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Cie Igcse Maths 0580 v3 Znotes
Cie Igcse Maths 0580 v3 Znotes
2
CHAPTER 1
Number
3
CHAPTER 2
6
CHAPTER 3
Geometry
8 Mensuration
CHAPTER 4
9
CHAPTER 5
Coordinate Geometry
9
CHAPTER 6
Trigonometry
10
CHAPTER 7
11
CHAPTER 8
Probability
11
CHAPTER 9
Statistics
CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580
1. NUMBER
Natural numbers:
o used for counting purposes
o all possible rational &irrational
irrational numbers 𝑏∈𝑋 = {a, b, c, d, e} A’ is shaded
Integer: a whole number
Notation:
Prime numbers:
o divisible only by itself and one 𝑛(𝐴) = no. of elements in A
o 1 is not a prime number ∈ = …is an element of…
Rational numbers: can be written as a fraction ∉ = …is not an element of…
Irrational numbers: cannot
annot be written as a fraction 𝐴′ = compliment of set A
e.g.𝜋 Ø or { } = empty set
Cube numbers: made from multiplying a rational = Universal set
number to itself twice. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = union of A and B
Reciprocals: A number made by raising a rational 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = intersection of A and B
number to -1, or 1 over that number 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 = A is a subset of B
𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 = A is a proper subset of B
1.1 HCF and LCM 𝐴 ⊈ 𝐵 = A is not a subset of B
Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common 𝐴 ⊄ 𝐵 = A is not a proper subset of B
Multiple:
1.3 Indices
Standard form:
o 10 = 10000 10 = 0.1
o 10 = 1000 10 = 0.01
o 10 = 100 10 = 0.001
o 10 = 10 10 = 0.0001
o 10 = 1 10 = 0.00001
Set representations:
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CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580
1.4 Ratio & Proportion 2. ALGEBRA & GRAPHS
Ratio: used to describe a fraction
o e.g. 3 : 1 2.1 Factorisation
Foreign exchange: money changed from one currency Common factors:
to another using proportion 3𝑥 + 6𝑥
o E.g. Convert $22.50 to Dinars 3𝑥(𝑥 + 2)
$1 : 0.30KD Difference of two squares:
$22.50 : 6.75KD 25 − 𝑥
Map scales: using proportion to work out map scales (5 + 𝑥)(5 − 𝑥)
o 1km = 1000m Group factorization:
o 1m = 100cm 4𝑑 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 4𝑐
o 1cm = 10mm 4(𝑑 + 𝑐) + 𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑑)
Direct variation:𝑦is proportional to 𝑥 (4 + 𝑎)(𝑐 + 𝑑)
𝑦∝𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 Trinomial:
Inverse variation:𝑦 is inversely proportional to 𝑥 𝑥 + 14𝑥 + 24
𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 24
𝑦∝ 𝑦=
𝑥(𝑥 + 12) + 2(𝑥 + 12)
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 12)
1.5 Percentages
Percentage: 2.2 Quadratic Factorization
o Convenient way of expressing fractions General equation:
o Percent means per 100 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Percentage increase or decrease: Solve quadratics by:
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 o Trinomial factorization
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = × 100
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 o Quadratic formula
Simple interest: −𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑃𝑅𝑇 𝑥=
𝐼= 2𝑎
100
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡
When question says, “give your answer to two decimal
𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Compound interest: places”, use formula!
𝑅 Derivation of the Quadratic Formula is the same as
𝐴 =𝑃 1+ saying “Make 𝑥 the subject in 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0”
100
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑛 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 Factorize 𝑎 out
𝑏
1.6 Speed, Distance & Time a 𝑥 + 𝑥 +c=0
𝑎
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 Complete the Square
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑏 𝑏
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎 𝑥+ − +𝑐 =0
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Units of speed: km/hror m/s 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑥+ − +𝑐 =0
Units of distance: km or m 2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
Units of time: hr or sec 𝑎 𝑥+ =
5 2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 × = 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑏 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
18 𝑥+ =
18 2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 × = 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
5 𝑏 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥+ =±
2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑏 ±√b − 4ac
x+ =
2𝑎 √4a
PAGE 3 OF 13
CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580
Note: 4𝑎 is a square number 𝑥 + 5 = ±√20
𝑏 ±√𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑥 = −55 ± √20
x+ =
2𝑎 2a Answer is: 𝑥 = −5 + √20 and 𝑥 = −5 − √20
2.3 Reciprocal Graphs (Hyperbola)
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 Standardized Form:
𝑥=
2𝑎 o𝒚=𝒙
𝒂
Standardized form:
o 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 If 𝒂 is Positive: If 𝑎 is Negative:
Complete Square form:
The Line will be in the The Line will be in the
o 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝒂)𝟐 + 𝒃 (Where axis of symmetry is
1st&3rd Quadrant 2nd&4th Quadrant
𝑥 = −𝑎)
o To find turning point of quadratic equation,
complete the square, then the turning point is:
(−𝑎, 𝑏)
Ways to solve Quadratic equation:
o Graphing Method
o Factorizing
o Quadratic Formula
o Complete the Square
- Graphing Method – Graph the equation
quation, 2.4 Cubic Equation
see where the it touches the x-axis Standardized Form:
- Factorizing o 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅
e.g. 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0 Properties:
𝑥 −𝑥−6=0 o Highest Exponent of 𝑥 is 3
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 o Has a maximum of 2 turning points
p
𝑥 =3 Turning points are points after which a graph
𝑥 = −2 changes its gradient’s sign, therefore changing
- Quadratic Formula direction between up or down
e.g. 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0 2.5 Exponential Graphs
Where 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐 = −6 Standardized form:
o 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝒃)𝒙
Plug the numbers in the Quadratic Formula: Properties:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 o 𝑎 is the 𝑦-intercept
𝑥=
2𝑎 o Asymptotes are lines that a curve approaches, but
Therefore: never touches because the curve continues to
−(−1) ± (−1) − 4(1
(1)(−6) infinity, in this case the y--axis
𝑥= o 𝑏 is the rate of growth
2(1)
o When 0 < 𝑏 < 1, the graph raph will go downwards
𝑥 =3 from left to right
𝑥 = −2
-
- Complete the Square
e.g. 𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 5 = 0
(WARNING! Coefficient of 𝑥 Must be 1 for this to work)
𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 5 = 0
(𝑥 + 5) − 5 + 5 = 0
(𝑥 + 5) − 20 = 0
(𝑥 + 5) = 20
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CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580
2.6 Gradient of a Curve 2.8 Inequalities
By drawing tangents Solve like equations
o In a straight line, gradient is constant Multiplying or dividing by negative ⇒ switch sign
o Curves have varying gradients throughout the graph 𝑦
≥ −7
To find the gradient at a point: −3
1. Draw the graph 𝑦 ≤ −77 × −3
2. Draw a tangent at the point oint in the graph, 𝑦 ≤ 21
ensuring it only touches the graph at that point When two inequalities present, split into two
(Use a ruler) 𝑥 < 3𝑥 − 1 < 2𝑥 + 7
𝑥 < 3𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 − 1 < 2𝑥 + 7
3. Find the gradient of the tangent
𝑥>− 𝑥<8
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CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580
2.11 Distance-Time Graphs 𝑓(2)
o Substitute 𝑥 = 2 and solve for 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓𝑔(𝑥)
o Substitute 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓 (𝑥)
o Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and make 𝑥 the subject
3. GEOMETRY
From O to A: Uniform speed
From B to C:: Uniform speed (return journey) 3.1 Similarity
From A to B: Stationery (speed = 0) Similarity can be worked out by the AAA (Angle – Angle
– Angle) rule.
AAA (Angle – Angle – Angle) rule:
rule All the
corresponding angles of the triangles must be equal.
Gradient = speed
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CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580
3.3 Triangles 3.6 Symmetry
Line of symmetry: Divides
ivides a two-dimensional
two shape
into two congruent (identical) shapes
Plane of symmetry: Divides
ivides a three-dimensional
three shape
into two congruent solid
lid shapes
The number of times shape fits its outline during a
complete revolution is called the order of rotational
symmetry
3.4 Quadrilaterals
Rectangle:
o Opposite sides parallel/equal Number of Lines Rotational
Shape of Symmetry Symmetry Order
o all angles 90°
Square 4 4
o diagonals bisect each other
Rectangle 2 2
Parallelogram: Parallelogram 0 2
o Opposite sides parallel/equal Rhombus 2 2
o opposite angles equal Trapezium 0 1
o diagonals bisect each other Kite 1 1
Rhombus: Equilateral 3 3
triangle
o A parallelogram with all sides
Regular hexagon 6 6
equal
o opposite angles equal
Properties of circles:
o diagonals bisect each other
o Equal chords are equidistant from the centre
Trapezium: o The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes
o One pair of sides parallel through the centre
Kite: o Tangents from an external point are equal in length
o Two pairs of adjacent sides
equal
3.7 Polygons
Sum of angles at a point =360°
=360
o diagonals are perpendicular
to each other Angles on a straight line = 180°
180
Sum of angles in a triangle =180°
=180
For regular polygon
3.5 Construction o External angles =
°
Constructing triangles: °
o Internal angles = 180° −
For irregular polygon:
o Sum of exterior angles =360°
=360
o Sum of interior angles=180(n-2)
angles=180(n
PAGE 7 OF 13
CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580
Corresponding angles are equal 4. MENSURATION
4.1 Area
Parallelogram = 𝑏 × ℎ OR 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
Triangle= 𝑏 × ℎ
4.2 Volume
ume and Surface Area
Co-interior angles add up t0 180° Cuboid
o 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝑙𝑤 + 2ℎ𝑙 + 2ℎ𝑤
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = ℎ𝑙𝑤
Cylinder
o 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
Exterior
terior angle=sum of interior opposite ∠ Cone
o 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = (𝜋𝑟 ℎ)
Sphere
o 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 4𝜋𝑟
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟
3.8 Circle Theorem Hemisphere
o 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝜋𝑟
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟
4.3 Units
Volume:
Angle subtended by same
Angle at center = twice
arc at circumference are
angle on circumference
equal
Mass:
Capacity:
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CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580
Connecting volume and capacity:
o 1𝑚𝑙 = 1𝑐𝑚
o 1𝑘𝑙 = 1𝑚
Density =
1 1
( )=
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) =
5. COORDINATE GEOMETRY 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Angle of depression:
o Angle below the
horizontal line.
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CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580
6.3 Ratios 6.5 Sine & Cosine Rules
Right angled triangles: Sine rule:
o sin 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
SOH = =
sin 𝑎 sin 𝑏 sin 𝑐
o cos 𝑥 = CAH Cosine rule
o To find the angle given 3 sides
o tan 𝑥 = TOA 𝑏 +𝑐 −𝑎
cos 𝑎 =
2𝑏𝑐
o To find side given angle and two sides
𝑎 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝑎
6.4 Graphs of simple trigonometric
functions 7. VECTORS & TRANSFORMATIONS
RANSFORMATION
sin(𝑥) = sin(180 − 𝑥)
7.1 Vectors
Vector quantity hass both magnitude and direction
o E.g. Vectors a and b represented by the
line segments, can be added using
‘parallelogram rule’ or ‘nose
nose-to-tail
method’
Multiplication by a scalar:
o Scalar quantity: has a magnitude but no direction
o The negative sign reverses the direction of the
cos(𝑥) = cos(360 − 𝑥) vector
Column vector:
o Top number = horizontal component
o Bottom number = vertical component
Parallel vectors:
o Vectors are parallel if they have the same direction
o In general, the vector 𝑘 is parallel to
Modulus of a vector:
o In general, if 𝑥 = , |𝑥
𝑥| = (𝑚 + 𝑛
7.2 Transformation
Reflection (M):
Sine and cosine shifted by 90°
o When describing a reflection, the position of the
Sine has x-intercepts at multiples 180°, and cosine at
mirror line is essential
(90° + multiples of 180°)
Rotation (R):
o To describe a rotation, the centre of rotation, the
tan(𝑥) = tan(180° + 𝑥)
angle of rotation and direction of rotation are
required
o A clockwise rotation is negative, and an
anticlockwise rotation is positive
Translation (T):
o When describing a translation, it is necessary
to give the translation vector
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CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580
Enlargement (E): o Construct the Venn diagram, using sample space of
o To describe an enlargement,
ent, state the scale factor, K both events
and the centre of enlargement o P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B) / P(B)
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = Calculate using tree diagrams:
diagra
Probability
robability of an event (A), given that another (B) has
already occurred [Symbol: P(A|B)]
Histogram: Displays
isplays frequency of either continuous or
grouped discrete data in the form of bars
Bars are joined together and may be of varying width
Frequency
requency of the data is represented by the area of the
bar and not the height
When class intervals are different,
different area of the bar
represents the frequency, not the height
Frequency density plotted on y-axis,
y not frequency
Class width = Interval
Frequency density = Height
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡 × 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
Calculate using Venn diagram:
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CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580
9.2 Averages Interpretation:
Mean: o Median, quartiles and extreme values can be found
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 by reading on the scale on the y-axis
y
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 o Short boxes mean low IQR and vice versa (2), (3)
Median: o Long whiskers mean a lot of extreme values and vice
o The middle value - when the data has been written versa (1)
in ascending or descending order o Difference in position of boxes represents if data in
one set is overall higher or lower than another data
o Odd no. of values = 3𝑟𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
set. (3) and (4)
o Even no. of values = 3.5𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 o Variation in lengths of different sections and position
(add two values divide by 2) of median show how evenly the data is spread,
Mode: compared to other data sets (1)
o Most frequently occurring value
Range:
o Difference between highest and lowest values
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CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580
9.6 Stem and Leaf diagrams
Stem-and-Leaf diagram
iagram is a quick way of summarizing a
range of data.
There is a column known as the stem, contains which
contains unique elements of data formed by removing
last digits of the data.
Keys are used in this diagram
9.7 Pictograms
Data is represented in pictures
A key is given to representt the value of a picture.
E.g. = 5 people
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