Chemical Engineering Department

Petroleum and Gas Technology

(Second stage)
Lecturer: Eng. Firas Jamal
 Chapter 2
Physical and Chemical Properties of Crude Oil.

Lecture-5
C- Optical properties:

1- Boiling point.
2- Vapor Pressure ( Pvap ).
3- Flash Point ( TF ).
4- Fire Point.
5- Autoignition Point.
6- Octane number.
7- Aniline point ( AP ).
8- Diesel index ( DI ).
9- Specific Heat.
10- volatility.
11- Refractive index.
1- Boiling point :
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at
which the vapor pressure of the substance is equal to
the pressure surrounding. If the pressure is 1 atm, the
boiling point is called the normal boiling point . At this
temperature the vapor pressure will equal to atm
pressure.
‫ ھي درجة الحرارة التي يكون عندھا ضغط بخار السائل مساويا‬:‫نقطة الغليان‬
.‫للضغط المحيط به‬
2- Vapor Pressure ( Pvap ) :
Vapor pressure can be defined as the pressure at which vapor
and liquid phases of a pure substance are in equilibrium with
each other .Vapor pressure increases with temperature. The
vapor pressure is also called saturation pressure, psat.
‫ ھو الضغط الذي يكون فيه طور البخار والسائل لمادة نقية في حالة اتزان مع‬:‫الضغط البخاري‬
.‫بعضهما البعض‬
3- Flash Point ( TF ) :
Flash point of petroleum fractions is the lowest temperature
at which vapors arising from the oil will ignite, as a flash ,
when exposed to a spark or flame under specified conditions.
Therefore ,the flash point of a fuel indicates the maximum
temperature that it can be stored without serious fire hazard.
A simple relation for estimation of flash point of hydrocarbon
mixtures from vapor pressure was proposed by the below
formula :

Where :
pvap :is the vapor pressure at 37.8oC (100oF ) in bar.
TF : is the flash point in kelvin.

‫ ھي أدنى درجة حرارة تشتعل عندھا األبخرة الناتجة عن المشتقات النفطية‬:‫نقطة الوميض‬
.‫على شكل وميض عند تعرضها لشرارة أو لهب في ظل ظروف محددة‬
4- Fire Point :
Fire point of petroleum fractions is the lowest
temperature at which vapors arising from the oil will
ignite ,when exposed to a spark or flame under
specified conditions. Therefore, the fire point of a fuel
indicates the maximum temperature that it must not
arrival to it to prevent the combustion of the petroleum
fractions.
‫ ھي أدنى درجة حرارة تشتعل عندھا األبخرة الناتجة من‬: ‫نقطة االشتعال‬
.‫المشتق النفطي عند تعرضها لشرارة أو لهب في ظل ظروف محددة‬
5- Autoignition Point :
It is the minimum temperature at which hydrocarbon vapor
when mixed with air can spontaneously ignite without the
presence of any external source ingnition. Values of
autoignition temperature are generally higher than flash
point, Values of autoignition temperature for gasoline it is
about 350 oC ( 660 oF ) and for alcohol is about 500 oC
(930 oF ). With an increase in pressure the autoignition
temperature decreases.
‫ ھي درجة الحرارة الدنيا التي يمكن عندھا لبخار الهيدروكربون عند مزجه مع‬: ‫نقطة االشتعال الذاتي‬
.‫الهواء أن يشتعل تلقائيا دون وجود أي مصدر خارجي‬
6- Octane number:
Octane number defined is a measure of fuel's ability to
resist auto-ignition during compression and prior to ignition
to prevent the anti-knock characteristic.
Higher octane number fuels have better engine
performance so high octane number fuels are more
desirable. Generally iso paraffin's have higher octane
number than normal paraffin's. Naphthenic have relatively
higher octane number than corresponding paraffin's and
aromatics have very high octane numbers.
‫ مقياس لقدرة الوقود على مقاومة االشتعال الذاتي أثناء الضغط‬:‫رقم األوكتان‬
.‫وقبل االشتعال لمنع خاصية القرقعة‬
 The octane number of a fuel can be improved by adding
tetraethyl - lead (TEL) with a structural formula
(CH3CH2)4Pb ) or Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) with a
structural formula (C5H12O).
7- Aniline point ( AP ) :
Aniline point of a petroleum fraction is defined as the
minimum temperature at which equal volumes of
aniline and the oil are completely miscible. The higher
aniline point with the lower aromatic content and the
higher paraffin content. Aniline is an aromatic
compound with a structure of a benzene molecule
where one atom of hydrogen is replaced by the -NH2
group ( C6H5-NH2 ).

‫ اوطأ درجة حرارة يمتزج عندھا حجمان متساويان من المشتق النفطي‬:‫نقطة االنيلين‬
.‫و االنيلين‬
The aromatic content in petroleum fraction may be
calculated from aniline point by the following formula :

Where:
%A: is the percent aromatic content.
SG: is the specific gravity.
AP: is the aniline point in oC.
8- Diesel index ( DI ) :
Diesel index also called (Cetane Number) is a measure
of the ignition quality of a diesel fuel . The diesel fuel
considered is best with high diesel index. Diesel index
calculated from the following formula :

Where: AP is the aniline point in oC .

.‫ ھو مؤشر لسرعة االحتراق في وقود الديزل‬:)‫مؤشر الديزل (الرقم السيتاني‬
9- Specific Heat :
Specific heat is definition as the quantity of heat required to raise the
temperature of a unit weight of petroleum fraction through a
temperature difference of one degree, measurement in ( KJ/Kg .oC or
Kcal/Kg .oC or Btu / lb.oF ). Specific heat of petroleum fractions lies in
the range of ( 0.3 to 0.85 ) and depends upon temperature and gravity.
Lighter fractions have higher values. With increasing density the specific
heat decrease.
‫ كمية الحرارة المطلوبة لرفع درجة حرارة وحدة وزن مشتق البترول من‬:‫الحرارة نوعية‬
.‫خالل اختالف درجة الحرارة بدرجة واحدة‬
Specific Heat calculated from standard formula :

Where:
Sp.heat : is the specific heat in kj / kg. oC .
SG : is the specific gravity of petroleum fraction at
(60/60) oF.
T : is a temperature in oC.
10- volatility :
The volatility of a liquid is the tendency to change
from the liquid to the vapor or gaseous state at any
given temperature.
‫ ھو الميل للتغيير من الحالة السائلة إلى البخار أو الحالة الغازية عند أي‬:‫التطايرية‬
.‫درجة حرارة معينة‬
11- Refractive index :
Refractive index is an indicator used for light and
medium petroleum fractions, usually it is higher for
aromatics, lower for paraffins and medium for
naphthenes. It is increasing with increase the molecular
weight .
.‫ ھو مؤشر يستخدم لمشتقات البترول الخفيفة والمتوسطة‬:‫معامل االنكسار‬
Thank you