Midterm Review (lecture 1,2,3,4 &5) for Radiation Protection course in

Diagnostic Radiology
Prepared by the amazing students of level 5, male and female
Dr. Nasser Shubayr is massively proud of you all.

1. Alpha particles ionize the medium by?

A. Repelling an electron from an atom.
B. Absorption an electron from an atom.
C. Attracting an electron from an atom.
D. Collision

2. Positively charged subatomic particles?

A. Electrons
B. Protons
C. Neutrons
D. All of the above

3. Radiation with energy above 13.6 eV is referred to as ?

A. Ionizing radiation
B. Nonionizing radiation
C. Thermal radiation
D. None of the above

4. What is the number of neutrons if the atomic mass 7 and

atomic number 3?
A. 3
B. 7
C. 4
D. 1

5. Which one of these determine the mass number?

A. Protons + Neutron
B. protons
C. Neutrons
D. Electrons
6. Types of nonionizing radiation ?
A. Microwaves and alpha
B. Electrons and protons
C. Microwaves and visible light
D. Radiowave and xray

7. All are classified as low Linear Energy Transfer (LET) except:

A. Alpha particles
B. X-rays
C. Electron
D. Gamma

8. Type of radiation that is a high speed electron ejected from

nucleus and has external hazard to skin and eyes?
A. Alpha
B. Beta
C. Gamma
D. X-ray

9. Which of the following usually does not have external

radiation hazard:
A. Gamma
B. Alpha
C. Beta
D. Neutron

10.These are man made sources of ionizing radiation, except?

A. Fallout
B. Nuclear power
C. Radon
D. X-ray machine
11.What is the smallest unit of matter that retains the identity
of the substance?
A. Protons
B. Atom
C. Neutrons
D. Electrons

12. If 3 protons are present in an atom (Li) how many electrons

are there?
A. 4
B. 10
C. 3
D. 6

13. Number of neutrons in atom equal?

A. Neutrons = protons
B. Mass number
C. Mass number + proton
D. Mass number proton

14. What is the process by which atoms that are unstable

change and eventually become stable?
A. Activity
B. Half-life of radionuclides
C. Radioactivity
D. The w-value

15. Bremsstrahlung x-ray production increase by what?

A. Increasing mass number
B. Decreasing mass number
C. Increasing atomic number
D. Decreasing atomic number
16. Which of followings is nonionizing radiation?
A. Alpha
B. Beta
C. Visible light
D. Gamma

17. What is the least radiation energy required to cause

ionization?
A. 13.6 eV
B. 13.6 keV
C. 13.6 Mev
D. No one of these

18. Which in the following is the element with the smallest

atomic number?
A. Potassium
B. Hydrogen
C. Oxygen
D. Sodium

19. An average energy of 34 eV termed the wvalue or W, is

expended by charged particles per ion pair produced in .......?
A. Water
B. Air
C. Metal
D. Earth

20. Which in the following is not from the main interaction of

photons with matters?
A. Photoelectric effect
B. Compton scattering
C. Pair production
D. Radioactive decay
21. Which in the following is negatively charged and have a
relatively small mass but occupy a large volume of space
outside the nucleus?
A. Proton
B. Photon
C. Electron
D. Neutrons

23. Uranium, Thorium, Radium and Radon decay by emitting?

A. Alpha
B. Beta
C. Gamma
D. Heavy nucleui

24. What is term that represent the number of photons divided

by the area?
A. Fluence
B. Fluence rate
C. Energy fluence
D. Energy fluence rate

25. SI unit of Exposure?

A. Coulomb/kg
B. esu
C. Roentgen
D. Joule/kg

26. Absorbed dose (D) is?

A. D=Energy/mass
B. D=Dose x radiation weighting factor
C. D=Dose x tissue weighting factor
D. D= q x V
27. It is impossible to determine the actual dose to the
glandular tissue during specific mammography procedure
because of?
A. Variations in breast size
B. Distribution of glandular tissue
C. Presence of fat
D. A & B

28. quality of radiation depends upon 2 parameters?

A. LET and RBE
B. LET and Tissue weighting factor
C. RBE and Tissue weighting factor
D. RBE and the Wvalue

29. It is a unit of energy but it is a huge unit of energy when

dealing with radiation energies?
A. Mev
B. Rontgen
C. Joule
D. Coulomb

30. One electron volt equal to Joule?

A. ( 1.6×10 19 )
B. ( 1.6×10 −19 )
C. (1.6×10−19 )
D. (1.6×10 19 )

31. Exposure is not defined above photon energies of?

A. 3 MeV
B. 3 eV
C. 3 keV
D. 3 GeV
32. The Standard breast parameters that assume 50% fat and
50% glandular tissue is?
A. 4.2 cm thick of compressed breast
B. 4.2mm thick of compressed breast
C. 4.2 in thick of compressed breast
D. 4.2 m thick of compressed breast

33What is the SI for absorbed dose?

A. Gray (Gy)
B. Rad
C. Joule\ Kg
D. Sievert

34. Decay mode that the number of protons and neutrons does
not change ?
A. Alpha decay
B. Beta decay
C. Gamma decay
D. Electron capture

35. Electrons are raised to higher energy levels

A. Radioactivity
B. Electron capture
C. Excitation
D. Ionization

36. The process of unstable atoms that transform and emit

radiation to become stable ?
A. Radioactivity
B. Ionization
C. Excitation
D. Compton scattering
37. For heavy nuclei that have too large a proton to neutron
ratio, the mode of the decay that a mass number is reduced by
four and an atomic number is reduced by two is?
A. Alpha decay
B. Beta decay
C. Gamma decay
D. Electron capture

38. Directly ionizing types of radiations?

A. Charged Particles
B. Uncharged Particles
C. Photons
D. neutrons and gamma rays

39. A process which radiation must have enough energy to

knock the electron out of its orbit?
A. Ionization
B. Excitation
C. Radioactivity
D. Decay

40. Neutrons interact with nuclei of the matter by

A. Elastic scattering and Inelastic Scattering
B. Neutron capture
C. Compton scattering
D. A & B

41. Photons interact with matter by?

A. Photoelectric effect
B. Compton scattering
C. Pair Production
D. All of the above
42. The interaction of photons with matter in which photon
strikes an inner shell electron
A. Photoelectric effect
B. Compton scattering
C. Pair production
D. All of the above

43. A minimum gamma-energy of is required for pair

production interaction?
A. 3 Mev
B. 34 eV
C. 1.02 Mev
D. 13.6 eV

44. What are the two types of radiation?

A. Particulate and electromagnetic
B. Alpha and Beta
C. Alpha and Gamma
D. Positive and negative

45. Which of the following is an example of electromagnetic

radiation?
A. Radio waves
B. Light waves
C. Gamma rays
D. All of the above

1. What is the dominant process of high LET (linear energy

transfer)?
A- Direct action Damage
B- Indirect action Damage
C- Producing of free radicals
D- Causing high penetration
2. DNA take the form of:
A- Vertical ladder
B- twisted ladder
C- lateral ladder
D- Broken ladder

3. What is the critical target for radiation?

A- RNA
B- DNA
C- mRNA
D- tRNA

4. Sides of ladder are?

A- Sugar
B- Phosphate groups twisted
C- Phosphor groups twisted
D- A and B

5. Covalent Bonds results from?

A- Sharing of electrons
B- Giving up one electron and bond by the difference in the overall
charge of the atoms
C- Sharing of neutron
D- A and B

6. In Radiation Biology, O2 content, H,O content, nature of

molecules, Radioprotectors and pH, are example of the …………?
A- Physical effects
B- Chemical effects
C- Physical and chemical effects
D- Biological effects
7. The following factors determine the level of biological
damage?
A- Amount of exposure
B- duration of exposure
C- Type of radiation
D- D-All of the above

8. The optimal LET is about?

A- 200 keV/μm
B- 100 keV/μm
C- 200 eV/μm
D- 100 eV/μm

9. For human, the LD50/60 from radiation is in the range?

A- 0.7- to 2 Gy
B- 0 to 2 Gy
C- 3 to 5 Gy
D- 4 to 10 Gy

10. Any of the following stages the patient looks and feels
generally healthy?
A- Prodromal stage
B- Latent stage
C- Manifest illness stage
D- None of the above

11. The required conditions for Acute Radiation Syndrome?

A- The dose must be large
B- The dose must be internal
C- The dose must be external
D- A and C
12. Acute dose means the dose is delivered in?
A- High dose in long period of time
B- Low dose in short period of time
C- Low dose in long period of time
D- High dose in short period of time

13. The type of the detector which the interaction of ionizing

radiation produces UV and/or visible light?
A- Gas filled detector
B- Scintillation detector
C- Semiconductor detector
D- Ionization chamber

14. Detection efficiency is

A- Number detected + Number emitted
B- Number emitted / Number detected
C- Number emitted - Number detected
D- Number detected / Number emitted

15. Ionizing radiation produces ion pairs……

A- In the solid
B- In the gas
C- In the liquid
D- All of the above

16. Proportional Counters can be used for:

A- Particles and low energy photons
B- Spectroscopy
C- Neutron Detection
D- All of the above
17. The detector that shows the energy distribution of the
incident radiation is called?
A- GM tube
B- Spectrometer
C- Counter
D- Dosimeter

18. Type of gas-filled detector determined primarily by:

A- Avalanches
B- Size and design
C- Voltage applied
D- None of the above.

19. Used for the detection of alpha particles?

A- Scintillator Nal
B- Scintillator ZnS
C- Plastic scintillator
D- All the above

20. Measuring or estimating radiation dose and assigning those

doses to individuals is called:
A- Internal exposure
B- External exposure
C- Dosimetry
D- A and B

21. who needs to wear personal dosimeter

A- Adult who receive > 10% of the dose limit
B- Adult who could receive more than 2 mSv per year
C- Adult who receive 20%dose
D- A and B
22. The densitometer measures the:
A- Optical density of the film
B- Radiation exposure due to gamma ray
C- KERMA
D- Absorbed does

23. Which personal dosimeter is sensitivity for environmental

factors such as
temperature and humidity?
A- Film Badge
B- OSL
C- TLD
D- Pocket Dosimeter

24. OSLs operate much like:

A- Film Badge
B- TLD
C- Ionization chamber
D- Pocket dosimeter

25. The Advantage of the pocket dosimeter that it can provide

the wearer with an
A- Permanent dose record
B- Immediate reading
C- Long term reading
D- All of the above

26. Internal radiation exposure is calculated using two steps

one of them is
A- Estimate how much radiation energy is absorbed by the
organs and tissues.
B- Asking the patient.
C- use aluminum oxide to record radiation
D- None of the above
27. Based on the Saudi NCRP instructions, radiation
instruments must be calibrated:
A- 3 month
B- 6 month
C- one year
D- 2 years

28. The most sensitive personal dosimeter

A- OSL
B- TID
C- Film badge
D- Pocket dosimeter

29. What types of radiation are in concern for external

radiation safety?
A- Alpha and beta radiation
B- Beta and photon radiation
C- Beta
D- Photon and alpha radiation

30. The penetrating ability or probability of interaction of

radiation is related to
A- The density.
B- Atomic number.
C- The radiation’s energy
D- All of the above

31. Women who have declared their pregnancy should wear

personal dosimeter if she is likely to receive a dose ……… of the
annual limit.
A- Greater than 10%
B- Greater than 20%
C- Smaller than 10%
D- Smaller than 20%
32. Direct measurement of radioactivity in the body is called:
A- in-vitro bioassay
B- in-vivo bioassay
C- in-FIFA bioassay
D- in-PUBG bioassay

33. Criteria that determine the suitable dosimeter?

A- The type of radiation
B- Duration of the surveillance period
C- Energy of radiation
D- A&B

34. The main contributor to the external component of the

effective dose.
A- Electrons
B- Alphas
C- Photons
D- All of the above

35. Which of the following is measured by dosimeter?

A- Exposure
B- Kerma
C- Absorbed dose
D- All of the above

36. Solid state detectors are also called?

A- semiconductor detectors
B- conductor material
C- solid state ionization
D- High efficiency detectors

37. windowless tube is used?

A- alpha
B- beta
C- gamma and x-ray detection
D- alpha and beta
38. Ionizing radiation interacts with a scintillator which
produces………………?
A- Light
B- Electron
C- Electrical signal
D- Ionization
39. Application of Ion chambers a pulse mode?
A- Radiation survey
B- Counting
C- Radiation source calibrator
D- Radiation gases measurement

40. In Gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome, the full syndrome will

usually occur with a dose:
A- Lesser than approximately 10 Gy (1000 rads ).
B- Greater than approximately 10 Gy (1000 rads )
C- Equal to approximately 10 Gy (1000 rads ).
D- None of above.

41. The Risk Factor quotient is :

A- Δ probability / Δ dose
B- Δ probability × Δ dose
C- Δ dose / Δ probability
D- Δ probability + Δ dose

42. The Risk Factor measured in

A- Rad
B- Gray
C- Sv-1 or mSv-1
D- B & C
43. LET of about ........... is optimal in terms of producing a
biologic effect:
A- 10 keV/μm
B- 100 keV/μm
C- 1000 keV/μm
D- 4.50 keV/μm

44. Which of the following stochastic effects?

A- Cataracts
B- Sterility
C- Cancer
D- Loss of hair

45. Free radical contains an ............of electron in their outer

shell which makes it unstable and react quickly with other
molecules
A- Double number
B- Odd number
C- Triple number
D- None of above

46. 12- Oxygen is an ............... molecule

A- Stable
B- Unstable
C- Semi stable
D- None of above

47. What are the Major Types of Radiation Detectors?

A- Gas-filled detectors
B- Scintillation detectors
C- Semiconductor detectors
D- All the above
48. Dead time is associated when the operate in ……… mode.
A- Current mode
B- proportional mode
C- Pulse mode
D- all of the above

49. Dr. Nasser and his team, have designed large “gamma
spectroscopy system” using Eight Nal (TI) that is:
A- Extremely Sensitive
B- Can be used in case of nuclear emergency
C- Can be used for scanning large environmental samples
D- All of the above.

50. For high energy electrons and gammas, solid state

detectors are better because the size of the detector
A- Much bigger than gas filled detectors
B- Much smaller than gas filled detectors
C- Equal gas filled detectors
D- None of the above.

51. What of the below options can be improved by increasing

number of charge carriers possible in semiconductors?
A- Dead time
B- Efficiency
C- Energy resolution
D- All of the above

52. Short term monitoring is about:

A- < 1 working day
B- 1_3 months up to 6 moths
C- < 3 working day
D- 2_3 months up to 6 months
53. The long-term monitoring is about
A- < 1 working day
B- 1_3 months up to 6 moths
C- < 3 working day
D- 2_3 months up to 6 months

54. Personal dosimeters are classified as:

A- Passive
B- Active
C- Direct
D- A and B

55. For strongly penetrating radiation the depth is assigned

at…….
A- 10 mm
B- 15 mm
C- 10 cm
D- 15 cm

56. for weakly penetrating radiation the personal dose

equivalent in the skin at depth……..
A- 0.7 mm
B- 0.007 mm
C- 0.07 mm
D- 7 mm

57. Annual dose limit to skin is…… mSv

A- 20
B- 150
C- 1
D- 500
58. Adults who may receive a dose...... Of the annual dose limit
from external sources of radiation should wear personal
dosimeter.
A- <10%
B- >10%
C- =10%
D- >15%

59. Materials suitable for OSL are similar to those used in….
A- Thermoluminescent dosimetry
B- Film badge
C- Pocket dosimeters
D- Semiconductors

60. The neutron dose is calculated from the difference of a

A- TLD-500 and TLD-600
B- TLD-700 and TLD-800
C- TLD-600 and TLD-700
D- TLD-400 and TLD-500

61. TLD-700 chip made with

A- 6Lif
B- 7Lif
C- 5Lif
D- 8Lif

62. TLD-700 chip sensitive to…

A- Alpha and betas
B- Neutrons and gamma
C- Betas and gamma
D- Alpha and gamma
63. TLD-600 chip made with…
A- 5Lif
B- 7Lif
C- 8Lif
D- 6Lif

64. TLD-600 chip sensitive to…

A- Betas, gamma, neutrons
B- Betas ،gamma, alpha
C- Betas ،alpha, neutrons
D- Alph a ،gamma ،neutrons

65. The followings are disadvantages of pocket dosimeter

except
A- The limited range
B- Inability to provide a permanent record
C- Immediate reading
D- The potential for discharging and reading loss due to dropping or
bumping

67. The two general mechanisms of radiation damage in

biological systems:
A- Direct Action
B- Indirect Action
C- Direct and Indirect ionization
D- A & B

68. Indirect Action damage is Dominant process for:

A- high LET radiation
B- low LET radiation
C- Both
D- None of the above
69. The presence or absence of molecular oxygen dramatically
influences the biologic effect of radiation, which statement is
correct:
A- Oxygen presence increases radiation effectiveness for cell
killing and Lack of oxygen
(hypoxic cells) decreases radiation effectiveness for cell killing.
B- Oxygen presence decreases radiation effectiveness for cell killing
and Lack of oxygen
increases radiation effectiveness for cell killing.
C- Cells are much more insensitive to x-rays in the presence of
molecular oxygen than in its
absence.
D- Cells are much more resistant to x-rays in the presence of
molecular oxygen than in its
absence.

70. Oxygen effect in Radiation Biology:

A- Oxygen presence makes the damage produced by free radicals
permanent.
B- In the absence of oxygen, damage produced by the indirect action
may be repaired.
C- To produce effects, molecular oxygen must be present during the
radiation exposure or at
least during the lifetime of the free radicals generated by the
radiation
D- A & B & C

71. LET of about 100 keV/μm is optimal in terms of producing a

biologic effect, because?
A- At this density of ionization, the average separation in ionizing
events is equal to the
diameter of DNA.
B- double strand break is significant at 100 keV/μm
C- Double Strand Break are the basis of most biological effects
D- All of the Above

72. Bergonie and Tribondeau states that cells are most

sensitive to radiation when they are:
A- Rapidly dividing and a long dividing future.
B- Cells of an unspecialized type.
C- A & B
D- I don't know

73. The required conditions for Acute Radiation Syndrome

(ARS) are:
A- External Large radiation dose
B- delivered in a short time for the whole body
C- Penetrating radiation
D- All of the above

74. Proportional counters use a gas mixture known as P-10,

which contains:
A- 80% argon, 20% methane
B- 90% argon, 10% methane
C- 90% methane, 10% argon
D- 80% methane, 20% argon

75. GM detector with end-window is used for:

A- alpha particles and low energy beta particles
B- Gamma
C- Neutron
D- High energy beta particles

76. The function of photocathode in Scintillator Detectors is:

A- Producing light
B- Producing electron
C- Multiply electrons
D- A & C

Short answer questions

Q1- What are Factors Affecting Radiation Damage?

1. Amount of exposure
2. Duration of exposure
3. Type of radiation
4. Biological variability factors
5. Portion of the body exposed
Q2- what are general mechanisms of radiation damage in
biological systems, list the chain of events for each mechanism?
A) Direct action :
1. Incident particle or photon interacts DIRECTLY with DNA
2. Ionization of the atoms of DNA.
3. Dissociation of a molecule due to ionization.
4. Biological Effects possible

B)Indirect action :
1. Incident particle or photon interacts INDIRECTLY with water
molecules
2. Ionization of water molecule.
3. Dissociation of water molecule.
4. Free Radicals produced.
5. Chemical changes.
6. Possible biological effect

Q3- Compare Deterministic Effects and Stochastic Effects, with

one example?

Deterministic Effects Stochastic Effects

Example: Loss of Hair
- Due to cell killing
- Dose threshold
- Severity of harm is dose
dependent
- Typically, with high doses.
Example: Cancer
- Due to cell changes (DNA)
- No dose threshold
- Severity is independent of
the dose
- Applicable to small doses

Q4- What are the required conditions for Acute Radiation

Syndrome (ARS)?
1- The radiation dose must be large.
2- External dose.
3- The radiation penetrating.
4- The entire body .
5- Take the dose in a short time .
Q5- The three classic ARS Syndromes and the dose for full
syndrome to occur?
1- Bone marrow syndrome or hematopoietic syndrome
occur with a dose between 0.7 and 10 Gy (70 –1000 rads)
2- (GI) syndrome:
occur with a dose greater than > 10 Gy (1000 rads)
3- (CNS) syndrome:
occur with a dose greater than > 50 Gy (5000 rads)

Q6- Source of Data on Radiation Exposure to Humans

1- Survivors of the atomic bomb detonations at Hiroshima
2- Medical exposure to patients.
3- Low level Occupational Exposure.
5- Evaluations of populations with high radiation background
(high altitude).

Q7- List the types of radiation detectors, based on the media

and the information produced?

based on the media The information produced

1- Gas-filled Detectors. 1. counters
a) Ionization Chamber 2. spectrometers
b) Proportional Counter
c) Geiger-Muller Detector (GM)
3. dosimeters
2- Scintillation Detector.
a) Solid
b) Liquid
3- Semiconductor Detectors.

Q8- List one advantage and one disadvantage for Ionization

chambers, Proportional counters and Geiger-Mueller (GM)
counters?
Detrector Advantage Disadvantage
1- Ionization Chamber Sustained high radiation Affected by moisture
levels

2- Proportional Counter Discriminate between alpha The efficiency and operation

and beta particles affected by ingress of oxygen
into fill gas

3- Geiger-Muller Cheap detector with a large Can not measure high

Detector (GM) variety of sizes and radiation rates
applications,

Q9- Explain how Scintillator Detector work?

Ionizing Radiation excite the Scintillator → Scintillator produces light
→photocathode converts light to electron → photomultiper tube
multiplies electrons → electrical signal is produced and it is
proportional to the energy of the incident radiation
 Q 10- List the types of Personal Dosimeters with two
advantages and two disadvantages?

Personal Dosimeters Advantages Disadvantages

1- Film Badge. 1. Permanent record of 1. sensitivity to
exposure environmental factors
2. cheap such as temperature and
humidity.
2.not accurate for gamma
dose less than 20 millirem

2- Thermoluminescent 1. Reusable 1. high cost

2. greater range of doses 2. dose cannot be read out
Dosimeters (TLDs). more than once

3- Optically Stimulated 1. Reusable 1. Expensive

2. high sensitivity 2. Uncertainties in
Luminescence background radiation
Dosimeters (OSL).
4- Pocket Dosimeter. 1. Reusable 1. inability to provide a
2. immediate reading. permanent record
2 The limited range.

Q11- list three comparisons between (TLDs) and (OSL)?

TLD OSL
High Sensitivity Very High
0-1000 Dose range 0-1000
Less than < 0.001 Lowest limit of detection 0.0001

Q12- How to read (TLDs) and (OSL)?

TLD by Heating the crystal and OSL by Laser simulation.

Q13- What are the sensitive material in each of the below

dosimeters:
a. Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs).
LiF or CaF
b. Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeters (OSL).
Al2 O3:C
c. Pocket Dosimeter.
Gas
Q14- How to calibrate radiation instruments?
By exposing the instrument in a radiation field of known intensity, and
then adjusting the controls on the instrument to read this intensity.
 Definitions
1 Atom The smallest unit of matter that retains the identity of the
substance.
2 Nucleus The center of the atom that contains the mass of the atom.
3 Electron cloud Region that surrounds the nucleus that contains most of
the space in the atom.
4 Protons Positively charged subatomic particles
5 Neutrons Neutrally charged subatomic particles
6 Atomic number The number of protons in an atom
7 Mass number The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
8 Radioactivity The process by which atoms that are unstable change and
eventually become stable.
9 Activity The number of decays per unit time.
10 Half-life (T1/2) The time needed for the activity to reach one half of its
original amount.
11 The W-value The average energy required to produce an ion pair
(ejected electron + residual positive ion)
12 Fluence A measurement of the number of particles or photons that
intersect a unit area.
13 Fluence Rate A measurement of the number of particles or photons
intersect a unit area, per unit of time
14 Energy fluence The amount of energy that passes through a cross
sectional unit area.
15 Roentgen Amount of X or gamma radiation that produces ionization
resulting in 1 electrostatic unit of charge in 1 cm3 of dry
air at STP.
16 Exposure It is the amount of charge produced per unit mass of air
from X-rays and gamma rays (Coulomb / kg ).
17 Absorbed Dose It is the amount of Energy deposited (E) per unit mass of
any target material (m).
18 Equivalent Dose The product of the absorbed dose, (D), and the Radiation
Weighting Factors
19 Effective Dose The product of the Equivalent Dose, and the Tissue
Weighting Factors
20 Linear Energy The energy deposited per unit track
Transfer (LET)
21 Relative Biological The ratio of biological effectiveness of one type of
Effectiveness radiation relative to the other.
(RBE)
22 Entrance Skin The absorbed dose in the skin at a given location on the
Dose (ESD) patient.
23 Dose Area the dose in air in a plane, integrated over the area of
Product interest, to express total radiation delivered to a patient.
24 Computed Dose that is measured by scanning one slice
Tomography Dose
Index (CTDI)
25 Computed The product of the CTDI value and the length of the body
Tomography Dose area scanned to get the total radiation to a patient.
Length Product
26 Mammography It is defined as the average dose to the glandular tissue
Mean Glandular within the breast.
Dose (MGD)
27 ____________ ___________________________________________
28 DNA is the most important material making up the
chromosome and serve as the master blue print of the cell
29 Molecule is a group of atoms held together by a force of chemical
bonds
30 Physical Effects the standard physical effects between the radiation and
the atoms or molecules of the cells
31 Free Radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired valence
electrons.
32 Oxygen is the basis for development of most free radicals in the
body.
33 The Oxygen s the ratio of doses under hypoxic to aerated conditions
Enhancement that produce the same biologic effect.
Ratio (OER)
34 Acute Dose means the dose is delivered in a short period of time (i.e.
less than one week)
35 Chronic Dose means the dose is delivered over a long period of time and
late effects can be seen
36 Acute Radiation is a set of symptoms that result from short-term radiation
Syndrome (ARS) overexposures (large doses)
37 The Whole Body is the dose resulting from uniform exposure of the entire
Dose body to either internal or external sources of radiation
38 Semiconductor are especially pure crystals of silicon, germanium, or other
Detectors materials to which trace amounts of impurity atoms have
been added so that they act as diodes.
39 Scintillator is a detector that measure ionizing radiation by using the
Detectors excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillating
material and detecting the resultant light pulses.
40 Dosimetry is the act of measuring or estimating radiation doses and
assigning those doses to individuals
41 External is the measurement of dose when the radiation source is
Dosimetry outside of (or external to) the body.
42 Personal is a small radiation detection device worn by an
Dosimeter individual, used to measure doses from ionizing radiation
43 Direct Read is generally of the size and shape of a fountain pen
Pocket Dosimeter
44 Internal is the measurement of doses due to radionuclides that
Dosimetry have entered the body by way of ingestion, inhalation or
other means.
45 External Exposure which occurs when the radiation source is outside of the
body
46 Internal Exposure which occurs when the radiation is emitted by
radionuclides inside the body
47 LD50 refers to a dose required to kill 50 percent of the persons
irradiated, and it assumes no medical intervention.
48 Risk Factor The quotient of increase in probability of a stochastic
effect and the received dose
49 Pulse Mode the signal from each interaction is processed individually.
50 Current Mode In the electrical signals from individual interactions are
averaged together, forming a net current signal.