Question Text Question Type Option 1

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questions)

In order to calculate mean

directions with confidence limits,
Multiple Choice Fisher statistics
paleomagnetists rely heavily on
the special statistics known as …

Fisher approach which

requires ..., spherically ... data
Checkbox Asymmetric
and the Bingham distribution
handles ..., elliptically ... data
The mean direction is
calculated by first converting Multiple Choice Zero directions
the ... to cartesian coordinates
Another useful parameter is the
so-called … (CSD, also Multiple Choice Singular standard devi
sometimes called the ...)

The cartesian coordinates can, of

course, be converted back to ... Multiple Choice Tensor
elements by the familiar method

The Fisher distribution allows a

number of questions to be asked
Checkbox Is a given data set ra
about paleomagnetic data sets,
such as …

The test for randomness can

determine if directions from ... Multiple Choice Schist
clasts are randomly oriented

The calculation of confidence

regions for paleomagnetic data is
largely motivated by a need to
compare estimated directions with
Checkbox The present field
either a known direction
(for example, ...) or another
estimated direction (for example,
that expected for a ...)

The case in which two Fisher

distributions are compared can
also be simple. If the two
Multiple Choice Confidence
confidence regions do not
overlap, the two directions are
different at the given level of ...
For special cases where the two
data sets are Fisher distributed
with the same..., criteria have
been devleloped to test the
Checkbox Reflection
significance of the difference
in data sets by comparing ...
values for the two data sets
separately and together

The true Fisher mean declination

and inclination are shown by the Multiple Choice Gaussian
…

McFadden and McElhinny [1988] Assume that the

outlined a method for primary direction of
estimating the mean direction and magnetization for the
the α from sites that mix planes Checkbox samples with great
(great circles on an equal area circles lies
projection) and directed lines, somewhere along the
such as … great circle path

A different problem arises when

only the inclination data are
Multiple Choice Likelihood
available as in the case of ... drill
cores
Several investigators have
addressed the issue of inclination-
Checkbox Fisher
only data (... [1966], ... [1980], ...
[1982] )

Paleomagnetists have depended

since the 1950’s on the special
statistical framework developed Multiple Choice Sets
by Fisher [1953] for the analysis
of unit ... data

McFadden and Reid [1982]

developed a maximum likelihood
Checkbox Disperse
estimate for the true ... which is
less …

the magnetic field exists in two

stable polarity states but the Multiple Choice Uni-modal
Fisher distribution is …
By comparing inclinations
estimated using the McFadden-
Reid technique with those
calculated using the full vector Checkbox Inclination
data, it is clear that the method
breaks down at high ... and
high ...

A... method is one which does not

require data to be distributed
according to some known
Multiple Choice Fisherian
distribution that can be
characterized with a few
parameters

The first step is to calculate the

orientation matrix T of the Checkbox Arterisk
data and the associated ... and …
Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5
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McElhinny statistics Fisher distribution McElhinny distribution Non-McElhinny scatter

Bi-modal Uni-modal Distributed Symmetric

All directions Individual directions Group directions Dispersion directions

Angular standard deviaCertainty standard devConverter standard dev

Circular standard devia

Paleomagnetic Vector Geomagnetic Magnetic

Variations among Is the mean direction Uncertainty in the

samples in the of a given (Fisherian) measurement caused
degree of removal of Are two (Fisherian) datdata set different by instrument noise
a secondary from some known or sample alignment
component direction errors

Conglomerat Feldspar Gabro Gneiss

The regions The overlap regions Particular comparison Particular paleopole

Estimated direction Certainty Uncertainty Straightforward directi

Dispersion R N X

Eigenvectors Architect Arterisk Eigenvalues

If a given site has

some samples that
allow only the
Calculate M directed
Assume that the set calculation of a
lines and N great
of M directed lines best-fit plane and not
circles using principal
and N unknown Uncertainty in the me a directed line, what
component
directions are Fisher is the site mean
analysis or Fisher
distributed direction
statistics
that combines the
best-fit lines and
planes?

Unoriented Developed Computational ease Oriented

McFadden and McElhiKono Briden and Ward McFadden and Reid

Fisherian Parameters Vector Similar

Declination Inclination Co-inclination Biased

Bi-modal Unmodal Non-modal Zero-modal

Declination Scatter Co-inclination Mean direction

Non-parametric Parametric Gaussian Non-Gaussian

Eigenvectors Fisher distribution Eigenvalues Eigenparameters

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