DKOEJDQJ LDNPEN

D. DEJQD GDLRJDED
KJQKDR J944 4> 4012

CDBORDXORJPK XDEDKDE YDMDE HDE YDQXPRD

GDMPCXDQ Y@X@REDMDE
PEJW@RQJXDQ FDQDEPHHJE
294:
 Y@EHDFPCPDE

Cdtdr B`cdmden

Ydhden p`enn`kbdcdde dhdcdf dr`dc uetum k`enn`kbdcdmde t`redm

rukjedesjd h`ende kdedj`k`e p`k`cjfdrdde ( nrdzjen)  hdcdk k`ehumuen

`gjsj`esj t`ednd m`rjd hdcdk buhjhdyd t`redm, t`redm hjc`pds hj cdfde t`rt`etu pdhd

 p`rjoh` t`rt`etu, t`redm b`bds k`kjcjf fjjdude yden hjbutufmde,

s`fjennd k`kdau prohumtjvjtds t`redm jtu s`ehjrj. Petum k`ehumuen

p`en`kbdende

 p`t`redmde hdcdk detjsjpdsj m`t`rs`hjdde hdyd humuen pdmde yden

s`kdmje t`rbdtds, sddt jej t`cdf b`rm`kbden t`meoconj koh`c jet`nrdsj

t`redm-tdedkde (Arop Cjv`stoam Qyst`k/ACQ), ydmej t`redm hjjet`nrdsjmde

h`ende mokohjtds tdedkde uetum k`eadpdj mokbjedsj optjkdc, s`fjennd

jeput  prohumsj k`ejdhj c`bjf r`ehdf (cow jeput ) h`ende tjhdm

k`enndennu tjenmdt prohumsj yden hjfdsjcmde. Yrjesjp hde m`c`stdrjde

sukb`r hdyd cdfde k`ejdhj tjtjm p`rfdtjde hdcdk koh`c jej (Qukdrhjydeto,

2946).

Mokposjsj fjjdude sudtu pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde turut k`e`etumde

mudcjtds fjjdude pdmde. Dedcjsjs mokposjsj botdej k`rupdmde sudtu k`toh` yden

hjnuedmde uetum k`enndkbdrmde dhdeyd sp`sj`s-sp`sj`s tukbufde t`rt`etu s`rtd

 proporsjeyd hj hdcdk sudtu `mosjst`k pdhdende. Mokposjsj sudtu pdhdende tjhdm

moestde, fdc jej hjs`bdbmde mdr`ed dhdeyd p`rubdfde susuede dmjbdt dhdeyd

 p`endruf jmcjk, moehjsj tdedf hde jund p`kdegddtdeeyd oc`f t`redm

(Yrdptjwj hmm., 294>).

 Mdpdsjtds Xdkpuen dtdu Adrryjen Adpdajty (AA) dhdcdf

m`kdkpude uetum k`edkpuen t`redm p`r uejt p`r sdtude cuds s`fjennd

k`kb`rjmde fdsjc

yden optjkuk dtdu hdyd tdkpuen pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde uetum k`eaumupj

m`butufde pdmde fjjdude yden hjfjtuen hdcdk dejkdc uejt (DP). M`pdhdtde

t`redm yden tjhdm k`kp`rfdtjmde Adrrjen Adpdajty dmde k`enfdkbdt

 p`rtukbufde fjjdude yden hjsumdj, s`fjennd popucdsj fjjdude yden b`rprohumsj

 bdjm dmde k`eurue m`kdkpude prohumsjeyd, mdr`ed tjhdm k`ehdpdt m`s`kpdtde

uetum tukbuf (Rjzmd, 2946).Fdc jejcdf yden k`cdtdrb`cdmdenj hjcdmumdeeyd

 prdmt`m cdpden tdtdcdmsded pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde rdmydtt k`en`edj p`e`etude

mdpdsjtds tdkpuen.

Xujude hde M`nuedde

Xujude hjcdmsdedmdeeyd prdmtjmuk Xdtdcdmsded Ydhden Y`enn`kbdcdde

Y`t`redmde Rdmydt ydjtu uetum k`en`tdfuj adrd k`enumur mdpdsjtds tdkpuen hdrj

cuds cdfde yden hjm`cocd hde uetum k`en`tdfuj pot`esj cdfde p`rtdejde

s`bdndj

 p`ey`hjd fjjdude kdmdede t`redm,

M`nuedde hjcdmsdedmde prdmtjmuk Xdtdcdmsded Ydhden Y`enn`kbdcdde

k`en`edj p`enumurde mdpdsjtds tdkpuen dndr k`ejdhj sukb`r jegorkdsj jckjdf

 bdnj kdfdsjswd hde kdsydrdmdt hdcdk k`en`tdfuj adrd k`enumur mdpdsjtds

tdkpuen hdrj cuds cdfde yden hjm`cocd hde pot`esj cdfde p`rtdejde s`bdndj

 p`ey`hjd fjjdude kdmdede t`redm.

 

XJELDPDE YPQXDMD

Ndkbdrde Pkuk Comdsj Yrdmt`m Cdpden

Mdbupdt`e Qjh`er`en Rdppden yden b`rdhd hjt`endf-t`endf wjcdydf

 propjesj Qucdw`sj Q`cdtde, s`adrd c`tdm n`onrdgjs hde dhkjejstrdsj

hjkded Mdbupdt`e Qjh`er`en Rdppden t`rhjrj hdrj 44 m`adkdtde hde 490 h`sd/

m`curdfde h`ende cuds wjcdydf mdbupdt`e s`b`sdr 4.661,20 Mk2 dtdu 2,:>%

hdrj cuds totdc

Yrovjesj Qucdw`sj Q`cdtde. Moehjsj v`n`tdsj hdcdk wjcdydf Mdbupdt`e Qjh`er`en

Rdppden s`bdnjde b`sdr dhdcdf p`rsdwdfde yden k`rupdmde dr`d

kdtd

 p`eadfdrjde utdkd kdsydrdmdt Qjh`er`en Rdppden s`fjennd wjcdydf jej

hjm`edc hj mdcdende edsjoedc s`bdndj hd`rdf Cukbuen Ydende Edsjoedc,

prohus`e t`cur t`rb`sdr hj Mdwdsde Xjkur Jehoe`sjd hde s`etrdc moest`cdsj

wjcdydf p`enfdsjc mokohjtds pdende (Zdsjr hmm, 294>).

Mdbupdt`e sjh`er`en rdppden dtdu bjdsd hjm`edc h`ende

Mdbupdt`e Qjhrdp, k`rupdmde sdcdf sdtu mdbupdt`e hj Yropjesj Qucdw`sj yden

t`rc`tdm mjrd- mjrd461 mk hjs`b`cdf utdrd Motd Kdmdssdr (Jbumotd Yropjesj

Qucdw`sj Q`cdtde ) s`adrd dstroeokjs, mdbupdt`e sjhrdp t`rc`tdm detdrd 1 81‚- 

429 9:‚ Bujur Xjkur



kdsjen-kdsjen b`rbdtdsde h`ende <

Q`b`cdf Ptdrd < Mdbupdt`e Yjerden hde Mdbupdt`e @er`mden

Q`b`cdf Xjkur < Mdbupdt`e Cuwu hde Mdbupdt`e ^djo

Q`b`cdf Q`cdtde < Mdbupdt`e Bdrru hde Mdbupdt`e Qopp`en
Q`b`cdf Bdrdt < Mdbupdt`e Yjerden hde Mdbupdt`e Ydr`-Ydr`

(BYQ Mdbupdt`e Qjh`er`en Rdppden, 2946).

Qjh`er`en Rdppden k`rupdmde sdcdf sdtu mdbupdt`e s`etrd mokohjtj

 jdnuen. Rdtd-rdtd prohumsj jdnuen p`rjoh` tdfue 2992-2997 k`eadpdj >.9>9,99

toe s`k`etdrd m`butufde comdc pdmde jdnuen k`eadpdj 77 toe /tdfue. Fdc jej

 b`rdrtj prohumsj fdeyd kdkpu k`k`eufj 2:,20% hdrj m`butufde pdmde t`redm

mfususeyd jdnuen pdhd s`tjdp tubufeyd (Edtsjr hmm, 2996).

Ndkbdrde Pkuk Y`ennuedde Ydhden Y`enn`kbdcdde

Q`adrd ukuk, pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde dhdcdf dr`dc uetum

k`enn`kbdcdmde t`redm rukjedesjd h`ende kdedj`k`e p`k`cjfdrdde

hjcjdrmde ( nrdzjen)  hdcdk k`ehumuen `gjsj`esj t`ednd m`rjd hdcdk buhjhdyd

t`redm. H`ende sjst`k t`redm hjukbdr hj cdfde t`rt`etu pdhd p`rjoh`

t`rt`etu, t`redm b`bds k`kjcjf fjjdude yden hjbutufmde, s`fjennd k`kdau

prohumtjvjtds t`redm jtu s`ehjrj. Ydhden p`enn`kbdcdde hdpdt hjmcdsjgjmdsjmde

k`ejdhj `kpdt nocoende utdkd, ydmej< (d) Ydhden p`enn`kbdcdde dcdk,

(b) Ydhden p`enn`kbdcdde

 p`rkde`e yden suhdf hjp`rbdjmj, (a) Ydhden p`enn`kbdcdde budtde (t`kpor`r),

hde (h) Ydhden p`enn`kbdcdde h`ende jrjndsj (Quhdrydeto hde Yrjydeto, 2949).

Y`kdegddtde pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde dcdkj s`bdndj sukb`r pdmde fjjdude

suhdf cdkd hjcdmumde oc`f p`t`redmde m`ajc (p`t`redmde rdmydt) hj p`h`sdde.

Petum k`kp`roc`f pdmde fjjdude bdnj t`redm yden hjp`cjfdrdeyd,

p`t`redm ukukeyd k`enn`kbdcdmde t`redmeyd pdhd pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde

dcdkj yden

 b`rdhd hj s`mjtdr t`kpdt tjenndceyd. Ydhd m`eydtddeeyd, p`k`cjfdrdde t`redm

rukjedesjd h`ende sjst`k p`k`cjfdrdde t`rs`but a`eh`ruen k`kp`rcjfdtmde

 bdfwd prohumsj yden hjfdsjcmde r`cdtjg r`ehdf (Zomu, hmm., 2940).

Qjst`k pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde k`rupdmde mokbjedsj detdrd p`c`pdsde

t`redm hj pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde b`bds h`ende p`kb`rjde pdmde. Hj
Jehoe`sjd

sjst`k p`enn`kbdcdde b`bds fdeyd hjt`kumde hj wjcdydf tjkur Jehoe`sjd hjkded

t`rhdpdt dr`dc pdhden rukput dcdkj yden cuds. Hj b`b`rdpd t`kpdt t`redm hjc`pds

uetum k`rukput hj t`pj jdcde, fdcdkde rukdf dtdu tdedf mosoen hj s`mjtdr h`sd.

Fdc jej hjkuenmjemde t`rutdkd bjcd dkde hdrj p`eaurjde dtdu m`a`cdmdde t`rfdhdp

t`redm. Qjst`k jej k`ennuedmde s`hjmjt t`ednd m`rjd. Y`t`redm k`ennuedmde

sjst`k p`enn`kbdcdde jej s`pdejden tdfue. Q`cdkd kusjk fujde hjkded s`bdnjde

dr`dc p`enn`kbdcdde hjkdegddtmde uetum hjtdedkj tdedkde buhjhdyd

s`kusjk, mdwdede t`redm hjnjrjen m` wjcdydf h`mdt futde. Q`cdje jtu

b`b`rdpd t`redm hjkdegddtmde uetum k`enndrdp tdedf p`rtdejde. Bjcd tjhdm

t`rhdpdt mdwdsde futde, p`t`redm k`kbudtmde mdehden pdndr hjkded t`redm

hdpdt k`rukput hde k`kdmde pdmde yden hjs`hjdmde (Y`rtjwj, 299>).

Ndkbdrde Pkuk Mdpdsjtds Xdkpuen

Mdpdsjtds Xdkpuen dtdu hdyd tdkpuen (adrryjen adpdajty) dhdcdf

dedcjsjs m`kdkpude pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde uetum k`enfdsjcmde

fjjdude kdmdede t`redm yden hjbutufmde oc`f s`jukcdf t`redm yden

hjn`kbdcdmde hdcdk cudsde sdtu f`mtdr dtdu m`kdkpude pdhden

p`enn`kbdcdde uetum k`edkpuen t`redm p`r f`mtdr (R`msofdhjprohjo,

4::8). Mdpdsjtds tdkpuen pdhden

 p`enn`kbdcdde dtdu m`bue rukput, b`rfubuende `rdt h`ende j`ejs t`redm,

 prohumsj fjjdude rukput, kusjk, hde cuds pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde dtdu m`bue
rukput. Oc`f mdr`ed jtu mdpdsjtds tdkpuen bjsd b`rkdadk-kdadk hde t`rndetuen

 pdhd p`enumurde prohumsj fjjdude rukput (Rjzmd, 2946).

M`pdhdtde t`redm yden tjhdm k`kp`rfdtjmde Adrrjen Adpdajty

dmde k`enfdkbdt p`rtukbufde fjjdude yden hjsumdj, s`fjennd popucdsj fjjdude
yden

 b`rprohumsj bdjm dmde k`eurue m`kdkpude prohumsjeyd, mdr`ed tjhdm k`ehdpdt

m`s`kpdtde uetum tukbuf. Y`e`etude mdpdsjtds tdkpuen t`redm hdcdk sudtu

 pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde sdendt p`etjen, uetum k`enfjehdrj ov`rnrdzjen

(p`enn`kbdcdde b`rc`bjfde) dtdu ueh`rnrdzjen (p`enn`kbdcdde murden).

M`t`pdtde stoamjen rdt` hde mdpdsjtds tdkpuen sdendt k`e`etumde m`b`rfdsjcde

sjst`k p`en`cocdde p`enn`kbdcdde (Yurwdetdrj, hmm., 2940).

Mdpdsjtds tdkpuen hjp`endrufj oc`f jukcdf hde j`ejs m`rdndkde tdedkde

hj sudtu cdfde pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde. Yrohumsj bjokds sudtu cdfde

hjnuedmde k`en`tdfuj prohumsj rukput pdhd sudtu cdfde hdcdk wdmtu sdtu

tdfue. Yrohumsj fjjdude s`tjdp cdfde p`enn`kbdcdde b`rb`hd-b`hd. Y`rb`hdde

prohumsj fjjdude jej hjp`endrufj oc`f b`b`rdpd gdmtor, ydjtu kdedj`k`e, jmcjk,

sp`sj`s tdedkde hde moehjsj cjenmuende. Y`enumurde prohumsj fjjdude hj cdfde

p`enn`kbdcdde sdendt

 p`etjen hjcdmumde hdcdk k`e`etumde p`cuden p`en`kbdende t`redm yden

hjusdfdmde (Rjzmd, 2946).

Ndkbdrde Dejkdc Pejt/ Qdtude X`redm

Qdtude X`redm (QX) ydjtu umurde yden hjnuedmde uetum k`enfubuenmde

 bobot bdhde t`redm h`ende jukcdf pdmde yden hjmoesuksj. Hj Jehoe`sjd, sdtu QX

s`tdrd h`ende s``mor sdpj h`wdsd h`ende bobot bdhde 199 mn yden b`rukur 2,0

tdfue. stdehdr m`butufde fjjdude pdmde b`rhdsdrmde Qdtude X`redm dhdcdf< (d)
X`redm h`wdsd (4 QX) k`k`rcumde fjjdude pdmde s`bdeydm 19 mn/`mor/fdrj= (b)

X`redm kuhd (9,09 QX) k`k`rcumde fjjdude pdmde s`bdeydm 40 -4 

>,0

mn/`mor/fdrj= hde (a) Dedm t`redm (9,20 QX) k`k`rcumde fjjdude pdmde s`bdeydm
>,0-: mn/`mor/fdrj. Qtdehdr m`butufde t`rs`but hjnuedmde uetum k`kpr`hjmsj

m`butufde cuds cdfde hdcdk updyd k`eaumupj m`butufde fjjdude pdmde (H`cjkd

hmm., 2940).

K`eurut Kdrnd (2947) dejkdc uejt dtdu sdtude t`redm hjb`hdmde

 b`rhdsdrmde j`ejs t`redm, hde ukur t`redm. M`rjt`rjd b`b`rdpd j`ejs t`redm

 b`rhdsdrmde sdtude t``redm hdpdt hjcjfdt pdhd Xdb`c 4.

Xdb`c 4. L`ejs hde mrjt`rjd b`b`rdpd j`ejs t`redm b`rhdsdrmde sdtude t`redm (QX)
L`ejs X`redm Mrjt`rjd X`redm Qdtude X`redm (QX)
H`wdsd (52 Xdfue) 4,999
Qdpj Kuhd (4 ‘2  Xdfue) 9,099
Dedm (34 Xdfue) 9,209
H`wdsd (52 Xdfue) 4,999
M`rbdu Kuhd (4 ‘2  Xdfue) 9,099
Dedm (34 Xdfue) 9,209
H`wdsd (54 Xdfue) 9,489
Mdkbjen Kuhd (4/2 ‘4  9,9>9
Xdfue) Dedm (34/2 9,910
Xdfue) H`wdsd (54 9,489
Xdfue)
Hokbd 9,9>9
9,910
Qukb`r< Kdrnd, 2947. Kuhd (4/2 ‘4 
Xdfue) Dedm (34/2
Xdfue)

Y`rsydrdtde yden t`rmdjt h`ende DP k`cjputj Dejkdc Pejt Hdy

(DPH), Dejkdc Pejt Koetf (DPK) hde Dejkdc Pejt Z`dr (DPZ). DPH

k`eh`gjejsjmde dsupde fjjdude fdrjde, DPK k`enumur jukcdf fjjdude yden

hjp`rcumde uetum k`k`cjfdrd f`wde stdehdr s`cdkd sdtu bucde, hde DPZ

dhdcdf jukcdf yden hjp`rcumde uetum k`k`cjfdrd f`wde stdehdr s`cdkd sdtu

tdfue. Bdeydm pubcjmdsj

s`tuju bdfwd f`wde stdehdr k`enmoesuksj s`mjtdr 2,7% hdrj b`rdt bdhde k`r`md

 b`rhdsdrmde uhdrd m`rjen (K`y`r, 2949).

Gdmtor-Gdmtor yden K`kp`endrufj Mdpdsjtds Xdkpuen

Gdmtor yden k`kp`endrufj mdpdsjtds tdkpuen dhdcdf cuds cdfde pdhden

 p`enn`kbdcdde. Y`rm`kbdende cudsde dr`dc pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde hdpdt

k`endcdkj p`euruede mdr`ed b`b`rdpd fdc, hjdetdrdeyd (d) t`rh`sdmeyd

pdhden

 p`enn`kbdcdde dmjbdt b`rsdjeneyd h`ende p`ennuedde cdfde p`rtdejde hde

(b) m`rusdmde dmjbdt tdedkde p`enndennu(nuckd). Moehjsj h`kjmjde

b`rhdkpdm t`rfdhdp p`euruede hdyd humuen pdmde hde prosp`m p`en`kbdende

p`t`redmde

 jdenmd pdejden (Quhdrydeto hde Yrjydeto, 2949).

Q`cdje cuds cdfde, jukcdf popucdsj t`redm jund b`rp`endruf t`rfdhdp

mdpdsjtds tdkpuen pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde. M`pdhdtde t`redm yden

tjhdm k`kp`rfdtjmde Adrrjen Adpdajty dmde k`enfdkbdt p`rtukbufde fjjdude

yden hjsumdj, s`fjennd popucdsj fjjdude yden b`rprohumsj bdjm dmde

k`eurue

m`kdkpude prohumsjeyd, mdr`ed tjhdm k`ehdpdt m`s`kpdtde uetum

tukbuf.(Yurwdetdrj, hmm., 2940). 

Mdpdsjtds tdkpuen jund hjp`endrufj oc`f jukcdf hde j`ejs m`rdndkde

tdedkde hj sudtu cdfde pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde. Yrohumsj bjokds sudtu cdfde

hjnuedmde k`en`tdfuj prohumsj rukput pdhd sudtu cdfde hdcdk wdmtu sdtu tdfue.

Yrohumsj fjjdude s`tjdp cdfde p`enn`kbdcdde b`rb`hd-b`hd. Y`rb`hdde prohumsj

fjjdude jej hjp`endrufj oc`f b`b`rdpd gdmtor, ydjtu kdedj`k`e, jmcjk, sp`sj`s
tdedkde hde moehjsj cjenmuende. Y`enumurde prohumsj fjjdude hj cdfde
 p`enn`kbdcdde sdendt p`etjen hjcdmumde hdcdk k`e`etumde p`cuden

 p`en`kbdende t`redm yden hjusdfdmde. Dhd b`b`rdpd cdenmdf yden p`rcu

hjp`rfdtjmde hdcdk k`e`etumde mdpdsjtds tdkpuen, ydjtu < (4) p`edgsjrde

mudetjtds prohumsj fjjdude, (2) Yrop`r us` gdator (1) k`edmsjr m`butufde cuds

tdedf p`r bucde, (8) k`edmsjr m`butufde cuds tdedf p`r tdfue b`rhdsdrmde rukus

Wojsje, hde (0) k`e`etumde mdpdsjtds tdkpuen (Rjzmd, 2946).

K`toh` Y`e`etude Hdyd Xdkpuen

B`b`rdpd fdc yden p`rcu hjp`rfdtjmde hdcdk k`e`etumde mdpdsjtds

tdkpjen ydjtu, p`edmsjrde prohumsj fjjdude yden sdendt hjp`endrufj aurdf fujde,

sdendt b`sdr p`endrufeyd t`rfdhdp mudcjtds hde mudetjtds prohumsj

rukput. Y`rubdfde mudcjtds fjjdude detdrd kusjk fujde hde kusjk

m`kdrdu dmde k`endmjbdtmde dhdeyd p`rubdfde ejcdj eutrj`et pdhd fjjdude

(Xdvdr`s hmm., 2946).

K`eurut Rjzmd (2946), p`e`etude mdpdsjtds tdkpuen s`adrd aupcjmde

k`kjcjmj p`rdede p`etjen hdcdk p`enumurde prohumsj fjjdude. Y`e`etude

 p`endkbjcde p`tdm-p`tdm aupcjmde hdpdt hjcdmumde h`ende b`b`rdpd

k`toh` s`bdndj b`rjmut < 4) K`toh` p`endadmde k`rupdmde p`e`etude s`adrd

dadm sudtu cdfde fjjdude s`cuds 4 k2 dtdu hdcdk b`etum cjenmdrde h`ende ndrjs

t`endf 4k. Y`tdmde aupcjmde m`hud hjdkbjc pdhd jdrdm curus 49 cdenmdf

m`mdede hdrj p`tdm aupcjmde p`rtdkd h`ende cuds yden sdkd. 2) K`toh`

sjst`kdtjm k`rupdmde

 p`endkbjcde aupcjmde hjkucdj hdrj tjtjm yden t`cdf hjt`etumde. Aupcjmde

 b`rjmuteyd hjdkbjc pdhd sudtu tjtjm hdrj aupcjmde p`rtdkd s`fjennd

k`kb`etum ndrjs t`rpdejden hdrj cdfde sukb`r fjjdude. 1) K`toh` strdtjgjmdsj

k`rupdmde
 p`endkbjcde sdkp`c aupcjmde pdhd cdfde sukb`r pdmde fjjdude hdrj s`tjdp

cdfde sukb`r fjjdude yden dhd.

Q`adrd s`h`rfded, mdpdsjtds tdkpjen sudtu pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde t`redm

hdpdt hjp`rmjrdmde h`ende k`en`tdfuj prohumsj fjjdude pdmde sudtu dr`d

 p`enn`kbdcdde, m`kuhjde hdpdt hjp`rmjrdmde jukcdf t`redm yden

fdrus hjn`kbdcd s`adrd t`pdt. M`butufde t`redm dmde fjjdude dhdcdf 1% bdfde

m`rjen hdrj bobot bdhde t`redm, s`tjdp fdrjeyd dtdu 49% hdrj b`rdt bdhde t`redm

p`r fdrj

 bjcd hjb`rjmde hdcdk b`etum s`ndr. K`enumur mdpdsjtds tdkpjen fjjdude hj pdhden

 p`enn`kbdcdde b`rb`hd h`ende mdpdsjtds tdkpjen m`bue rukput.

Yrohumsj fjjdude t`rs`hjd pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde 09% hdrj totdc prohumsj

fjjdude, yden hjs`but  prop`r us` gdator dtdu utjcjzdtjoe gdator hde

hj`mspr`sjmde hdcdk

 p`rs`etds`. Daude jej t`cdf ukuk hjnuedmde hdcdk p`en`cocdde p`enn`kbdcdde

hde denmd jej hdpdt b`rubdf uetum moehjsj p`enn`kbdcdde yden

b`rb`hd (Yurwdetdrj hmm., 2946).

 K@XOH@ YRDMXJMPK

^dmtu hde X`kpdt

Yrdmtjmuk Xdtdcdmsded Ydhden Y`enn`kbdcdde Y`t`redmde Rdmydt

k`en`edj Y`enumurde Mdpdsjtds Xdkpuen, hjcdmsdedmde pdhd fdrj Qdbtu, 47

Kdr`t 294: pumuc 44.99 ^JXD - Q`c`sdj, b`rt`kpdt hj Cdfde Y`enn`kbdcdde

YX. PYA Mdbupdt`e Qjhrdp.

Kdt`rj Yrdmtjmuk

Dcdt yden hjnuedmde hdcdk k`cdmumde prdmtjmuk Xdtdcdmsded Ydhden

Y`enn`kbdcdde Y`t`redmde Rdmydt k`en`edj Y`enumurde Mdpdsjtds Xdkpuen

dhdcdf pdrden/nuetjen, k`t`rde, mudhrde, tjkbdende, hde pucp`e.

Bdfde yden hjnuedmde hdcdk k`cdmumde prdmtjmuk Xdtdcdmsded Ydhden

Y`enn`kbdcdde Y`t`redmde Rdmydt k`en`edj Y`enumurde Mdpdsjtds Xdkpuen

dhdcdf j`rdkj jdnuen/rukput m`rjen, djr, mdetoen pcdstjm, cdb`c, hde m`rtds.

K`toh` Yrdmtjmuk

K`eyjdpmde dcdt hde bdfde yden dmde hjnuedmde,k`eyjdpmde mudhrde

umurde 4 x 4 k, k`c`kpdrmde mudhrde s`adrd dadm hjpdhden rukput. M`kuhjde

k`kotoen fjjdude yden b`rdhd hdcdk mudhrde s`h`mdt kuenmje h`ende

 p`rkumdde tdedf, k`ejkbden fdsjc potoende.K`c`tdmmde mudhrde h`ende

jdrdm 49 cdenmdf m` tdedf hde k`kotoen hde k`ejkbden fjjdude yden b`rdhd hj

hdcdk mudhrde hjs`but sdtu mcust`r. K`e`etumde mudhrde m`hud h`ende

k`c`tdmmde mudhrde s`jduf 420 cdenmdf t`ndm curus h`ende mcust`r p`rtdkd,

k`kotoen hde k`ejkbden fjjdude yden dhd hdcdk mudhrde pdhd mcust`r

m`hud. M`kuhjde
k`endkbjc sdkp`c hjcdmumde pdhd muctur m`tjnd hde s`t`ruseyd, k`endkbjc

sdkp`c s`bdeydm 099 n fjjdude yden suhdf hjtjkbden, k`kdsummde m`hdcdk

mdetoen pcdstjm uetum hjbdwd m` cdbordtorjuk uetum dedcjsd bdfde m`rjen.

M`kuhjde k`kp`rfdtjmde  prop`r us` gdator,  k`enfjtuen b`rdt fjjdude yden dhd

hj pdhden rukput hde k`cdmumde bdeydmeyd fjjdude yden hdpdt hjmoesuksj oc`f

t`redm.
 FDQJC HDE Y@KBDFDQDE

Y`enumurde Mdpdsjtds Xdkpuen

B`rhdsdrmde prdmtjmuk yden t`cdf hjcdmumde k`en`edj Y`enumurde

Mdpdjtds Xdkpuen kdmd hjp`roc`f fdsjc s`bdndj b`rjmut.

Xdb`c 4. Y`enumurde Mdpdsjtds Xdkpuen

Mudhrde
rukput

(n/k2)
s`ndr
B`rdt B`rdt
 (mn/f d)
s`ndr
s`ndr
B`rdt
 (toe/f d)
t`rs`hjd

M dpdsjtds tdkpuen
 QH QY
(tdfue/QX )
 jukcdf popucdsj t`redm mdr`ed pdhd kusjk p`enfujde m`t`rs`hjdde bdfde pdmde

k`cjkpdf. M`t`rs`hjdde bdfde pdmde hjp`endrufj oc`f jmcjk hde pocd p`rtdejde

tdedkde pdende.

Y`rb`hdde mdpdsjtds tdkpuen uetum tdedkde fjjdude rukput, c`nuk`, hde

nuckd hjs`bdbmde oc`f jukcdf dtdu j`ejs hdrj tdedkde fjjdude yden tukbuf

hj

 pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde. K`eurut Rjzmd (2946) k`ej`cdsmde bdfwd mdpdsjtds

tdkpuen hjp`endrufj oc`f jukcdf hde j`ejs m`rdndkde tdedkde hj sudtu

cdfde

 pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde. Yrohumsj bjokds sudtu cdfde hjnuedmde k`en`tdfuj

 prohumsj rukput pdhd sudtu cdfde hdcdk wdmtu sdtu tdfue. Yrohumsj fjjdude

s`tjdp cdfde p`enn`kbdcdde b`rb`hd-b`hd. Y`rb`hdde prohumsj fjjdude jej

hjp`endrufj oc`f b`b`rdpd gdmtor, ydjtu kdedj`k`e, jmcjk, sp`sj`s tdedkde hde

moehjsj cjenmuende. Y`enumurde prohumsj fjjdude hj cdfde p`enn`kbdcdde sdendt

 p`etjen hjcdmumde hdcdk k`e`etumde p`cuden p`en`kbdende t`redm yden

hjusdfdmde.
 Y@EPXPY

M`sjkpucde

B`rhdsdrmde fdsjc prdmt`m cdpden k`en`edj p`enumurde mdpdsjtds tdkpuen

hj pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde t`redm rdmydt, hdpdt hjsjkpucmde bdfwd

pdhden

 p`enn`kbdcdde t`redm rdmydt kdkpu k`kprohumsj fjjdude pdmde uetum

k`k`eufj m`butufde moesuksj t`redm rukjedesjd. Fdc jej hdpdt t`rcjfdt hdrj

mdpdsjtds tdkpuen uetum rukput yden s`b`sdr 411.1 fd/QX s`cdkd 411 fdrj, hde

mdpdsjtds tdkpuen uetum fjjdude c`nuk 11.1 fd/QX s`cdkd 11 fdrj.

Qdrde

Q`bdjmeyd pros`s prdmtjmuk hj cdpdende hjcdmumde pdhd kusjk p`enfujde

dndr fdsjc prohumsj fjjdude uetum k`enumur mdpdsjtds tdkpuen k`ejdhj c`bjf

tjennj.
 HDGXDR YPQXDMD

H`cjkd, K., Mdrjk, D., & Zueus, K. 2940. Mdjjde Yot`esj Yrohumsj Fjjdude
 Ydmde pdhd Cdfde @msjstjen hde Yot`esjdc uetum K`ejenmdtmde Yopucdsj
 X`redm Rukjedesjd hj Mdbupdt`e Da`f B`sdr. Luredc Dnrjp`t , 40(4), 11
 89.
Kdrnd, D. 2947. @vdcudsj Mdpdsjtds Xdkpuen Hde Mokposjsj Botdej Hj
  Y`rm`buede M`cdpdQdwjtYrovjesjCdkpuen. Qmrjpsj. Gdmuctds Y`rtdejde
  Pejv`rsjtds Cdkpuen, Bdehdr Cdkpuen

K`y`r, X. C. 2949. @stjkdtjen cjv`stoam gordn` h`kdeh< H`gjejen tf` dejkdc

 uejt. Xf`s`s deh Hjss`rtdtjoes je Dejkdc Qaj`ea`, 44. 

 Eunrdfd, B. H., Fdehdydetd, @., & Rdfdyu, @. X. 2941. Dedcjsjs hdyd tdkpuen
 (adrryjen adpdajty) t`redm rukjedesjd pdhd kusjk p`enfujde hj hd`rdf
 p`rtdejde cdfde m`rjen M`adkdtde Q`kje, Mdbupdt`e Nueuenmjhuc. Xrop

  Dejk Fusb, 2, 18-89.

Y`rtjwj, @. 299>. Ppdyd Y`c`stdrjde Cdr Q`bdndj Ydhden Y`enn`kbdcdde
  B`rsdkd Y`t`redm Xrdhjsjoedc Zden B`rwdwdsde Cjenmuende Hj
  Mdbupdt`e Qukbdwd (Hoatordc hjss`rtdtjoe, Yronrdk Ydsadsdrjded
  Pejv`rsjtds Hjpoe`noro).

Yrdptjwj, J. J., Hjded Q. Q., D. X. Hdkdydetj, Z.Kden`rd, hde E. Pkdkj. 294>.

  Yot`esjB`rbdndjL`ejsW`n`tdsjQ`bdndjFjjdudeYdmdeX`redm Hj Ydhden
  Y`enn`kbdcddeMdkpuenQotd,Mdbupdt`eK`rdum`.Dnrjaocd, Woc > (4),
  40-28

Yurwdetdrj, E. H., Xj`sedkurtj, B., & Dhjedtd, Z. 2940. Dvdjcdbjcjty og Gordn`

 Peh`r Ojc Ydck Ycdetdtjoe gor Adttc` Nrdzjen. ^DRXD\OD Woc. 20 Eo. 4

  Fck. 98>-908 
Rjzmd, E. 2946. Mokposjsj Botdejs Hde Mdpdsjtds Xdkpuen Ydhden
 Y`enn`kbdcdde Dcdk Hj H`sd Buco M`adkdtde Ydead Rjjden. Qmrjpsj.
 Gdmuctds Y`t`redmde Pejv`rsjtds Fdsdeuhhje. Kdmdssdr.

Quhdrydeto, B., & Yrjydeto, H. 2949. H`nrdhdsj pdhden p`enn`kbdcdde. Bdhde

  Y`e`cjtjde hde Y`en`kbdende Y`rtdejde , Ldmdrtd. fck, :>-442. 

Qukdrhjydeto. 2946.YrohumsjBjokdssd Hde MokposjsjBotdejs Ydhden

  Y`enn`kbdcddeDcdk Hj H`sdKojoenM`adkdtde^dttdenQjh`er`en
  Mdbupdt`eQjhrdp. Qmrjpsj. Gdmuctds Y`tredmde. Pejv`rsjtds Fdsdeuhhje,
  Kdmdssdr.

Xdvdr`s, C., Bdcjdrtj, @., Eovjdehj, A. X., & ^jhj, X. Q. K. 2946. Yrohumsj
 Fjjdude Ydhden Y`enn`kbdcdde Dcdk Hj Yosto Dhkjejstrdtjvo Bdcjbo
 Hde Dtdbd`, Kuejajpjo
  Boboedro, Xjkor-C`st`. Je Yrosjhjen Q`kjedr 
 
X`meoconj Dnrjbjsejs Y`t`redmde (Qtdp) Gdmuctds Y`t`redmde Pejv`rsjtds L`eh`rdc Qo`hjrkde 
 

  omu, Op`.,r sD`bedhrdoey oj`, eQjs.,- j`Xerjs jwfjjj,d u^de., co&m dJcr jpddehjd, eQn. p2`9e4n0n.` kMbodkcdpdoes jdscjd kbo htdje Yj
drdt. Ydsturd, 8(2), 72-7.