8th year geography population evolution

DEMOGRAPHY AND INDICATORS

Demography is the science that studies the evolution and distribution of the
population, as well as their behavior. The most direct way to know the total number of
inhabitants of a certain region or country or even continent is the census (statistical
population count carried out every 10 years).
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
• Birthdate: number of live births (children under 1 year) that occurred in a certain
period and in a certain place.
• Mortality: number of deaths that occurred in a given period in a given place.
• Natural Growth: difference between birth and mortality (CN=N-M)
It can be positive (N>M), null (N=M) or negative (N<m)< font=""></m)<>
• Fees (expressed in permilage ‰):

• Natural Growth Rate: TN − TM = TCN

• Migratory Balance: difference between immigration and emigration (SM=I-E)
• Effective Growth: CN + SM (sum of natural growth and balance
migratory).

EVOLUTION OF THE WORLD POPULATION

1st PHASE: PRIMITIVE DEMOGRAPHIC REGIME (UP TO THE MID 18TH CENTURY) - Very
slow population growth
• Very high birth rate
• Very high mortality rate
• Very low Natural Growth Rate
• Very short average life expectancy

Factors:
• Lack of health care
• Hungry
• Epidemics
• Wars
• Lack of knowledge in the field of medicine
• Lack of knowledge of birth containment methods
• Religion/Culture

2nd PHASE: DEMOGRAPHIC REVOLUTION (FROM THE 19TH CENTURY TO 1950) -

Faster increase than in the previous phase
• Very high birth rate
• Decrease in Mortality Rate
• Increased Natural Growth

Factors:
• Increased agricultural production
• Improved sanitary conditions
• Discoveries in the field of medicine
• Technical progress resulting from the Industrial Revolution
• Improvement of working conditions

3rd PHASE: DEMOGRAPHIC EXPLOSION - Very fast world population growth

Humanity has heterogeneous demographic characteristics:
• Developed countries
• Developing countries
Developed countries:
- Reduction in the Birth Rate:
• Improved standard of living and greater concern for the education of children
• Family planning
• Generalization of the Use of Contraceptives
• Emancipation of Women
• Desire for personal and professional fulfillment in couples
• House prices
• Late marriage
• Prohibition of child labor
- Reduction in the Mortality Rate:
• Improvement of working conditions
• High standard of living of populations
• Medical progress
• Generalization of the use of vaccines and antibiotics
• Good medical care
• Hygiene habits
• Good sanitary conditions
• Good nutrition
Developing countries:
- High birth rate:
• Absence of family planning
• Religion contests the use of contraceptives
• Tradition of large families
• Children seen with free "labour"
• Young people marry too early
• Illiteracy
- Decrease in Mortality Rate:
• Humanitarian Aid (food, medicine, vaccines, …)
The current Demographic Explosion is mainly due to the demographic behavior of
countries
in Development (PED)
The demographic transition

The demographic transition is, in general, a process of transition from one pace of
population growth to another, with a decrease in mortality and birth rates, with the
first decreasing faster than the second, causing a period of high increase populational

Developed countries have already completed their demographic transition, and are,
therefore, in the Modern Demographic Regime, while the least developed countries,
for the most part, will only complete it around the year 2050. Currently, most
developing countries are if in the Demographic Transition.

PRIMITIVE DEMOGRAPHIC REGIME: From the beginnings of humanity until the mid-
eighteenth century, approximately:
• high birth rate
• very high mortality rate (due mainly to precarious hygienic-sanitary conditions,
epidemics, wars, famine...)
• low life expectancy
The above factors explain the low rate of population growth in that period.

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION: great population growth occurs (many developing

countries are at this stage).
1st Phase:

• high birth rates

• low mortality rates
• high and growing natural growth

2nd Phase:

• reduction in birth rates

• maintenance of low mortality rates
• reduction in natural growth
In Western Europe, the Industrial Revolution contributed to the improvement of
hygienic-sanitary, medical-hospital and food conditions and in the fight against
epidemics, reducing mortality. However, the birth rate remained high throughout most
of the 19th century, which explains the large population growth in Europe during this
period.

MODERN DEMOGRAPHIC REGIME: low growth and even stagnant population growth.
The demographic transition is complete.
• low birth and death rates
Most PDs have very low, null and even negative growth rates.
In some ERPs, there has been a transformation in the family structure, in which several
factors contribute to women having fewer children.

Ler
mais: https://saberesnet.webnode.pt/disciplinas/geografia/a9%c2%ba%20ano/resum
os/evolu%c3%a7%c3%a3o%20da%20popula%c3%a7%c3%a3o/

Vídeo: ONU alerta para desequilíbrio demográfico

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNbVK-2g8Ok

Ler
mais: https://saberesnet.webnode.pt/disciplinas/geografia/a9%c2%ba%20ano/resum
os/evolu%c3%a7%c3%a3o%20da%20popula%c3%a7%c3%a3o/