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EM Propagation Oblique
EM Propagation Oblique
EM Propagation Oblique
Medium 2
Interface plane
ε2 = εr2 εo
µ2 = µr2 µo
θt
Perpendicular Polarization
The electric field is perpendicular to the plane of incidence and
the magnetic field is parallel to the plane of incidence.
The fields are configured as in the Transverse Electric (TE)
modes.
Parallel Polarization
The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of incidence
and the electric field is parallel to the plane of incidence.
The fields are configured as in the Transverse Magnetic (TM)
modes.
The relation above must be valid for any choice of “z” and we must
have (phase conservation law)
βiz = β rz = βtz
The first equality indicates that the reflected angle is the same as
the incident angle.
βiz = β rz ⇒ β1 sin θi = β1 sin θ r ⇒ θ i = θr
© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 170
Electromagnetic Fields
−1
µ1 ε1
⇒ θ t = sin sin θ i Snell's Law
µ 2 ε2
Since we have also
− j βi z z − j β rz z − j βt z z
e =e =e
E yi + E yr = E yt
Hzi + = Hzt
Hzr
Ey i Ey r Ey t
cos θi − cos θi = cos θt
η1 η1 η2
η1 cos θt
⇒ Ey i − Ey r = Ey t
η2 cos θi
Solution of the system of boundary equations gives
E yr η2 cos θi − η1 cos θt
Γ⊥ ( E ) = = Reflection coefficient
E yi η2 cos θi + η1 cos θt
E yt
2η2 cos θi
τ ⊥ (E) = = Transmission coefficient
E yi η2 cos θi + η1 cos θt
© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 172
Electromagnetic Fields
− E yr
H zr = cos θi = − H r cos θi
η1
E yi
H zi = cos θi = H i cos θi
η1
The reflection coefficient for the magnetic field is then
Ht
τ ⊥ (H ) =
Hi
The magnetic field components are
Ey t
Ht =
η2
Ey i
Hi =
η1
The transmission coefficient for the magnetic field is then
H t η1 2η1 cos θi
τ ⊥ (H ) = = τ ⊥ (E) =
H i η2 η2 cos θi + η1 cos θt
Incident G
wave Hi βz G
G ×
Reflected
wave βr
Ei G G
βi Hr
βx
×
θi θr G
Medium 1 ε1 = εr1 εo Er
µ1 = µr1 µo
×
y z
Medium 2 ε2 = εr2 εo
µ2 = µr2 µo
θt × G Transmitted
G HG t wave
Et βt
x
The magnetic field phasors for the parallel polarization are given by
G − j βix ⋅ x − j βiz ⋅ z
Hi = H yi e iˆy
G − j β rx ⋅ x − j β rz ⋅ z
H r = H yr e iˆy
G − j βt x ⋅ x − j βt z ⋅ z
H t = H yt e iˆy
Also for parallel polarization one can verify that the same
relationships between angles apply, as found earlier for the
perpendicular polarization, including Snell’s law
θi = θ r
−1
µ1 ε1
θ t = sin sin θ i
µ 2 ε2
H yi + H yr = H yt
H yt
2η1 cos θi
τ& (H ) = =
H yi η1 cos θi + η2 cos θt
© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 178
Electromagnetic Fields
E zr Er
Γ& ( E ) = =−
E zi Ei
E zr H yr η2 cos θt − η1 cos θi
Γ& ( E ) = =− = −Γ& ( H ) =
E zi H yi η1 cos θi + η2 cos θt
Et η2 H yt η2
τ& (E) = = = τ& (H )
Ei η1H yi η1
η2 2η1 cos θi 2η2 cos θi
= =
η1 η1 cos θi + η2 cos θt η1 cosθi + η2 cosθt
−1
µ1 ε1 −1 ε1
θ t = sin sin θ i = sin sin θ i
µ 2 ε2 ε2
or, equivalently
sin θi ε 2 n2
= = (n = index of refraction )
sin θt ε1 n1
Snell’s law provides then a useful recipe to express the reflection
and transmission coefficients only with angles, thus eliminating the
explicit dependence on medium impedance.
sin (θi − θt )
Γ ⊥ ( E ) = −Γ ⊥ ( H ) = −
sin (θi + θt )
tan (θi − θt )
Γ& ( E ) = −Γ& ( H ) = −
tan (θi + θt )
ε1 2sin θt cos θi
τ ⊥ (E) = τ ⊥ (H ) =
ε 2 sin (θi + θt )
ε1 2sin θt cos θi
τ& (E) = τ& (H ) =
ε 2 sin (θi + θt ) cos (θi − θt )
Power flow
R = Γ2 ( E )
η1 cos θt
2
T = τ (E)
η2 cos θi
R +T =1
Since the power flow normal to the interface is considered, the
results obtained above apply equally to perpendicular and parallel
polarization.
Case ε 2 > ε1
G G
βi βr
θi θi
Medium 1 ε1 = εr1 εo
µ1 = µo
×
Medium 2 ε2 = εr2 εo
y G z
µ2 = µo βt
θt
x
ε1 2sin θt cos θi
τ ⊥ (E) = τ ⊥ (H ) = >0
ε 2 sin (θi + θt )
ε1 2sin θt cos θi
τ& (E) = τ& (H ) = >0
ε 2 sin (θi + θt ) cos (θi − θt )
E yt E yi H zi
τ ⊥ (E) = ×
E yi ×
E yt H zt
Perpendicular polarization
E yr H zr E yi E yr H zr
Γ⊥ ( E ) = Γ⊥ ( H ) = H zi
E yi H zi ×
Parallel polarization
tan (θi − θt ) tan (θi − θt )
Γ& ( E ) = − Γ& ( H ) =
tan (θi + θt ) tan (θi + θt )
sin θ B sin θ B ε2 −1 ε 2
= = tan θ B = ⇒ θ B = tan
sin θt cos θ B ε1 ε1
Case ε 2 < ε1
G G
βi βr
θi θi
Medium 1 ε1 = εr1 εo
µ1 = µo
× G
Medium 2 ε2 = εr2 εo
y
βt z
µ2 = µo
θt
x
sin θt < 1
we have for perpendicular polarization
−1 ε2
θi = θ B = tan
ε1
When
ε2 ε2
sin θi = sin θt = ⇒ sin θt = 1 ⇒ θt = 90°
ε1 ε1
we have a limit condition for TOTAL REFLECTION, valid for both
polarizations. This particular angle of incidence is called
−1 ε2
critical angle θi = θc = sin
ε1
θc
θ t = 90°
ε1
θi > θc ⇒ sin θt = sin θi >1
ε2
⇒ cos θt = imaginary
cos θi + j sin 2 θi − ε 2 ε1
Γ ⊥ ( E ) = −Γ ⊥ ( H ) =
cos θi − j sin 2 θi − ε 2 ε1
ε2
− cos θi − j sin 2 θi − ε 2 ε1
ε1
Γ& ( E ) = −Γ& ( H ) =
ε2
cos θi − j sin 2 θi − ε 2 ε1
ε1
ε1 2cos θi
τ ⊥ (E) = τ ⊥ (H ) =
ε 2 cos θ − j sin 2 θ − ε ε
i i 2 1
ε1 2 ε 2 / ε1 cos θi
τ& (E) = τ& (H ) =
ε 2 ε 2 cos θ − j sin 2 θ − ε ε
i i 2 1
ε1
© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 196
Electromagnetic Fields
R = Γ ( E ) ⋅ Γ* ( E ) = 1
T = 1− R = 0
This means that incident and reflected waves carry the same time-
average power, and no power is transmitted to medium 2. But this
does not mean that the field disappears in medium 2. The
instantaneous power that enters medium 2 is eventually reflected
back to medium 1.
The electric field phasor of the transmitted wave has the form
− j βt x ⋅ x − j βt z ⋅ z
E t = Et e e = Et e− j β 2 cosθt ⋅ x e− j β 2 sin θt ⋅ z
− j ( − jαt ⋅ x ) − j βi z ⋅ z −α t ⋅ x − j βi z ⋅ z
E t = Et e e = Et e e
θi > θc
Constant amplitude planes
Et
D
θi > θc
Examples:
Medium 1
θB = ? air µ = µo
ε = εo
Medium 2
water µ = µo
θ B = tan −1 ε 2
ε1
ε = {
80ε o microwaves
1.8ε o optical
θi + θt = θ B + θt = 90°
6.38° microwaves
⇒ θt ≅
36.7° optical
Verification with Snell’s law
ε1 sin θ B = ε 2 sin θt
−1 sin θ B 6.38° microwaves
θt = sin ≅
ε 2 36.7° optical
Medium 1
water µ = µo
θB = ?
ε = {80ε o microwaves
1.8ε o optical
Medium 2
air µ = µo
−1 ε2
θ B = tan ε = εo
ε1
−1 1
θ B = tan ≅ 6.38° microwaves
80
−1 1
θ B = tan ≅ 36.7° optical
1.8
© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 203
Electromagnetic Fields
θi + θt = θ B + θt = 90°
83.6° microwaves
⇒ θt ≅
53.3° optical
Verification with Snell’s law
ε1 sin θ B = ε 2 sin θt
−1 sin θ B ε 2 83.6° microwaves
θt = sin ≅
ε o 53.3° optical
Medium 1
θc = ? air µ = µo
ε = εo
Medium 2
−1 ε2 water µ = µo
θc = sin
{
ε1 80ε o microwaves
ε =
1.8ε o optical
ε 2 > ε1
Medium 1
water µ = µo
θc = ?
ε = {80ε o microwaves
1.8ε o optical
Medium 2
−1 ε2
θc = sin air µ = µo
ε1
ε = εo
−1 1
θc = sin ≅ 6.4193° microwaves
80
−1 1
θc = sin ≅ 48.19° optical
1.8
Medium 1
θ i = 60° µ = µo
ε = 4ε o
Medium 2
air µ = µo
ε = εo
Consider a perpendicularly polarized wave.
−1 1 −1 1
θ B = tan = tan ≈ 26.565°
4 2
−1 1 −1 1
θc = sin = sin = 30°
4 2
© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 207
Electromagnetic Fields
βtx = ±
N β o2 − 3β o2 = − j 2β o = − jα t
choose
"−"
R = Γ⊥ ( E ) 2 = 1