear and Quadrat eT, | eee Example Expand each ofthe following expressions, (@ 2-2) @ 2G+40 (© 20+) @ 2x34) Solution: _=4 (Distributive Law; 2 groups of (x= 2) (b) -23 + 4x) =-6- Sr (Distributive Law; ‘the negative of 2 groups of G +40) 2 (© 2x4 5)=2e + 1Oe (Distributive Law) (@ 23-40) =-9r+ 12¢ (Dksributive Law) Expand each ofthe fllowing expressions @ Sars) ( 2Sr—2) (© Sx@r-3) @ 208-3) Scanned with CamScanner Expand and simplify each of the following expressions. Exercise 3A Questions 4(a)~d), aH) (a) 5ex-4)— 32x +4) (b) 2x(2x +3) —2(2- 5x) :##Further Expansion and Simplification of Quadratic Expressions Now, let us learn how to expand quadratic expressions of the form (a+ bye + d) using algebra discs and a multiplication frame, The following examples illustrate the multiplication process. Example: (x +2) +3) First, we multiply each disc in x +3 by x. Next, we multiply each disc in.x +3 by 2. Therefore, (x + 2)(x + 3) =3(¢+3) ROGERS) A = aR] S$ RAIS) talqrc ed by slog alga’ detdeoreet wi cay eevee teu ie in arti nota Bt & xn tir ln 34), cath Ue : Yee Scanned with CamScanner Example: (x - 2)(x + 3) ‘ply each disc in x + 3 by x. ene is ene disc in x + 3 by 2 before changing its sign. Next, we multiply each x43 Paget Therefore, (t- 2)(x+ 3)= e+ 3) OES) U = esa =r+x-6. Example: (x 2)(x-3) First, we multiply each disc in x—3 by x. i Next, we multiply each disc in x~3 by 2 before changing its sign. Scanned with CamScanner | » (2x 3)(3x-2) ma, we multiply each disc in 3x—2 by ay ‘we multiply each disc in 3x — 2 by 3 Next, by 3 before changing its sign, therefore, (2x 3)(3x 2) = 2x(3x=2)) OC 6eeay =6r'— 13x46, When we expand quadratic expressions of the form (a+ je + P using algebs Sprain rectangular array. Notce that there are four distinc egonsin the aoa array. The top-left region contains the x"-discs, the bottom-right region contains the 1-dises and the other two regions contain the x-discs. Discussion tic Expressions of the Form (a + #)(e+d) following expressions by using algebra discs. Alternatively, ttp://www.shinglee.com.sg/StudentResources/ to access the re (Go to algedisc/Quadratic Expressions/Activity 2). a (b) (x +3)x-6) @) (x-3\x-6) () (3x4 1)2r~3) (hy) Gr-2x-3) 1g SRS, i aS. a-hole ac +ad-+be+ bd Scanned with CamScanner Worked (Expanding Quadratic Expressions of the Form (a + be +4) Expand each of the following expressions. ple (b) (2x+ 3)(x+2) (a) (+ 4)(x+5) d) (4-3x)(5- 2) (©) (Bx +8)(Sx-9) Solution: oe AY, (@) (+4) x45) =x(¢+5) +445) (multiply the expression in the second bracket by each term in the first bracket) = 2° + 5x + 4x + 20 (Distributive Law) =x +9x+20 ia (b) (2e+3)(4 2)= 2x(¥-+ 2) + 3¢¢-+3) (multiply the expression in the second bracket by each term in the first bracket) = 2x? + 4x + 3x +6 (Distributive Law) = 224+ 7x46 (©) (3x + 8)(5x — 9) = 3x(5x — 9) + 8(5x — 9) (multiply the expression in the second bracket by each term in the first bracket). Scanned with CamScanner Worked (Expanding and Simplifying Quadratic Expressions ofthe Form (a's (c+ a) Example Expand and simplify the expression (x4 5\x—4)— (r+ 2-7). Solution: 2) (multiply the expression in the second bracket by each term in the first bracket; do not forget to include the square brackets for the expansion of (e+ 2\x-7) Ax + Sx - 20 - (x? - Ix + 2x- 14) (Distributive Law) pian OTN (e+ Nx 4)- + De- +x-20F G- Sx-14)) =x°+x-20—x + 5x+ 14 Gimplify to get negative of expression) ~x +x 4 5x—20+ 14 (group like terms) =6x-6 Pcie Expand and simplify the expression (2x~ I)(x + 5) ~ Sx(x—4), farce 3A Questions Ha sand Exercise 1. Expand and/or simplify each of the following 4. Expand and simplify each of the following expressions. expressions. (a) G2 +19+9%-8 (a) 42a + 3) + S(a+ 3) (0) 2 +2x-7-Cllx)-Sr-1 (b) 9(5 ~2b) + 3(6-56) (© y+@3y) +20%-6) (© eGe+ 1) +2ce+3) (d) Sx x-(2 = 10x) (d) 6d(Sd—4) + 2d(3d- 2) () 4x + 9x42) 43x - 7x42 (9 41 -7y-8))) +20 -3y-1) 5. Expand each of the following expressions. (a) (x+3)(r+7) (b) x4 1)Gx+5) 2, Find each of the following products. (@) 12x 5x (b) xx 6x [ieueneuseares (0 (2x 8r (@) (3x) x (10x) 6. Expand and simplify each of the following 3. Expand each ofthe following expressions. (a Toa4 1) aea +3) (a) 4Gx+4) b) 6-7-3) (b) 3(2b = 1) - 25-3) © 8-3) (@) 26x-1) (© 3e(5 + 0)=2c(3e-7) (©) Sx(3r-4) ( -8x3x+5) (d) 2d(3d-5)—d(2-d) (g -Su(2-3) (hy aOr= 1) (©) 9-2) +4ff-8) 23 +48) -Shr—1) OXFORD ee oe Expansion and Factorisation of Quadratic Expressions Chapter 3 e Scanned with CamScanner 7. Expand each of the following expressions, (@) (a+ 1a-9 ——) (b-2y047) (© (c-S\e-6) d) Bd+ 15-20) 9. Expand and simplify each of the jo, (©) (1-/(7F+6) ® 4=3iy(10- 91) expressions. (a) 4x°-(Gx-4)(2r + 1) 8. Expand and simplify each of the following (b) 2162-6) - (2+ 5X7-2) expressions. (©) (4x—3)(x + 2) - Gr -S)(-x~9) (a) S+(v+ 143) (d) (2x + 3)(5x=2) = 205 3)(r+ 1) (b) 3x + (e+ 7)(2x- 1) (©) (Bx + 2-9) + 2x4r+ 1) (A) (x= 3)(x-8) + (e424 +9) Caren 3 fs ome agi eins reverse of expansion. In Section 3.2, we have learnt how 1 expand obtain a quadratic expression of the form ax and a # 0. In this section, we shall learn factorisation. Scanned with CamScanner LSC Soe ia ramet 45x46 + xt 2+ 6 =x(x+3)+2043) = (r+ 2x43). | Algebra discs can also be used to factorise quadratic expressions. To factorise xe + 5x + 6, we first form a rectangular array with the @) disc at the top-left region and the six @ discs at the bottom-right region. ‘ oe Berxx sxexxl arte + Notice that in this case, the constant term 6 is factorised into 2 x 3 and five @ discs (5x) are divided into two groups (2x and 3x) to complete ingle. bn sHE SEES at nds orm a rectangle with the @ disc at the top-left region and the twelve region. The possible factorisations of 12 are 1 x 12, ee ach cocrgea Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner “#1 actorisa ion of Quadratic Ex - a Multiplication Frame aa an Without using algebra discs, we can use a multiplication frame to help us factorise quadratic expressions. Consider the expression x° + &x + 12. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 1: Write x in the top-left corner and 12 in the bottom-right corner ‘of the multiplication frame. y Step 2: Consider the factors of x* and 12. Write them in the first ‘The possible factorisations of 12 column and the first row. ‘are 1x 12, 2x6 and 3x4, q + Consider 1x 12. step 3: Multiply them to complete the multiplication frame and check whether the result matches the given expression. Therefore, x2 + 8x+ 12=(x+2\x+ 6). Let us apply the above method to factorise another expression x°— Sx +4. fz ae Consider the factorisation of x* and 4, i.e. x? = xxx and 4 = (-1) x (4). = | + 4 3 a | 2 : ees eae eee: cay Sas —> [2 [ae | the above cases are rejected as =i 4 eat x. 4 ‘the term in x does not match that J inthe given expresion. (+ =-5r esc ee Scanned with CamScanner ) Pexxs 14=1x 14 oF <1) x (14) y =2x7 or (-2) x (7) = For a+ my, ~2and-7are selected © Obutb< 0,1," fof € must be p as (21) + (Tx) =-9%. 0), we onl fh (2x) + (Tx) =-9x W4=(-1) x(-| 19 and 1 P—9r414 = (x 2x7) 1x (20) or (-1) x 20 = 2x (-10) or (-2)x 10 =4x(-5) or(-4) x5 x & gers IPoRaOE ett * = and Sareselected $B +x- 202 (x 4x45) Scanned with CamScanner “Worked 7 | \Factorising Quadratic Expressions of the Form ar +br+c) Example Factorise each of the following expressions completely. (a 28 +7K+3 (b) e+ 7x-6 (© -P- 40432 (@) 40 -6x-4 ion: Land 3 are selected asx+6r= 7x. factorised using the multiplication De 47x43 = (r+ E43) Bxta xxx = 1x (6) or (1) x6 (=2x(-3)or(-2)x3 at 3) 3x | 9x | -2and3areselected we | 6 | a5(-2x)+9x=78, (2x) + 9x = Tx bBlx _ 32=1x32 or (-1) x (32) x 16 or (-2) x (-16) Scanned with CamScanner Ear pone ‘actorise each of the followi Exercise 38 Ques, i ae Mr+12 ne, open ream : 3laH4h), 5a) W204 Ox ks Gad (@) 9° 33x24 completely. @ @+9a+8 (b) +804 15 (© 2-9c+20 (@) #- 16d +28 © F+Gf-16 (We +2h- 120 @ B-4k-12 (b) m?—20m—21 2. Factorise each of the following expressions ‘completely. (@) 3r°+ 100+7 (b) 4p? +8p +3 (© 6(-174+12 (@) 42-1F43 ) 6 + 191-20 (hy 1817? —w-39 (©) 85° + 25-15 @ 40° 8-21 Factorise each of the following expressions yes 5. Factorise each of the following express: 3, Factorise each of the following express, completely. (a) ~

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