Methodology

What is Data?

 It is the process of arranging data into homogeneous (similar) groups according to

their common characteristics.
 Raw data cannot be easily understood, and it is not fit for further analysis and
interpretation. Arrangement of data helps users in comparison and analysis.
 For example, the population of a town can be grouped according to sex, age, marital
status, etc.

Classification of Data
The method of arranging data into homogeneous classes according to the common features
present in the data is known as classification.
A planned data analysis system makes the fundamental data easy to find and recover. This
can be of particular interest for legal discovery, risk management, and compliance. Written
methods and sets of guidelines for data classification should determine what levels and
measures the company will use to organise data and define the roles of employees within
the business regarding input stewardship.
Once a data -classification scheme has been designed, the security standards that stipulate
proper approaching practices for each division and the storage criteria that determines the
data’s lifecycle demands should be discussed.

Primary Data
Primary data is the data that is collected for the first time through personal experiences or
evidence, particularly for research. It is also described as raw data or first-hand information.
The mode of assembling the information is costly, as the analysis is done by an agency or an
external organisation, and needs human resources and investment. The investigator
supervises and controls the data collection process directly.
The data is mostly collected through observations, physical testing, mailed questionnaires,
surveys, personal interviews, telephonic interviews, case studies, and focus groups, etc.
In this project the Questionnaire is provided which is an example of Primary Data as it is
collected for the first time through personal experience.
COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA
Primary data is collected in the course of doing experimental or descriptive research by
doing experiments, performing surveys or by observation or direct communication with
respondents. Several methods for collecting primary data are given below-
 INTERVIEW METHOD
This method of collecting data involves presentation of oral verbal stimuli and deeply in
terms of oral- verbal responses. It can be achieved by two ways: -
A. Personal interview- It requires a person known as interviewer to ask questions generally
in a face to face contact to the other person. It can be –
1. Direct personal investigation- The interviewer has to collect the information personally
from the services concerned.
2. Indirect oral examination- The interviewer has to cross examine other persons who are
supposed to have a knowledge about the problem.
3. Structured interviews- Interviews involving the use of pre-determined questions and of
highly standard techniques of recording.
4. Unstructured interviews- It does not follow a system of pre-determined questions and is
characterised by flexibility of approach to questioning.

B. Focussed interview- It is meant to focus attention on the given experience of the

respondent and its effect. The interviewer may ask questions in any manner or sequence
with the aim to explore reasons and motives of the respondent.

C. Non directive interview- The interviewer`s function is to encourage the respondent to

talk about the given topic with a bare minimum of direct questioning.
 QUESTIONNAIRE
In this method a questionnaire is sent (mailed) to the concerned respondents who are
expected to read, understand and reply on their own and return the questionnaire. It
consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form or set of
forms.
Essential of a good questionnaire-
 It should be short and simple.
 Questions should processed in a logical sequence.
 Technical terms and vague expressions must be avoided.
 Control questions to check the reliability of the respondent must be present.
 Adequate space for answers must be provided
Advantages
 Free from bias of interviewer.
 Respondents have adequate time to give answers
 Respondents are easily and conveniently approachable
 Large samples can be used to be more reliable

LIMITATIONS
 Low rate of return of duly filled questionnaire.
 Control over questions is lost once it is sent.
 It is inflexible once it is sent.
 Possibility of ambiguous omission of replies.
 Time taking and slow process.

Secondary Data
Secondary data is a second-hand data that is already collected and recorded by some
researchers for their purpose, and not for the current research problem. It is accessible in
the form of data collected from different sources such as government publications,
censuses, internal records of the organisation, books, journal articles, websites and reports,
etc.
This method of gathering data is affordable, readily available, and saves cost and time.
However, the one disadvantage is that the information assembled is for some other
purpose and may not meet the present research purpose or may not be accurate.

Collection of secondary data

A researcher can obtain secondary data from various sources. Secondary data may either
be published data or unpublished data.
Published data are available in:
a. Publications of government.
b. Technical and trade journals.
c. Reports of various Newspapers etc.
d. Public records.
Unpublished data may be found in letters, diaries, unpublished biographies or work.
Before using secondary data, it must be checked for the following characteristics-
1. Reliability of data- Who collected the data? From what source? Which method? Time?
Possibility of bias? Accuracy?
2. Suitability of data- The object scope and nature of the original enquiry must be studies
and then carefully scrutinize the data for suitability.
3. Adequacy- The data is considered inadequate if the level of accuracy achieved in data is
found inadequate or if they are related to an area which may be either narrower or wider
than the area of the present enquiry

Literature of Review

1. Presented the study that forecasts the daily AQI value for the city Delhi, India using
previous record of AQI and meteorological parameters with the help of Principal
Component Regression (PCR) and Multiple Linear Regression Techniques. They
perform the prediction of daily AQI of the year 2006 using previous records of the
year 2000-2005 and different equations.
-Anikender Kumar, Pramila Goyal (2011)

2. It has gone through the detailed data analysis of air pollutants from 2009-2017 and
also proposed the critical observation of 2016-1017 air pollutants trend in Delhi, India
[14]. They have predicted the future trends of various pollutants as Sulphur Dioxide
(SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Suspended Particulate Matter (PM), Ozone (O3),
Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Benzene. By using data analytics Time series Regression
forecasting they have predicted the future values of the pollutants mentioned earlier
on the of previous records.
-Nidhi Sharma (et al.2018)