Section 10b: p-Block

Elements
P Block Elements
• The chemical components from Boron to Oganesson in groups 13 to 18 belong
to the p-block elements. The electronic configuration, which denotes the
distribution of orbitals, is ns2np1-6 for all the elements from Boron to Fluorine to
Oganesson, and Helium alone takes 1s2. The p block elements are
innately metals, metalloids and nonmetals. The table mentioned below
showcases the electronic configuration along with the oxidation state of the p
block elements
Group 13 Elements- Electronic Configuration
• Electrons revolve around the nucleus.
• Through the electronic configuration, we can depict the area of the electrons
around the spectra of the nucleus. The electronic configuration for the group
13 elements is ns2np1.
• The is referred to as the Boron family
P Block elements: Physical Properties
• All the elements other than the Boron possess similar characteristics. The
following table contains a distinction between essential properties of boron
and other elements
Boron Family- General Properties
Trends in Physical Properties of Group 13 Elements
Atomic and ionic radii
Density
Melting and Boiling points
Ionization Energy
Ionization Energy
Electro positive/metallic character
Oxidation State
Reason Behind the Anomalous Behaviour of Boron
• Boron behaves differently from the rest of the elements present in group 13
because of the following reasons.
• It has a very small size
• It has very high ionisation enthalpy
• It has high electronegativity owing to its small size
• The absence of d-orbital in the valence shell
Trends in Chemical Reactivity
Trends in Chemical Reactivity
Trends in Chemical Reactivity
Trends in Chemical Reactivity
Compounds of boron- Borax
Compounds of boron- Boric Acid
Compounds of boron- Boron Hydride
Compounds of boron- Boron Hydride
Aluminum
Production of Aluminum
Aluminum Chemical Properties
What are group 14 elements?
• The group 14 elements are the second group in the p-block of the periodic
table. It is also called the carbon group. The members of this group are:
• Carbon (C)
• Silicon (Si)
• Germanium (Ge)
• Tin (Sn)
• Lead (Pb)
• Flerovium (Fl)
Electronic Configuration
• The group 14 elements have a general electronic configuration of ns2np2.
These elements have 2 electrons in the outermost p orbitals. The electronic
configuration of these elements is shown below:
Physical Properties of group 14 elements
Physical Properties of group 14 elements
Physical Properties
Oxidation States of Group 14 Elements
• The general oxidation states exhibited by the group 14 elements are +4, and +2.
• As we go down the group, the tendency to form +2 ion increases. This is due to
inert pair effect. This effect is exhibited by p-block elements.
• This can be explained using the inert pair effect. It is the non-participation of
the s-orbital during bonding due to the poor shielding of the intervening
electrons.
• For elements like Sn and Pb, d and f orbitals are filled with electrons. Since the
shielding ability of d and f orbitals are very poor, the nuclear charge that seeps
through attracts the s orbital closer to the nucleus. This makes the s orbital
reluctant to bond, thereby only the p electrons involved in bonding.
• Therefore, Pb4+ is a very good oxidizing agent
Oxidation States of Group 14 Elements
Chemical Trends
Chemical Trends
Chemical Trends
Compounds formed by Group 14 elements
Anomalous Behaviour of Carbon
• Carbon exhibits different behaviour from the rest of the group due to,
• Small Size
• High Electronegativity
• High Ionization Enthalpy
• Absence of d-orbital in the Valance Shel
Carbon and Catenation
• Carbon is the chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6 (contains 6
protons in its nucleus).
• As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making
four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. The most common isotope of
carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, and has an atomic mass of 12.0107 amu.
• Its ground state electron configuration is 1s22s22p2. Its oxidation state ranges from 4 to -4,
and it has an electronegativity value of 2.55 on the Pauling scale.
• It is a solid, and sublimes at 3,642 °C (it has the highest sublimation point of all the
elements)
• Catenation is the ability of carbon to form long chains. In fact, carbon atoms are unique
because of catenation—they are unique among all of the other atoms found in nature.
Now, carbon chains are formed because they form bonds, or tetravalent bonds, with other
carbon atoms.
• They form tetravalent bonds, which means that 1 carbon atom forms bonds with 4 other
carbon atoms. Now, this structure can be repeated endlessly without disturbing the
stability of the bonds or the compounds formed, so they have a repeatable structure.
Carbon and Allotropy
• Carbon has several allotropes, or different forms in which it exists.
• Interestingly, carbon allotropes span a wide range of physical properties:
diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance, and graphite is one
of the softest known substances.
• Diamond is transparent, the ultimate abrasive, and can be an electrical
insulator and thermal conductor.
• Conversely, graphite is opaque, a very good lubricant, a good conductor of
electricity, and a thermal insulator.
• Allotropes of carbon are not limited to diamond and graphite, but also
include buckyballs (fullerenes), amorphous carbon, glassy carbon, carbon
nanofoam, nanotubes, and others.
Carbon and Allotropy

Some allotropes of carbon:

a) diamond
b) graphite
c) lonsdaleite,
d–f) fullerenes (C60, C540, C70)
g) amorphous carbon
h) carbon nanotube.
Diamond
Graphite
Oxides of Carbon
Oxides of Carbon
Oxides of Silicon- Silicon dioxide (silica)
Compounds of Silicon- Silicates
• Minerals consisting of silica combined with metal oxides, forming a major component of the
rocks of the earth's crust. • Silicates comprise of 40% of the common minerals
• Hence it has many uses, which are given below.
• Microchips are silicon cut down to micro proportions with governing instructions imprinted
on them.
• Silicon's ability to conduct electricity powers the microchip to operate.
• Silicates are used to make Quartz Crystals. • Uses in watches, clocks, radios, televisions,
computer and GPS equipment etc.
• Silicates are also used to make glass and ceramics. • Sand or ceramic clay is heated to high
temperatures, turning it into malleable or moldable material. o Ceramics: • Silicates are
used to make Ceramics. • Can be used for common purposes like pottery.
• Can be used for special purpose like silicate ceramic tiles are used on the space shuttle to
shield it from the extreme temperatures of the outer atmospher
Compounds of Silicon, SiCl4
• Silicon tetrachloride or tetrachlorosilane is the inorganic compound with
the formula SiCl4. It is a colourless volatile liquidthat fumes in ai
• Silicon tetrachloride is used as a raw material/intermediate in the production
of silicon, silica, and other silicon based substances.
• Silicon tetrachloride is the starting material for the production of pure silicon
for manufacture of semiconductors and optical fibres.
• The substance is manufactured and handled in industrial settings in closed
systems.
Compounds of Silicon
Compounds of Silicon