Vocabulary

turn out - resultar, acabar

physicists - físicos
state - enunciar
doubt - dudar /duda
slight - ligero
obtainable - obtenible, alcanzable
prove - demostrar, probar
quote - citar / citar textualmente
unwise - imprudente, insensato
buzzing with - rumoreando, contando...

ENGAGE - enganchar, llamar la atención - Interest /attract someone.

LAUNCH - lanzar - Show something for the first time or start sth new.
SHOWCASE - exhibir - Present the qualities of sth in an attractive way.
SIMULATE – simular - Create conditions in real life using computers.
OBSERVE – observar - Watch someone/something carefully to learn more about
them/it.

DEMONSTRATE - demostrar - Show and explain how to do something or how sth

works.

DEVISE - idear, hayar - Invent a new way of doing something.

UNCOVER - descubrir - Find out or discover something.

Idioms
Up in the air - en el aire
For good - permanentemente
Right away - inmediatamente
On second thoughts - después de pensarlo mucho
Out of the blue - inesperadamente
In the long run - a la larga

Frase hechas

1. get on with /get on well - llevarse bien con

2. have a lot in common - tener mucho en común
3. get to know - intentar/tratar de conocer (a alguien)
4. make up with - reconciliarse
5. fall out with - pelearse
6. introduce someone to someone - presentar alguien a alguien
7. make friends with - hacer amistad con/hacerse amigo de
8. put up with - aguantar a (alguien)
9. let someone down - deprimir/decepcionar/desanimar a alguien
10. miss someone - extrañar/echar de menos/perder a alguien

TIEMPOS PERFECTOS

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

FORM: TO HAVE (PRESENT) + PP (-ED/3RD COLUMN)
USE: We focus on the result
Ex: I have studied - Yo he estudiado

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORM: TO HAVE (PRESENT) + BEEN + VERB -ING
USE: We focus on the process
Ex: I have been studying for 5 hours
Yo he estado estudiando durante 5 horas

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

FORM: TO HAVE (PAST) + PP (-ED/3RD COLUMN)
USE: We focus on the result
Ex: I had worked - Había trabajado

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORM: TO HAVE (PAST) + BEEN + VERB -ING
USE: We focus on the process
Ex: I had been working for 5 hours
Había estado trabajando durante 5 horas

TIEMPOS FUTUROS
TO EXPRESS THE FUTURE WE HAVE:

PRESENT SIMPLE - TO TALK ABOUT FUTURE SCHEDULES AND TIMETABLES

AND AFTER CERTAIN FUTURE EXPRESSIONS (AFTER, AS SOON AS,
BEFORE, BY THE TIME, UNTIL, WHEN...)
EX.: THE TRAIN LEAVES AT 8

PRESENT CONTINUOUS - TO TALK ABOUT FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS.

EX.: WHAT ARE YOU DOING THIS WEEKEND? I AM GOING TO THE BEACH
BE GOING TO - TO TALK ABOUT FUTURE PLANS OR TO PREDICT
SOMETHING IS GOING TO HAPPEN SOON.
EX.: LOOK OUT! YOU ARE GOING TO FALL
WE ARE GOING TO EAT OUT TOMORROW

WILL + BASE FORM - TO EXPRESS A FUTURE ACTION

OR TO EXPRESS SOMETHING THAT IS NOT CERTAIN, TO PREDICT...
IMMEDIATE DECISIONS OR OFFERS
EX.: I THINK / PROBABLY/ I'M SURE YOU WILL WIN
THE BAGS ARE VERY HEAVY. - I'LL (WILL) HELP YOU

FUTURE CONTINUOUS - TO DESCRIBE AN ACTION (THAT WILL BE) IN

PROGRESS AT A TIME IN THE FUTURE.
EX.: THIS TIME NEXT SUNDAY, WE WILL BE WATCHING THAT SERIES ON TV

FUTURE PERFECT - TO DESCRIBE AN ACTION THAT WILL BE COMPLETED

BY A SPECIFIC TIME IN THE FUTURE.
EX.: BY THIS TIME NEXT YEAR, I WILL HAVE FINISHED MY DEGREE

COLLAVORATIVE PHRASE

1. TO REACT:
With agreement:
Sounds great / right
True
I know
I see what you mean
I see your point
I understand
With disagreement:
Hmm .. I'm not sure
I don't know about that.
I don't think so

2. TO PARAPHRASE:
So, you're saying...
You mean...
Are you saying...
If I've understood, you think...
So would you say...
Do you mean to suggest that...

3. ASK ME A QUESTION:
Why do you think...?
What makes you say...?
These are better because they advance the
conversation:
Have you considered...?
Would you agree that...?
And what about...?

4. GIVE YOUR OPINION:

I believe / think that...
In my opinion, ...
The way I see it, ....
If you ask me,...
I would say that...
In my view...
What do you think?
Do you agree?
Do you see what I mean?
What's your take on this?