MODERNIZATION OF AGRICULTURE SYSTEM FOR

EFFICIENT CROP GROWTH USING IOT

Abstract

Agriculture is done in every country from ages. Agriculture is the science and art of

cultivating plants. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human

civilization. Agriculture is done manually from ages. As the world is trending into new

technologies and implementations it is a necessary goal to trend up with agriculture also. IOT

plays a very important role in smart agriculture. IOT sensors are capable of providing

information about agriculture fields. we have proposed an IOT and smart agriculture system

using automation. This IOT based Agriculture monitoring system makes use of wireless sensor

networks that collects data from different sensors deployed at various nodes and sends it through

the wireless protocol. This smart agriculture using IOT system is powered by NODEMCU, it

consists of Temperature sensor, Moisture sensor, Fire Sensor, Relay Module, Ac Pump Motor.

Agriculture industry is developed a lot with the help of technology, it became data-

centered and smarter. The rapid growth of Internet of Things based technologies reshaped many

industries including agriculture. Such a radical change dismantles existing farming practices and

creates new opportunities along with some challenges. In this article the possibility of wireless

sensors and IoT in agriculture is highlighted, In addition some challenges are expected to be

tackled while integrating this technique with the traditional methods of farming. The IoT devices

and techniques used in agriculture applications are explained in detail. Based on this article, we

recognize recent trends of IoT in agriculture.

 CHAPTER - 1
Introduction
1.1 IOT

We read in the newspapers for many days about farmers losses and farmers used to work out the
soil maturity and suspicions for the production of yield. They won't worry about the temperature,
water level and simply climate conditions that are terrible to farmers.. The Internet of Things
(IOT) is reconstructing the agri-business which enables farmers to deal with challenges in the
field, for example through the broad range of strategies, such as accuracy and practical farming.

IOT assists in the assembling of information regarding conditions such as climate, humidity,
temperature and soil fertility, a IOT-based examination enables the discovery of wild plants,
water levels, exact location, field interruption, field development, horticulture. IOT helps in
assembling information IOT uses farmers to connect from anywhere to anywhere to his house.
Remote sensors are used to track household conditions and smaller controls are used to control
and mechanize the house shapes The world population is increasing at a daunting pace. Providing
the basic necessities of life for such a huge population is a great challenge. The most basic
requirement for any human being is good nutrition. However, due to the increasing population,
the old and traditional farming methods are proving insufficient for providing food in bulk
quantities. Fortunately, by making use of the latest agricultural techniques as well as smart
electronics technology we can increase efficiency and productivity too far higher levels which
can ensure our food security.

For the purpose of increasing the efficiency and productivity of agricultural crops, an IOT based
smart agriculture monitoring project using Arduino is proposed. The project consists of three
sensors for the measurement of various parameters crucial for the crop. These sensors include a
temperature sensor, a water level sensor, and a soil moisture sensor. The project also contains a
GSM modem and a WiFi module. The project also includes output devices such as a dc motor,
relays and a buzzer.

There are three sensors present in the circuit which are used for measuring the ambient
temperature, water level of the crop and the soil moisture level. Based on the monitoring of these
sensor values the smart agriculture monitoring system provides air and water to the crop. The
data from the sensors is sent to an Arduino controller which stores and processes this data and
then sends it to the IOT platform as well as GSM module. A WiFi module is interfaced with the
Arduino which sends the sensor values to the remote IOT platform using WiFi connection. The
GSM modem receives the sensor values from the Arduino board and sends these values to the
user via SMS after every 5 minutes. Some output devices are also connected to the Arduino
outputs. These devices include DC motor, relays, and buzzer. If any of the sensor values crosses
a certain predefined threshold then the buzzer is turned on to notify the user. One relay is
connected to the fan while the other is connected to the water pump. If the ambient temperature
is too hot then the fan is turned on by the controller in order to maintain the desired temperature
for the crop. If the soil moisture level is low then the water pump is turned on by the Arduino
controller to provide water to the crops. The crop status can be monitored remotely by means of a
remote IOT platform.
 CHAPTER - 2

Literature Review
Experts have analysed collected data for finding correlation between environment
work and yield for standard work. They are concentrated on crop monitoring, information
of temperature and rainfall is collected as initial spatial data and analysed to reduce the
crop losses and to improve the crop production. An IOT Based Crop-field monitoring an
irrigation automation system explains to monitor a crop field. A system is developed by
using sensors and according to the decision from a server based on sensed data, the
irrigation system automated. By using wireless transmission the sensed data forwarded
towards to web server database. If the irrigation is automated then that means if the
moisture and temperature fields fall below the potential range. The user can monitor and
control the system remotely with the help of application which provides a web interface to
user. [1] Prof. K.A.Patil and Prof. N.R.Kale propose a wise agricultural model in irrigation
with ICT (Information Communication Technology).The complete real-time and historical
environment is expected to help to achieve efficient management and utilization of
resources. [2] IOT Based Smart Agriculture Monitoring System develops various features
like GPS based remote controlled monitoring, moisture and temperature sensing, intruders
scaring, security, leaf wetness and proper irrigation facilities.[3] Mahammad shareef
Mekala, Dr.P.Viswanathan demonstrated some typical application of Agriculture IOT
Sensor Monitoring Network Technologies using Cloud computing as the backbone. [4]
Prathibha S.R., Anupama Hongal Jyothi M.P. Created monitoring temperature and
Humidity in agriculture field through sensor using CC3200 Single chip. Camera is
interfaced with CC3200 to capture images and send that pictures through MMS to farmers
mobile using Wi-Fi [5]
2.1 Remote Communications
The creation of remote communications in wide and moderate distances has been
prevalent in the last few years. The usage of Wi-Fi, GSM, or GPRS is so popular they they
barely noticed. But, in the form of device to system communications, these are not as
normal, e.g. the connectivity required between a container moving through the Atlantic
 ocean and a server situated thousands of kilometers away, even further taken into
consideration that there are hundreds of thousands of containers being transported everyday
in the world. Jedermann et al. (2014b) provide a comprehensive overview of technological
problems and strategies for a wireless tracking in transport, talking about pros and cons in
system connectivity, protocols, energy use and data usability. On the contrary, Badia-Melis
et al. (2015) demonstrate how a warehouse with a cold room with an equal volume of 1848
m3 can be instrumented using RFID and WSN in a way where both technologies can
benefit from each other and provide complementary knowledge.

Today, the most advanced technology in usage is RFID and it's the most commercially
available. On the other side, WSN hasn't advanced as quickly as anticipated in the agro
food market, because it has to cover several important aspects such as unit capacity, battery
life, and encapsulation (Badia-Melis et al., 2014). The first wireless sensor nodes in the
industry, including those offering monitoring of refrigerated logistics, such as temperature,
humidity and acceleration (vibration and shocks). Its downside was that it was operating in
the microwave band (2.4 GHz) and was too poor power at 1mW. (Figure 4.2). The 2.4GHz
microwave band has the benefit of being usable anywhere over the world however the
biggest drawback is the coincidence with the water resonance frequency (than is the cause
of the food heating), thus its transmission is problematic through the water and the air with
strong relative humidity. That is to suggest in a fruit and vegetable transportation, the air is
90% RH and water content in fruit and vegetables is typically more than 90%. (RuizGarcia
& Lunadei, 2011).

2.2 Internet of Things

The Internet of Things is a network of ordinary items that can feel, understand, connect,
and collaborate with one another to achieve a shared purpose (Giusto et al., 2010). The aim
of the framework is that all the objects and functions can be managed centrally and coupled
with the Internet to form a distributed system. IoT depicts a society in which humans are
continually surrounded by computers that are capable of interacting with each other. IoT
splits the existing theories and launches a modern sector in knowledge industry, which
would set about a fresh revolution in the world software industry.

The internet of things, or "internet of things," is a knowledge sharing infrastructure for

goods (Amaral et al., 2011; Atzori et al., 2010). The framework consists of three
 dimensions, its constituents are information objects, networks which contain information,
and intelligent applications. Knowledge objects are ones that are capable of defining and
perceiving their own message; intelligent applications indicate the application with the
capability of intelligent control and processing.

2.3 Intelligent Traceability

After an exhaustive analysis of several articles, the researchers concluded that food
traceability can be deemed an important part of logistics management, because the
knowledge is kept on the go and can be recovered at any time. The word “intelligent” is
becoming increasingly relevant in the food supply chain; as defined by Jedermann et al.
(2014b), intelligent food logistics was named to minimize the perishable loss along the
food supply chain by means of reducing the variance from the ideal cold chain, to do so it
is crucial to measure these variations, allowing shelf life difference realize and remote
tracking. Ruiz-Garcia et al. (2010b) suggested an open portal for data collection and
conversion. It incorporates all knowledge regarding food and feed into an easy-to-consume
index. Studies of this kind contribute to improved food logistic production. At the other
hand, traceability as is defined in the introduction of this paper, is an integral part of food
safety, food quality and food defense which render it part of the food supply-chain,
pretends to be of high potential for the protection of consumers. Both intelligent supply
chain logistics is occurring as the supply chain advances.

As Scheer (2006) mentioned in his paper, the details gathered in the conventional
tracking and tracing (T&T) systems are generally used only to remember management,
nonetheless the proposed quality based tracking and tracing framework (QTT) uses the
information collected with what we might term intelligent logistic instruments, such as
wireless sensors (temperature and humidity for instance).

2.4 State of the art

Recent developments in RFID technology and the integration of integral components
such as data logger capabilities and embedded sensors have brought the implementation of
RFID technology in food traceability systems a new dimension, as reflected in the Ruiz-
Garcia and Lunadei (2011) paper, there are numerous and varied applications of RFID to
food traceability. RFID has emerged as a leading player in the growth of food supply chain
traceability systems over the last decade and its deployment is growing at a rapid speed
 (Costa et al., 2013). Food traceability systems can become more accurate and effective
with the introduction of RFID technology, since RFID makes a higher reading performance
than standard barcodes (Hong et al., 2011). The RFID technology delivers powerful
knowledge exchange for accurate customization and managing through the recognition of
items without any physical interaction (M. Zhang & Li, 2012). In contrast with
conventional lot numbering and internal information systems, Kelepouris et al. (2007)
suggested an architecture utilizing RFID; it has the advantages of automated detection,
standardized EPC for all stakeholders, limited expenditure in equipment and easily
accessed information.

A variety of scholars have been exploring agro-food logistics and supply chain
management processes for food traceability using RFID since a few years back, i.e.
Angeles (2005); Attaran (2007); Jones et al. (2004); Sugahara (2008); Twist; Ngai et al.
(2007); (2005). A method of RFID temperature monitoring for fighting feeding logistics
was developed by Amador and Emond (2010). The capacity to host tag sensors makes it
possible to transport the so-called " cold traceability " principle that has been implemented
to trace groups of temperature-sensitive items in various requirements of the atmosphere
(Ruiz-Garcia et al., 2010b). A cattle/beef traceability device was built and tested by Feng et
al. (2013), which combined RFID technology with a PDA and barcode printer. They
acquired real-time and precise data collection and delivery, and the high productivity of
cattle/beef supply chain monitoring and tracing of details. The term used in this case by
Zou et al. (2014) is an Internet of Things (IoT) framework, consisting of a two-layer
network architecture; it is a creative way to incorporate RFID for traceability in what is
considered as "intelligent food logistics" consisting of an asymmetric tag-reader connection
(RFID layer) and an adhoc link between readers (WSN layer), which are further linked to
the Internet via Wifi or cellular network.

2.5 Temperature Estimation

Some of the papers presented the actual possibility of temperature prediction years earlier
(Jedermann et al., 2011a; Jedermann & Lang, 2009; Jedermann et al., 2009), which implies
measuring the temperature in crucial positions where there is no likelihood of positioning a
sensor or there is no luxury for such a matter.
 CHAPTER - 3

3.1 Project Description

AIM:

The main aim of this project is to develop a sensor interface device for agriculture
field through wireless sensor networks (WSN) in IOT environments.

EXISTING SYSTEM:

We physically measure physical parameters in the environment like Soil Moisture, fire
sensor and light recognition which is exceptionally troublesome and mistaken. A typical
individual can't demonstrate any enthusiasm to gauge those physical parameters esteem.
To maintain a strategic distance from this trouble we are going for our proposed
framework.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

The proposed framework portrays the advancement of a remote modern condition

estimating fire, moisture and light. Where the remote association is actualized to secure
information from the different sensors, in addition to allow set up difficulty to be as
reduced. By using IoT technology we send the sensors data to authorized person.

Hardware: NodeMCU, FIRE SENSOR, MOISTURE SENSOR, TEMPERATURE

SENSOR, RELAY MODULE .

Software: Arduino IDE

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Node section:

POWER SUPPLY

MOISTURE SENSOR

IOT
MODULE
NODE
MCU
TEMPERATURE SENSOR

RELAY MODULE

FIRE SENSOR

AC PUMP MOTOR

Monitoring section:

MOBILE PHONE

In the era of technical progress, all science requires supervision and oversight. In order to
encourage food protection and food conservation, we propose an IoT device such that it can not
be contaminated during preparation and transport due to environmental conditions. In the current
situation, the work undertaken is in terms of the sensed values reported and a detailed analysis
has been conducted, but there are no automated alternatives to monitor. Efficient regulation of
temperature, humidity, light and other variables helps us to achieve promising productivity
without guaranteeing personal availability at the venue. Here, our key objective is to map,
manage and monitor the cold storage setting, enabling the operator to manage the information in
real time. A central node, which is a web browser, is responsible for providing information to the
management mode through a tablet or mobile phone.

The project includes the creation and programming of microcontrollers for IoT-based
cold chain management device monitoring and control.

In order to monitor environmental adjustments, different temperature and humidity

sensors may also be included in the project. The numerous IoT systems use Arduino or
Raspberry-pi as their parent controller, however utilizing NodeMCU offers the benefit of using
an Arduino along with a very efficient 2.4 GHz wifi module. As this is supposed to be a
demonstration project, and much further research is needed in real life, regular breadboards and
jumper wires will be used to validate the functions. Figure 3 depicts the necessary materials used
for this study.

CHAPTER – 4

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 Node MCU:

NodeMCU is a low-cost open source IoT platform. It initially included firmware which runs on

the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which was based on the ESP-12
module.[6][7] Later, support for the ESP32 32-bit MCU was added.

NodeMCU is an open source firmware for which open source prototyping board designs are
available. The name "NodeMCU" combines "node" and "MCU" (micro-controller unit). The
term "NodeMCU" strictly speaking refers to the firmware rather than the associated development
kits.

Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.

The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the eLua project, and
built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-
cjson and SPIFFS. Due to resource constraints, users need to select the modules relevant for their
project and build a firmware tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been
implemented.

The prototyping hardware typically used is a circuit board functioning as a dual in-line
package (DIP) which integrates a USB controller with a smaller surface-mounted board
containing the MCU and antenna. The choice of the DIP format allows for easy prototyping
on breadboards. The design was initially was based on the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266,
which is a Wi-Fi SoC integrated with a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IoT
applications
NodeMCU was created shortly after the ESP8266 came out. On December 30, 2013, Espressif
Systems began production of the ESP8266. NodeMCU started on 13 Oct 2014, when Hong
committed the first file of nodemcu-firmware to GitHub. Two months later, the project expanded
to include an open-hardware platform when developer Huang R committed the gerber file of an
ESP8266 board, named devkit v0.9. Later that month, Tuan PM ported MQTT client library
from Contiki to the ESP8266 SoC platform, and committed to NodeMCU project, then
NodeMCU was able to support the MQTT IoT protocol, using Lua to access the MQTT broker.
Another important update was made on 30 Jan 2015, when Devsaurus ported the u8glib [16] to the
NodeMCU project,[17] enabling NodeMCU to easily drive LCD, Screen, OLED, even VGA
displays.

4.1.1 ESP8266 Arduino Core

As Arduino.cc began developing new MCU boards based on non-AVR processors like the

ARM/SAM MCU and used in the Arduino Due, they needed to modify the Arduino IDE so that
it would be relatively easy to change the IDE to support alternate toolchains to allow Arduino
C/C++ to be compiled for these new processors. They did this with the introduction of the Board
Manager and the SAM Core. A "core" is the collection of software components required by the
Board Manager and the Arduino IDE to compile an Arduino C/C++ source file for the target
MCU's machine language. Some ESP8266 enthusiasts developed an Arduino core for the
ESP8266 WiFi SoC, popularly called the "ESP8266 Core for the Arduino IDE". [18] This has
become a leading software development platform for the various ESP8266-based modules and
development boards, including NodeMCUs.

4.1.2 WI-FI: The WI-FI module used in this project is ESP8266. It follows TCP/IP stack and is a
microchip which is less in cost. This microchip allows microcontroller to connect to a WI-FI network, by
using Hayes style command connections are done or made through TCP/IP connection. ESP8266 has
1MB of built in flash, single chip devices able to connect WI-FI. Espressif systems are the manufacturers
of this module, it is a 32 bit microcontroller. There are 16 GPIO pins in this module. This module follows
RISC processor. It has 10 bit DAC. Later Espressif systems released a software development kit(SDK)
which is used to programme on the chip, so that another microcontroller is not used. Some of the SDK’s
are Node MCU, Arduino, Micro Python, Zerynth and Mongoose OS. SPI, I2C, I2S, UART are used for
communicating between two sensors or modules.
Figure : Wi-Fi module

NodeMCU is an open-source IoT platform. It includes firmware that runs on the

ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-
12 module. The term “NodeMCU” by default refers to the firmware rather than the
DevKit. The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua project and
built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such
as lua - cjson, and spiffs.

Fig Node MCU

Specifications:

 Breadboard Friendly

 Light Weight and small size.

 3.3V operated, can be USB powered.

 Uses wireless protocol 802.11b/g/n.

 Built- in wireless connectivity capabilities.

 Built- in PCB antenna on the ESP-12E chip.

 Capable of PWM, I2C, SPI, UART, 1-wire, 1 analog pin.

 Uses a CP2102 USB Serial Communication interface module.

 Arduino IDE compatible (extension board manager required).

 Supports Lua (alike node.js) and Arduino C programming language.

Fig Node MCU Pin Configuration

Pin Functions:
 Pin numbers in the Arduino IDE correspond directly to the ESP8266 GPIO pin
numbers. pinMode, digitalRead, and digitalWrite functions work as usual, so to read
GPIO2, call digitalRead(2) or its alias name digitalRead(D10).

At startup, pins are configured as INPUT. Digital pins 0-15 can be INPUT,
OUTPUT or INPUT_PULLUP. Pin 16 can be INPUT, OUTPUT or
INPUT_PULLDOWN_16 and is connected to the build-in LED.

It can be addressed with digitalRead(D0), digitalRead(16) or digitalRead

(LED_BUILDIN).

Pins may also serve other functions, like Serial, I2C, SPI. These functions are
normally activated by the corresponding library. The diagram above shows the pin
mapping for the popular ESP8266 NodeMcu module.

Pin interrupts are supported through attachInterrupt, functions. Interrupts may be

attached to any GPIO pin, except GPIO16. Standard Arduino interrupt types are
supported: CHANGE, RISING, FALLING.

Reserved Pins:

GPIO pins 6—11 are not shown on this diagram because they are used to connect
flash memory 'chips on most modules. Trying to use these pins as IOs will likely cause
the program to crash.

Note that some boards and modules (ESP-12ED, NodeMCU 1.0) also break out
pins 9 and 11. These may be used as IO if flash chip works in DIO mode (as opposed to
QIO, which is the default one).

Vin, 3V3, GND:

 Vin is the NodeMcu's voltage input that is connected to its internal voltage
regulator allowing an input voltage range of 4.75V to10V. It will be regulated to 3.3V.
Alternative ly, an external voltage source of 3.3V can be directly connected to the Node
MCU's 3V3 pins. The 3V3 pin can be also a voltage source to other components such as
LEDs. GND is the common ground of the board.
 Analog Input:

ESP8266 has a single ADC channel available to users. It may be used either to
read voltage at ADC pin or to read module supply voltage (VCC).

To read external voltage applied to ADC pin, use analogRead(A0).

The input voltage range is 0 — 1.0V.

To read VCC voltage, use ESP.getVcc() while the ADC pin must be kept
unconnected. Additionally, the following line has to be added to the sketch:
ADC_MODE(ADC_VCC);

Analog Output:

analogWrite(pin, value) enables software PWM on the given pin. PWM may be
used on pins 0 to 16. Call analogWrite(pin,0) to disable PWM on the pin. the value may
be in the range from 0 to PWMRANGE, which is equal to 1023 by default. A value of 0,
512 and 1023 sets the PWM duty cycle to 0%, 50% and 100%, respectively. Optionally,
the PWM range may be changed by calling analogWriteRange(new_range).

PWM frequency is 1kHz by default. Call analogWriteFreq(new_frequency) to

change the frequency. The unit representation is in [Hz].

18
4.2 IoT Technology and Applications

IoT development speedily assist the IoT application that focused on the heap industry and
specific users, while networks and devices allow connectivity of physical things. IoT application
gives reliable vital device-to-human and device-to-device communication. IoT device
applications need to ensure that information is received and properly acted according to a
suitable specific way, a simple example is that of logistic application monitoring that has the
transported status of goods such as organic products, fresh products, meat and dairy terms.
Furthermore, during logistics, quality control of climate change, shock and humidity is regularly
monitored and suitable movements are strategically and naturally made to preserve goods
spoilage from a long distance when connection is out of courage. To claimed that "some
examples of IoT applications in existence can be found in Smart Environment, Smart
Greenhouse, Smart Cities, Smart Water, Smart Metering, Security and Emergency, Industrial
Control, Home Automation and Electronic Health". 'IoT' is therefore stationed on devices that
can examine sensed data and then transmit it to the user. K. IoT Challenges As stated in a
previous study, there are some challenges that IoT design would face in the coming future
generation. All the devices, nodes connected in associate in nursing IoT design needs to have
terribly low latency over reliable links. Because of the vast variety of IoT devices and the use of
various frequency bands, there would be a crisis in spectrum house. Although IoT devices are
expanding on a daily basis that consumes terribly lesser power, still there'll be a big quantity of
greenhouse gas emission because of all of these devices. Finally, IoT architecture not solely must
be price effective however additionally they have to be capable of supporting heterogeneous
applications and devices. As stated above on IoT challenges, IoT applications will have some
more basic needs to tackle, for example, Device addressing, Security, Scalability, Mobility,
Anchor-less sending and so on. As mentioned, IoT applications contains numerous
heterogeneous devices, and however, content security is a key concern that plays a great roles. A
previous study has indicated the challenges of both IoT and ICN in their past study, this past
study endeavours to combine them where IoT illustrate the different challenges and on the other
hand, ICN illustrates the positive solutions. Nonetheless, their study explained initially how
different ICN features can address IoT issues and after that, some use cases and contextual
investigations are examined.

19
 LIMITATIONS

The system has following limitations:

1. Compatibility: As of now, there is no standard for tagging and monitoring with sensors. A
uniform concept like the USB or Bluetooth is required which should not be that difficult to do.

2. Complexity: There are several opportunities for failure with complex systems. For example,
both you and your spouse may receive messages that the milk is over and both of you may end
up buying the same. That leaves you with double the quantity required. Or there is a software
bug causing the printer to order ink multiple times when it requires a single cartridge.

3. Privacy/Security: Privacy is a big issue with IoT. All the data must be encrypted so that data
about your financial status or how much milk you consume isn’t common knowledge at the work
place or with your friends.

4. Safety: There is a chance that the software can be hacked and your personal information
misused. The possibilities are endless. Your prescription being changed or your account details
being hacked could put you at risk. Hence, all the safety risks become the consumer’s
responsibility.

Ethernet :

Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks

(LANs) commercially introduced in 1980. Standardized in IEEE 802.3, Ethernet has largely
replaced competing wired LAN technologies.

Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of data into individual packets
called frames. Each frame contains source and destination addresses and error-checking data so
that damaged data can be detected and re-transmitted.

The standards define several wiring and signaling variants. The original 10BASE5
Ethernet used coaxial cable as a shared medium. Later the coaxial cables were replaced by

20
twisted pair and fiber optic links in conjunction with hubs or switches. Data rates were
periodically increased from the original 10 megabits per second, to 100 gigabits per second.

ETHERNET CABLE RJ45

Since its commercial release, Ethernet has retained a good degree of compatibility.
Features such as the 48-bit MAC address and Ethernet frame format have influenced other
networking protocols

Ethernet initially competed with two largely proprietary systems, Token Ring and Token Bus.
Because Ethernet was able to adapt to market realities and shift to inexpensive and ubiquitous
twisted pair wiring, these proprietary protocols soon found themselves competing in a market
inundated by Ethernet products and by the end of the 1980s, Ethernet was clearly the dominant
network technology. In the process, 3Com became a major company. 3Com shipped its first
10 Mbit/s Ethernet 3C100 transceiver in March 1981, and that year started selling adapters for
PDP-11s and VAXes, as well as Multibus-based Intel and Sun Microsystems computers. This
was followed quickly by DEC's Unibus to Ethernet adapter, which DEC sold and used internally
to build its own corporate network, which reached over 10,000 nodes by 1986, making it one of
the largest computer networks in the world at that time.

21
Evolution:

Ethernet evolved to include higher bandwidth, improved media access control methods,
and different physical media. The coaxial cable was replaced with point-to-point links connected
by Ethernet repeaters or switches to reduce installation costs, increase reliability, and improve
management and troubleshooting. Many variants of Ethernet remain in common use.

Ethernet stations communicate by sending each other data packets: blocks of data
individually sent and delivered. As with other IEEE 802 LANs, each Ethernet station is given a
48-bit MAC address. The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source
of each data packet. Ethernet establishes link level connections, which can be defined using both
the destination and source addresses. On reception of a transmission, the receiver uses the
destination address to determine whether the transmission is relevant to the station or should be
ignored. Network interfaces normally do not accept packets addressed to other Ethernet stations.
Adapters come programmed with a globally unique address. An Ethertype field in each frame is
used by the operating system on the receiving station to select the appropriate protocol module
(i.e. the Internet protocol module). Ethernet frames are said to be self-identifying, because of the
frame type. Self-identifying frames make it possible to intermix multiple protocols on the same
physical network and allow a single computer to use multiple protocols together. Despite the
significant changes in Ethernet, all generations of Ethernet (excluding early experimental
versions) use the same frame formats (and hence the same interface for higher layers), and can
be readily interconnected through bridging.

22
 ETHERNET (TCP/IP PROTOCOL)

Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area

networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN).[1] It was
commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3,[2]and has since
been refined to support higher bit rates and longer link distances. Over time, Ethernet has largely
replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as token ring, FDDI and ARCNET.

The original 10BASE5 Ethernet uses coaxial cable as a shared medium, while the newer

Ethernet variants use twisted pair and fiber opticlinks in conjunction with hubs or switches. Over
the course of its history, Ethernet data transfer rates have been increased from the original
2.94 megabits per second (Mbit/s)[3] to the latest 100 gigabits per second (Gbit/s). The Ethernet
standards comprise several wiring and signaling variants of the OSI physical layer in use with
Ethernet.

Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of data into shorter pieces called frames.
Each frame contains source and destination addresses, and error-checking data so that damaged
frames can be detected and discarded; most often, higher-layer protocols
trigger retransmission of lost frames. As per the OSI model, Ethernet provides services up to and
including the data link layer.[4]

Since its commercial release, Ethernet has retained a good degree of backward compatibility. Features
such as the 48-bit MAC address and Ethernet frame format have influenced other networking protocols.
The primary alternative for some uses of contemporary LANs is Wi-Fi, a wireless protocol standardized
as IEEE 802.11.

HISTORY :

23
Ethernet was developed at Xerox PARC between 1973 and 1974.[6][7] It was inspired
by ALOHAnet, which Robert Metcalfe had studied as part of his PhD dissertation. [8] The idea
was first documented in a memo that Metcalfe wrote on May 22, 1973, where he named it after
the disproven luminiferous ether as an "omnipresent, completely-passive medium for the
propagation of electromagnetic waves".[6][9][10] In 1975, Xerox filed a patent application listing
Metcalfe, David Boggs, Chuck Thacker, and Butler Lampson as inventors.[11] In 1976, after the
system was deployed at PARC, Metcalfe and Boggs published a seminal paper.[12][a]

Metcalfe left Xerox in June 1979 to form 3Com.[6][14] He convinced Digital Equipment

Corporation (DEC), Intel, and Xerox to work together to promote Ethernet as a standard. The so-
called "DIX" standard, for "Digital/Intel/Xerox", specified 10 Mbit/s Ethernet, with 48-bit
destination and source addresses and a global 16-bit Ethertype-type field. It was published on
September 30, 1980 as "The Ethernet, A Local Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical
Layer Specifications".[15] Version 2 was published in November, 1982 [16] and defines what has
become known as Ethernet II. Formal standardization efforts proceeded at the same time and
resulted in the publication of IEEE 802.3 on June 23, 1983.[2]

Ethernet initially competed with two largely proprietary systems, Token Ring and Token Bus.
Because Ethernet was able to adapt to market realities and shift to inexpensive and
ubiquitous twisted pair wiring, these proprietary protocols soon found themselves competing in a
market inundated by Ethernet products, and, by the end of the 1980s, Ethernet was clearly the
dominant network technology.[6] In the process, 3Com became a major company. 3Com shipped
its first 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 3C100 NIC in March 1981, and that year started selling adapters
for PDP-11s and VAXes, as well as Multibus-based Intel and Sun Microsystems computers.
[17]:9
 This was followed quickly by DEC's Unibus to Ethernet adapter, which DEC sold and used
internally to build its own corporate network, which reached over 10,000 nodes by 1986, making
it one of the largest computer networks in the world at that time. [18] An Ethernet adapter card for
the IBM PC was released in 1982, and, by 1985, 3Com had sold 100,000. [14] Parallel port based
Ethernet adapters were produced for a time, with drivers for DOS and Windows. By the early
1990s, Ethernet became so prevalent that it was a must-have feature for modern computers, and
Ethernet ports began to appear on some PCs and most workstations. This process was greatly
sped up with the introduction of 10BASE-T and its relatively small modular connector, at which
point Ethernet ports appeared even on low-end motherboards.

24
Since then, Ethernet technology has evolved to meet new bandwidth and market requirements.
[19]
 In addition to computers, Ethernet is now used to interconnect appliances and other personal
devices.[6] It is used in industrial applications and is quickly replacing legacy data transmission
systems in the world's telecommunications networks.[20] By 2010, the market for Ethernet
equipment amounted to over $16 billion per year.

STANDARDIZATION:

In February 1980, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) started

project 802 to standardize local area networks (LAN).[14][22] The "DIX-group" with Gary
Robinson (DEC), Phil Arst (Intel), and Bob Printis (Xerox) submitted the so-called "Blue
Book" CSMA/CD specification as a candidate for the LAN specification. [15] In addition to
CSMA/CD, Token Ring (supported by IBM) and Token Bus (selected and henceforward
supported by General Motors) were also considered as candidates for a LAN standard.
Competing proposals and broad interest in the initiative led to strong disagreement over which
technology to standardize. In December 1980, the group was split into three subgroups, and
standardization proceeded separately for each proposal.[14]

Delays in the standards process put at risk the market introduction of the Xerox Star workstation
and 3Com's Ethernet LAN products. With such business implications in mind, David
Liddle (General Manager, Xerox Office Systems) and Metcalfe (3Com) strongly supported a
proposal of Fritz Röscheisen (Siemens Private Networks) for an alliance in the emerging office
communication market, including Siemens' support for the international standardization of
Ethernet (April 10, 1981). Ingrid Fromm, Siemens' representative to IEEE 802, quickly achieved
broader support for Ethernet beyond IEEE by the establishment of a competing Task Group
"Local Networks" within the European standards body ECMA TC24. On March 1982, ECMA
TC24 with its corporate members reached an agreement on a standard for CSMA/CD based on
the IEEE 802 draft.[17]:8Because the DIX proposal was most technically complete and because of
the speedy action taken by ECMA which decisively contributed to the conciliation of opinions
within IEEE, the IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD standard was approved in December 1982. [14] IEEE
published the 802.3 standard as a draft in 1983 and as a standard in 1985.[23]

Approval of Ethernet on the international level was achieved by a similar, cross-partisan action

with Fromm as the liaison officer working to integrate with International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) Technical Committee 83 (TC83) and International Organization for

25
Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee 97 Sub Committee 6 (TC97SC6). The ISO 8802-3
standard was published in 1989.

EVOLUTION

Ethernet evolved to include higher bandwidth, improved media access control methods, and

different physical media. The coaxial cable was replaced with point-to-point links connected
by Ethernet repeaters or switches.[25]

Ethernet stations communicate by sending each other data packets: blocks of data individually
sent and delivered. As with other IEEE 802 LANs, each Ethernet station is given a 48-bit MAC
address. The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source of each data
packet. Ethernet establishes link level connections, which can be defined using both the
destination and source addresses. On reception of a transmission, the receiver uses the
destination address to determine whether the transmission is relevant to the station or should be
ignored. A network interface normally does not accept packets addressed to other Ethernet
stations.[b]Adapters come programmed with a globally unique address.[c]

An EtherType field in each frame is used by the operating system on the receiving station to
select the appropriate protocol module (e.g., an Internet Protocol version such as IPv4). Ethernet
frames are said to be self-identifying, because of the frame type. Self-identifying frames make it
possible to intermix multiple protocols on the same physical network and allow a single
computer to use multiple protocols together.[26] Despite the evolution of Ethernet technology, all
generations of Ethernet (excluding early experimental versions) use the same frame formats.
[27]
 Mixed-speed networks can be built using Ethernet switches and repeaters supporting the
desired Ethernet variants.[28]

Due to the ubiquity of Ethernet, the ever-decreasing cost of the hardware needed to support it,
and the reduced panel space needed by twisted pair Ethernet, most manufacturers now build
Ethernet interfaces directly into PC motherboards, eliminating the need for installation of a
separate network card.

Ethernet LAN Features:

 Bus topology, Wired LAN in IEEE 802.3 physical layer standard
 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps (Unshielded and Shielded wires) and 4 Gbps (in twisted pair wiring
mode)

26
 Broadcast medium─ Passive, Wired connections based.
 Frame format like the IEEE 802.2

 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) Open system (therefore allows equipment
of different specifications)
 Each one connected to a common communication channel in the network listens and if the
channel is idle then transmits. If not idle, waits and tries again.
 Multi access is like in a Packet switched network

27
 Ethernet LAN

 Passive, connection based

 Media access control (MAC) 48-bit address for transmitting and forwarding frames on
same LAN only.
 Can also use multicast addressing─for sending frames to all or few select types of
Ethernet devices
Connectivity to Internet
 Outside a LAN the Internet Protocol addresses sent
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) for resolving 32 bits Internet protocol
Addresses with the 48 bit destination host media address. RARP (reverse ARP)
for vice versa

Header Bytes in Ethernet Frame

 A data for transmission fragments into the frames.

 Frame has a header.
 Firstly, the header has eight bytes, which defines a preamble.
 The preamble is for indicating start of a frame and is used for synchronization.
 Then the header has six bytes (48-bits) of destination MAC address.
 Six bytes (48-bits) of the source MAC address follow the destination MAC.

Data in Ethernet Frame:

 Then there are six bytes. These are for the type field. These are meaningful only for the
higher network layers and the length definition.
 Minimum 72 bytes and maximum 1500 bytes of data follow the length definition.
 Lastly, there are 4 bytes for CRC check for the frame sequence check

Power Supply:

28
 The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input
i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a
rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So to get a pure
d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c
components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage
regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.

Light Dependent Resistor:

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful, especially in light/dark sensor
circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1,000,000
ohms, but when they are illuminated with light, the resistance drops dramatically.

Thus in this project, LDR plays an important role in switching on the lights based
on the intensity of light i.e., if the intensity of light is more (during daytime) the lights
will be in off condition. And if the intensity of light is less (during nights), the lights will
be switched on.

Fig LDR

29
 This is an example of a light sensor circuit: When the light level is low the
resistance of the LDR is high. This prevents current from flowing to the base of the
transistors. Consequently, the LED does not light. However, when light shines onto the
LDR its resistance falls and current flows into the base of the first transistor and then the
second transistor. The LED glows. The preset resistor can be turned up or down to
increase or decrease resistance, in this way it can make the circuit more or less sensitive.

Soil Moisture Sensor

The moisture of the soil plays an essential role in the irrigation field as well as in gardens
for plants. As nutrients in the soil provide the food to the plants for their growth. Supplying
water to the plants is also essential to change the temperature of the plants. The temperature of
the plant can be changed with water using the method like transpiration. And plant root systems
are also developed better when rising within moist soil. Extreme soil moisture levels can guide to
anaerobic situations that can encourage the plant’s growth as well as soil pathogens. This article
discusses an overview of the soil moisture sensor, working and it’s applications.

The soil moisture sensor is one kind of sensor used to gauge the volumetric content of
water within the soil. As the straight gravimetric dimension of soil moisture needs eliminating,
drying, as well as sample weighting. These sensors measure the volumetric water content not
directly with the help of some other rules of soil like dielectric constant, electrical resistance,
otherwise interaction with neutrons, and replacement of the moisture content.

The relation among the calculated property as well as moisture of soil should be adjusted & may
change based on ecological factors like temperature, type of soil, otherwise electric conductivity.
The microwave emission which is reflected can be influenced by the moisture of soil as well as
mainly used in agriculture and remote sensing within hydrology.

30
These sensors normally used to check volumetric water content, and another group of sensors
calculates a new property of moisture within soils named water potential. Generally, these
sensors are named as soil water potential sensors which include gypsum blocks and tensiometer.
Soil Moisture Sensor Pin Configuration

The FC-28 soil moisture sensor includes 4-pins

soil-moisture-sensor

 VCC pin is used for power

 A0 pin is an analog output
 D0 pin is a digital output
 GND pin is a Ground
This module also includes a potentiometer that will fix the threshold value, & the value can be
evaluated by the comparator-LM393. The LED will turn on/off based on the threshold value.

Working Principle

This sensor mainly utilizes capacitance to gauge the water content of the soil (dielectric
permittivity). The working of this sensor can be done by inserting this sensor into the earth and
the status of the water content in the soil can be reported in the form of a percent.

This sensor makes it perfect to execute experiments within science courses like environmental
science, agricultural science, biology, soil science, botany, and horticulture.

FIRE SENSOR

31
 There are several types of flame detector. The optical flame detector is a
detector that uses optical sensors to detect flames. There are also ionization flame
detectors, which use current flow in the flame to detect flame presence,
and thermocouple flame detectors.

Infrared Flame Detector

Infrared (IR) flame detectors work within the infrared spectral band. Hot gases emit a
specific spectral pattern in the infrared region, which can be sensed with a thermal
imaging camera (TIC) a type of thermo graphic. False alarms can be caused by other
hot surfaces and background thermal radiation in the area as well as blinding from
water and solar energy. A typical frequency where single frequency IR flame detector is
sensitive is in the 4.4 micrometer range. Typical response time is 3-5 seconds.

RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used
where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming
in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.A type of relay that can handle the
high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contactor. Solid-state relays
control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform
switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating
coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overloadfaults; in modern electric power systems
these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

32
 Fig 6.1: Automotive-style miniature relay, dust cover is taken off

BASIC DESIGN AND OPERATION:

Fig 6.2: Simple electromechanical relay

Fig 6.3: Small relay as used in electronics

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an
iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and
one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the
yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a
spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this
condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open.

33
Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in
the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the
circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit
board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB

Limitations and Challenges

For the food sector, the most critical subject is to calculate the temperature at the most
feasible points without a significant expenditure. Through introducing RFID semi passive tags
that include temperature sensors, this accomplishment is feasible. The major disadvantage is that
it operates at a frequency of 13.56 MHz and the reading range does not go beyond 2 to 3 cm with
this low emission power. Despite tracking the date and time of these tags and recording them in
their internal memory, it is necessary to wait until the end of the trip to download the details one
by one. It takes time to retrieve this data, and the data is not live.

With regard to the cattle/beef market, the key obstacles for the implementation of RFID
in their traceability scheme are the inapplicable knowledge input process, the unreliable data
input sequence and contact mechanism associated with RFID readers, and the high cost of
implementation (Feng et al., 2013). It is still not a preferable option for most businesses with
many benefits of RFID technology as it leads to additional costs for the business. The
compromise between the company's advantages and safety criteria, however, is the primary
motivating factor for the introduction of technologies such as RFID (M. Zhang & Li, 2012).
Almost every difficulty that has been surpassed by these innovations is another problem. For
certain WSN and RFID class 4, the basic ZigBee protocol may follow net topology with point-
to-point data transference (PtP). This ensures that without heading straight to the portal, the data
may be hopped from one node to the next; it enables contact to go through some item, such as
metals or liquids. It must be taken into account that this would require an increase in the number
of nodes, an increase in complexity and a consequent increase in costs. Despite the
comparatively low price of sensing equipment (from €15 to €100), the usage of routers,
gateways, concentrators and often even specialized computers is important and makes the whole
system more costly.

In the logistics of fruit and vegetables, the identification of explosive gases linked to the
condition of maturation of the cargo poses a significant problem, with ethylene and ethanol being

34
the two most relevant gases. The development of specific sensors for these two gases is an issue
that has been investigated since a few years ago, and there has been no adequate solution. Some
sensors have been developed to detect both gases, but when it is necessary to differentiate them
into the same air mass, the detectors fail. This reality renders it difficult to use these fruit sensors,
since ethylene implies the ripening of the fruit, and ethanol, on the other side, indicates the
rotting of the fruit.

CHAPTER – 5

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 Arduino IDE compiler:

Arduino is an open-deliver electronics platform based mostly on smooth-to-use

hardware and software utility. Arduino boards can observe inputs - slight on a sensor, a
finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and flip it into an output - activating a motor,
turning on an LED, publishing a few components online. You could tell your board what
to do by sending a hard and fast of commands to the microcontroller at the board. To do
so that you use the Arduino programming language (based totally mostly on Wiring), and
the Arduino software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of lots of obligations, from regular
gadgets to complex medical gadgets. A worldwide community of makers - college
students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and specialists - has collected spherical this
open-deliver platform, their contributions have brought as much as a terrific amount of
available know-how that can be of terrific assist to novices and experts alike.

Arduino has become born on the Ivrea interaction format Institute as a clean tool
for instant prototyping, geared towards university college students without a historic past
in electronics and programming. As quickly as it reached a miles wider community, the

35
Arduino board started converting to conform to new dreams and traumatic situations,
differentiating its provide from smooth eight-bit boards to merchandise for IoT

Programs, wearable, three-d printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino

boards are without a doubt open-deliver, empowering clients to assemble them
independently and ultimately adapt them to their unique dreams. The software program,
too, is open-supply, and its miles growing thru the contributions of customers globally.

The advantages of the Arduino IDE utility are

1. much less steeply-priced

2. The clean smooth programming surroundings

3. Extensible software program application utility and hardware

Arduino IDE

36
Fig Using Arduino IDE app

37
 The Arduino venture gives the Arduino blanketed development surroundings (IDE), it
really is a go-platform software program software developed in the programming language
Java. It is developed to introduce programming application with software improvement.

It includes a code editor with features in conjunction with syntax highlighting, brace
matching, and automatic indentation, and offers a simple one-click mechanism to collect and
load packages to an Arduino board. A software program written with the IDE for Arduino is
known as a "cool lively film".

Arduino IDE permits the languages C and C++ the use of special hints to set up code.
The Arduino IDE materials a software program software library called Wiring from the
Wiring task, which offers many, not unusual enter and output techniques. a massive Arduino
C/C++ cool animated film embodies abilities that might be compiled and related with a utility
stub vital() into an executable cyclic government software:

• Setup (): a feature that runs as fast as on the start of software and which can
initialize settings.

• loop (): a characteristic called time and again until the board powers off.

• Writing Sketches

• Report

• Edit

• Caricature

• Equipment

• help

• Sketchbook

• Tabs, more than one documents, and Compilation

• importing

• Libraries

• Hardware

• Serial screen

• Possibilities

38
 • Language assist

• Forums

The Arduino Software (IDE) - carries a text editor for writing code, a message
location, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for all functions, and a group of menus. It joins
to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to add packages and talk with them.

5.2 WRITING SKETCHES:

Packages written utilizing Arduino software application program (IDE) are called
sketches. Those sketches are written inside the textual content editor and saved with the
document extension .ino. The editor has capabilities for slicing/pasting and for
searching/changing textual content. The message area gives comments while saving and
exporting and presentation errors. The console shows text output thru the use of the Arduino
software program (IDE), together with complete error messages and distinctive records. The
lowest right-hand nook of the window suggests the configured board and serial port. The
toolbar buttons permit you to verify and upload packages, create, open, and keep sketches,
and open the serial show.

• verify

Assessments your code for compiling it.

• upload

Compiles your code and uploads it to the board. See importing below for facts.

• Notice: if you are using an of doors programmer together with your board, you
may hold down the "shift" key for your pc while the usage of this icon. The textual content
will trade to "add the use of Programmer"

• New

Creates an ultra-modern caricature.

• Open

In case you need to open a caricature overdue under the listing, use the document |
Sketch book menu as an alternative.

• hold

39
 Saves your cool animated film.

• Serial display

Opens the serial screen.

Additional instructions are decided inside the five menus: record, Edit, caricature,
gear, and help.

File:

• New

Creates today's instance of the editor, with the naked minimum form of a sketch
already in the area.

Figure no:6.1. Create a new sketch

• Open

Allows loading a caricature file surfing via the pc drives and folders.

• Open current-day

40
 Provides a brief listing of the maximum ultra-modern sketches, equipped to be
opened.

• Sketchbook

Suggests the contemporary-day sketches in the sketchbook folder shape; clicking on

any call opens the corresponding cool animated film in a modern-day editor instance.

• Examples

Any instance supplied with the useful aid of the Arduino software program
application (IDE) or library suggests up on this menu item. All of the examples are based on
a tree that lets in clean get proper of entry to by way of the usage of subject matter or library.

• keep

Saves the caricature earlier then, a call might be supplied in a "shop as.” window.

• save as...

Let’s in to maintain the cutting-edge cool animated film with a wonderful name.

• Internet page Setup

It suggests the net page Setup window for printing.

• Print

Sends the cutting-edge cartoon to the printer in step with the settings defined in net
web page Setup.

• Options

Opens the possibilities window wherein a few IDE settings may be customized,
because of the fact that language of the IDE interface.

• give up

Closes all IDE windows. The identical sketches open whilst give up turned into
chosen can be robotically reopened the subsequent time you begin the IDE.

• Edit

Write the program.

41
 • Undo/Redo

is going decrease once more of 1 or extra steps you did at the equal time as editing;
while you skip decrease returned, you can move in advance with Redo.

• duplicate

Duplicates the selected text inside the editor

• Reproduction for discussion board

• Reproduction as HTML

• Paste

Places the contents of the clipboard on the cursor feature, in the editor.

• select all

Selects and highlights the complete content material of the editor.

• Statement/Uncomment

Places or gets rid of the // observation marker at the start of every decision online.

• increase/lower Indent

Adds or subtracts an area at the beginning of each decided online, transferring the
textual content one area at the proper or disposing of an area on the start.

• locate

Opens the discover and update window in which you could specify the text to search
inside the cutting-edge-day comedian strip in keeping with numerous alternatives.

• locate next

Highlights the fact that is trying to find the item within the known window, relative to
the cursor role.

• discover preceding

Highlights the seek item within the discover window relative to the cursor position.

Caricature:

42
 • verify/acquire

Assessments your comic strip for errors compiling it; it's going to document
reminiscence utilization for code and variables in the console vicinity

Fig 6.2. verify/compile

• upload

This may overwrite the bootloader at the board; you could want to use device > Burn
Bootloader to restore it and be capable of add to the USB serial port another time. However,
it permits you to apply the overall functionality. To acquire this a system -> Burn Bootloader
command needs to be accomplished.

43
 Fig 6.3.load the binary file

• Export Compiled Binary

Saves a .hex record that can be saved as an archive or sent to the board using various
equipment.

• encompass Library

Gives a library on your caricature with the aid of placing #encompass statements at
the beginning of your code. For more facts, see libraries under. Moreover, from this menu
item, you could get proper access to the Library

• add report...

Adds a supply file to the comedian strip (it will be copied from its present-day area).
The present-day day document seems in an ultra-present day tab in the cool animated film

44
window. Documents may be eliminated from the strip the normal use of the tab menu
available clicking on the lower triangle icon below.

Device:

• Automobile layout

This formats your code properly: i.e. indents it simply so beginning and remaining
curly braces

• Archive comedian strip

Documents a replica of the current-day cool lively movie in .zip format. The archive
is placed in the equal listing because of the comedian strip.

• Recovery Encoding & Reload

Fixes viable discrepancies in most of the editor char map encoding and exceptional
on-foot structures char maps.

• Board

Pick out the board which you're the use of. See underneath for descriptions of the
numerous boards.

• Port

This menu consists of all the serial devices (real or digital) for your device. It wants to
routinely refresh each time you open the top-stage equipment menu.

• Programmer

For choosing a hardware programmer whilst programming a board or chip and not the
usage of the onboard USB-serial connection. Normally you may not need this, however, if
you're burning a bootloader to a new microcontroller, you could use this.

• Burn Bootloader

The gadgets on this menu will allow you to burn a bootloader on to the mcu on an
Arduino board. This isn't always required for use of an Arduino uno or Genuino board but is
beneficial if you purchase an extremely-cutting-edge ATmega microcontroller (which usually
comes without a bootloader). Ensure which you've decided on the right board from the

45
boards' menu in advance than burning the bootloader on the reason board. This command
additionally sets the proper fuses.

Help:

Right here you find out easy access to several files that encompass the Arduino
software program utility (IDE). You’ve got have been given get proper of entry to Getting
started, Reference, this manual to the IDE and distinct files regionally, without an internet
connection. The documents are a neighborhood reproduction of the internet ones and can
hyperlink once more to our online net internet web page.

• DISCOVER IN REFERENCE

This is the pleasant interactive characteristic of the assist menu: it straight away
selects the applicable net page in the close by a duplicate of the Reference for the
characteristic or command beneath the cursor.

LANGUAGE SUPPORT

46
 SERIAL MONITOR:

Indicates serial facts being despatched from the Arduino UNO or Genuino board
(USB or serial board). To ship data to the board, enter textual content and click on on on at
the "supply" button 36 2336 or press enter. Choose out the baud price from the drop-down
that fits to Serial. 12 Begin in your comic strip. Be conscious that on domestic home
windows, Mac or Linux, the Arduino UNO or Genuino board will reset whilst you join with
the serial display.

You could also interface to the board from Processing, Flash, MaxMSP, and so on
(see the 12 interfacing net page for information). Possibilities: A few picks can be set inside
the options dialog (determined under the Arduino menu on the 36 Mac, or document on home
windows and Linux). The relaxation can get in the options file, 12 whose region is confirmed
in the choice conversation.

Arduino software (IDE) consists of the built-in to beefit for the forums in the
following listing, all primarily based on the AVR mcu. The Boards manager included inner
the fashionable set up allows to feature assist for the growing variety of new boards based
totally on special cores like Arduino UNO, Arduino 0, Edison, Galileo and so on.

• Arduino Yùn

An ATmega32u4 frequency at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog Input pins, 20

virtual I/O, and 7 PWM.

• Arduino/Genuino Uno

An ATmega328 frequency at 16 MHz with automobile-reset, 6 Analog Input, 14

virtual I/O, and 6 PWM.

An ATmega168 strolling at 16 MHz with car-reset.

• Arduino Nano w/ ATmega328

An ATmega328 has a frequency of 16 MHz with automobile-reset. Has eight analog

inputs.

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 • Arduino/Genuino Mega 2560

An ATmega2560 has a frequency of at sixteen MHz with automobile-reset, 16

Analog In, 54 virtual I/O, and 15 PWM.

• Arduino Mega

An ATmega1280 has a frequency of 16 MHz with vehicle-reset, 16 Analog In, fifty 4

virtual I/O, and 15 PWM.

• Arduino Mega ADK

An ATmega2560 on foot at sixteen MHz with vehicle-reset, sixteen Analog In, fifty-
four digital I/O, and 15 PWM.

• Arduino Leonardo

An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog Input, 20 virtual I/O,

and seven PWM.

• Arduino/Genuino Micro

An ATmega32u4 has a frequency of 16 MHz with car-reset, 12 Analog Input, 20

virtual I/O, and seven PWM.

• Arduino Esplora

ATmega32u4 jogging at sixteen MHz with car-reset.

• Arduino Mini w/ ATmega328

An ATmega328 has a frequency of 16 MHz with vehicle-reset, eight Analog In, 14

virtual I/O, and six PWM.

• Arduino Ethernet

Equal to Arduino UNO with an Ethernet defend An ATmega328 jogging at 16 MHz

with car-reset, 6 Analog In, 14 digital I/O, and six PWM.

• Arduino Fio

ATmega328 jogging at eight MHz with automobile-reset. equal to Arduino seasoned

or Pro Mini (3.3V, 8 MHz) w/ATmega328, 6 Analog In, 14 virtual I/O, and 6 PWM.

• Arduino BT w/ ATmega328

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 ATmega328 has a frequency of sixteen MHz. The bootloader burned (four KB)
consists of codes to initialize the on-board Bluetooth module, 6 Analog In, 14 digital I/O, and
6 PWM.

• LilyPad Arduino USB

An ATmega32u4 frequency at 8 MHz with vehicle-reset, four Analog In, nine digital
I/O, and four PWM.

• LilyPad Arduino

An ATmega168 or ATmega132 walking at 8 MHz with vehicle-reset, 6 Analog Input,

14 virtual I/O, and 6 PWM.

• Arduino seasoned or Pro Mini (5V, sixteen MHz) w/ ATmega328

An ATmega328 taking walks at sixteen MHz with vehicle-reset. Identical to Arduino

Duemilanove or Nano w/ ATmega328; 6 Analog Input, 14 virtual I/O and six PWM.

• Arduino NG or older w/ ATmega168

An ATmega168 frequency at 16 MHz without car-reset. Compilation and add is

identical to Arduino Diecimila ATmega168, however, the bootloader burned has a slower
timeout (and blinks the pin thirteen LED three times on reset); 6 Analog Input, 14 virtual I/O,
and six PWM.

• Arduino robotic manage

An ATmega328 frequency at 16 MHz with vehicle-reset.

• Arduino robotic Motor

An ATmega328 on foot at sixteen MHz with automobile-reset.

• Arduino Gemma

An ATtiny85 frequency at eight MHz with automobile-reset, 1 Analog In, three

digital I/O, and more than one PWM.

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5.3 BLYNK APP

How Blynk Works?

Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it can
display sensor data, it can store data, visualize it and do many other cool things.
There are three major components in the platform:
1. Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using various
widgets we provide.
2. Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smartphone and
hardware. You can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynkj server locally. It’s open-
source, could easily handle thousands of devices and can even be launched on a Raspberry Pi.
3. Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication
with the server and process all the incoming and out coming commands.

Fig 4.1: Blynk interfacing

5.3.1 Arduino Ide Setup Process

Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and

compiling the code into the Arduino Module. The main code, also known as a sketch,
created on the IDE platform will ultimately generate a Hex File which is then transferred and
uploaded in the controller on the board.

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 The node MCU needs some external libraries for accessing the commands for it. For
instating node MCU library the fallowing link must be placed in the board manager which is
present in options tools of the arduino IDE software.

The link is :

http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json

Fig 4.2 : Installation of nodeMCU board

5.3.2 blynk library

Download the latest Blynk_Release_vXX.zip file from the GitHub page:

Blynk library should be installed manually. Follow the instructions:

1. Unzip the Blynk_Release_vXX.zip archive. You will notice that archive contains

several folders and several libraries.
2. Copy all of these libraries to your sketchbook folder of Arduino IDE. 
To find the location of your sketchbook folder, go to top menu in Arduino IDE:
Windows:  File → Preferences

The structure of your your sketchbook folder should now look like this, along with your
other sketches (if you have them):

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 Fig 4.3 : Installing Blynk library

5.3.3 PROCEDURE FOR CREATION AND CONNECTING

BLYNK TO MICRO CONTROLLER
1. Create a Blynk Account
After you download the Blynk App, you’ll need to create a New Blynk account. This account
is separate from the accounts used for the Blynk Forums, in case you already have one.
We recommend using a real email address because it will simplify things later.

Fig 5.1 : Creation of blynk account

2. Create a New Project

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 After we have successfully logged into our account, start by creating a new project.

Fig 5.2 : Creation of a project

3. Choose Hardware
Select the hardware model that we will use.

Fig 5.3 : Selection of controller

4. Auth Token
Auth Token is a unique identifier which is needed to connect our hardware to our smart
phone. Every new project that we create will have its own Auth Token. We will get Auth
Token automatically on your email after project creation. we can copy it manually. Click on
devices section and selected required device : and we see the token.

53
 Fig 5.4 : Generation of auth token

5. Blynk Tools Creation

Required tools are taken and laced in proper positions. Various tools, Switches,

joysticks, sliders, etc are available. The required video display, two joysticks, one

button and GPS tools are taken.

Fig 5.5 : App Appearance

6. Internal Of Joystick

54
 Limits for the joystick are given and the refresh rate is also given so that the value is

changed very frequently.

Fig 5.6 : Internal of Joystick

APPLICATIONS : Data collection is the essential application of WSN and

more importantly it is the foundation of other advanced applications in IOT

environment

ADVANTAGES : Sensor data acquisition interface equipment is one of

the key Parts in IOT applications.

55
 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

Conclusion:

This paper describes automated irrigation system using IOT. Internet on things and cloud
computing collectively makes a system that control agriculture sector effectively. This system
will sense all the environmental parameters and send the data to the user. User will take
controlling action according to that this will be done by using actuator. This asset allows the
farmer to improve the cultivation in a way the plant need. It leads to higher crop yield,
prolonged production period, better quality and less use of protective chemicals.

Future Scope:

It is important that any further work in developing the technology core in the field of sensor
networks is done keeping in mind the potential users of these networks, and what their needs
are. This project is based on Wi-Fi but can be further continued by adding advanced
technologies like Zigbee and GSM. Low-power design should be the mantra at all levels, be
it hardware or software.

56
 References
[1]. Rajalakshmi.P, Mrs.S.Devi Mahalakshmi “IOT Based Crop-Field Monitoring And
Irrigation Automation” 10th International conference on Intelligent systems and control
(ISCO), 7-8 Jan 2016 published in IEEE Xplore Nov 2016.

[2]. Prof. K. A. Patil And Prof N. R. Kale proposes “A Model For Smart Agriculture Using
IOT” 2016 International Conference on Global Trends in signal Processing, Information
Computing And Communication.

[3]. Dr.N.Suma, Sandra Rhea Samson, S. Saranya, G. Shanmugapriya, R. Subhashri „IOT

Based Smart Agriculture Monitoring System‟ 2017 International Journal on Recent and
Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication.

[4]. Mahammad shareef Mekala, Dr.P.Viswanathan „A Survey: Smart agriculture IoT with
cloud Computing ‟ 978-1-5386-1716-8/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

[5]. Prathibha S R1, Anupama Hongal 2, Jyothi M P3‟ IOT BASED MONITORING
SYSTEM IN SMART AGRICULTURE‟ 2017 International Conference on Recent
Advances in Electronics and Communication Technology [6]. Ibrahim Mat, Mohamed
Rawidean Mohd Kassim, Ahmad Nizar Harun, Ismail Mat Yusoff “IOT in Precision
Agriculture Applications Using Wireless Moisture Sensor Network” 2016 IEEE Conference
on Open Systems (ICOS), October 10-12- 2016, Langkaw, Malaysia.

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 [7]. Zhaochan Li, JinlongWang, Russell Higgs, LiZhou WenbinYuan4 “Design of an
Intelligent Management System for Agricultural Green houses based on the Internet of
Things” IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC)
2017.

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