Lesson 1

Sunday, September 26, 2021 9:16 AM

Anatomy
- study of structures
- means to dissect
Physiology
- study of function and processes
The importance of anatomy and physiology is to understand how the body respond to stimuli
and maintains stable internal conditions despite of continuously changing environment

Types of Anatomy
Systemic
- body structure
Regional
- body regions
Surface
- external features
Anatomical imaging
- using technologies
Six levels of structural and functional organizations
Chemical
- smallest level
- contains atoms
Cellular
- cells; basic unit of life
- components and organelles
Tissues
- group of cells with similar functions and structures
Organ
- two or more tissue types acting together
Organ system
- group of organs contributing to some functions
Organism
- all organ system working together
Major organs of the body
Brain
Larynx
Trachea
Aortic arc
Heart
Lungs
Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Kidney
Large Intestine
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Spinal cord
Carotid artery
esophagus
Diaphragm

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Diaphragm
spleen
stomach
small intestine
Integumentary System
- provides protection and regulate temperature
Skeletal System
- provides support and protection
Muscular System
- produce body movements and body posture
Lymphatic System
- removes foreign substances from the blood
Respiratory System
- Exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen from the blood and air
Digestive System
- performs mechanical and chemical process of digestion
Nervous System
- detects senses and body movements
Endocrine System
- influences metabolism and growth
Cardiovascular System
- Transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body
Urinary System
- Removes waste products from the blood
Female Reproductive System
- produce oocyte
Male Reproductive System
- produce and transfer sperm cells to the female

Characteristics of life

Organization
- funtional interrelationship between parts
Metabolism
- sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism
Responsiveness
- ability to sense and respond
Growth
- increase in size
Developments
- increase in form and size
Reproduction
- formation of new cells or organism

Homeostasis
- maintenance of constant internal environment
Variable
- measures of body properties that may change in value
Set point
- normarl or average value of a variable
Normal range
- normal extent of a value around the set point

Negative feedback
- mechanism that maintains homeostasis

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 - mechanism that maintains homeostasis

Components of negative feedback

Receptor
- detects change in variable
Control Center
- establishes set point
- recieve receptors signal
- send effector signal
Effector
- directly causes change in variable

Positive Feedback
- system response causes progressive deviation away from the set point.

Anatomical Position
- straight forward
- palms faces onwards

Directional terms for the body

Superior
- above
Inferior
- below
Anterior
- front
Posterior
- back
Ventral
- belly
Dorsal
- back
Lateral
- away from midline
Medial
- close to midline
Proximal
- close from attachment point
Distal
- away from attachment point
Superficial
- surface
Deep
- deep

Different types of plane

Sagittal plane
- vertical
- divides left and right

Frontal plane
- divides front and back

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 - divides front and back

Transverse
- horizontal plane
- divides up and down

longitudinal plane for intestine

Body regions

Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Central limbs

Subdivision of abdomen

Hypochondriac
Lumbar
Iliac
Hypogastric
Umbilical
Epigastric

Body cavities

Thoracic Cavity
- Space between chest wall and diaphragm
Mediastinum Cavity
- Space between the lungs
Abdominal cavity
- Space between diaphragm and pelvic

Serous membrane
- Thick Line trunk cavity, covers organ
Structures
- Visceral
- Parietal
- Cavity

Pericardial Cavity
- Pericardium Around heart
Pleural cavity
- Pleura Around lungs
Peritoneal cavity
- Around abdominopelvic and its organ

Chapter 4
Tissue- group of cells with similar functions and structures

Histology is a study of tissue

4 types of tissue
Epithelial
Connective
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Connective
Muscular
Nervous

Epithelial tissue
- It covers the body internal and external
Characteristics:
- Cells are apart
- Form most glands
- Have free surface
- Specialized contact bind
- Capable of regeneration

Function:
- Protect
- Act as a barrier
- Diffusion and filtration
- Secretion
- Absorption

Epithelial tissue is classified by number of layers and shape

Number of layers
Simple
- One layer of cells
Stratified
- Many layer of cells
Pseudostratified
- One layer of cell and cells are connected to the basement membrane

Shape
Squamous
- Scale like cells
Cuboidal
- Cube like cells
Columnar
- Colum like cells

Most common type of epithelial tissue

Simple squamous
- One layer of scale like cells
- Diffusion and filtration
Simple cuboidal
- One layer of cube like cells
- Secretion
Simple columnar
- One layer of column like cells
- Secretion of mucus and absorption
Pseudostratified columnar
- One layer of narrow cells
- Secretion of mucus and propel debris out of respiratory track
Stratified squamous
- Many layer of scale like cells
- Protect and act as a barrier
Transitional
Special type of epithelium tissue
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 - Special type of epithelium tissue
- Squamous when stretch and cube when not stretch

Free cell surfaces

- Surface that are not in contact with another cells
- Smooth to reduce friction

Microvilli
- Increase cells surface
Cilia
- Move material across the surface
Goblet cells
- Produce mucus

Cell connection does 3 things

- Mechanically bind cells together
- Help form a permeability barriers
- Produce intercellular communication
Types of cell connection
Desmosomes
- Mechanically bind cells together
Hemidesmosomes
- Mechanically bind cells to the basement
Tight junction
- Mechanically bind adjacent cells together
- Prevent the passage of the cells
Gap junction
- Small channels that allows cells to cross

Glands
- Secrete substances to the surface
Exocrine
- With ducts
Endocrine
- Without ducts

Types of exocrine glands

Simple
- No branches
Compound
- Many branches
Tubular
- End of duct
Alveolus
- Sac like

Diff. types of secretion

Merocrine
- Release secretion by exocytosis
Apocrine
- Release secretion by pinching off
Holocrine
- Involves the entire cell

Connective tissue
Cells far apart
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 - Cells far apart
- Contains large amount of extracellular tissue
- Classified based on the amount of extracellular matrix and function

Extracellular matrix contains of 3 substances

Protein fibers
Ground substances
Fluids

Ground substances
- Protein and sugar

Function of connective tissue

Enclose and separate
Connect tissue
Support and movements
Storage
Cushion and insulate
Transport
Protect

Diff. types of protein fibers

Collagen
- Look like rope and flexible but resists in stretching
Reticular
- Supporting network that fills space between organ and tissue
Elastic
- Recoil after stretching

Diff. types of connective tissue

Loose
- Collagen fibers are apart
- Protect and support

Areolar loose connective tissue

- Fine network of fibers
- Loose packing and support
Adipose
- Fat cells
- Packing material and energy storage
Reticular
- Irregularly arranged
- Provides superstructure in lymphatic

Dense connective tissue

- Collagen fibers are packed
- Can withstand pulling forces

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue

- Running in the same direction on ligaments and tendons
- Stretch resistance

Dense regular elastic connective tissue

- Running in the same direction on elastic ligaments and elastic tendons
- Capable of stretching and can recoil after like rubber band

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Cartilage
- Types of connective tissue
- Composed of chondrocytes
- Provides support, flexibility and strength
Types of cartilage
Hyaline
- End of bone
- Reduce friction
Fibrocartilage
- Between vertebra
- Can withstand compression
Elastic cartilage
- Ear and tip of nose
- Can recoil

Bone
- Hard connective tissue
- Has 2 types spongy and compact
- Composed of osteocytes

Blood
- Liquid connective tissue
- Transport food and oxygen

Muscular tissue

Skeletal
- Many nuclei
- Peripherally
- straited

Cardiac
- One nucleus
- Centrally
- Straited

Smooth
- One nucleus
- Centrally
- Not straited

Nervous tissue
- Contains of neurons and nervous cells
- Controls and coordinate body movements

Tissue repair
- Substitution of damaged cells

Regeneration
- Cells of same type develop (no scar)
Redevelopment
- Cells of diff. type develop
- With scar

Inflammation
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Inflammation
- Occur when tissue are damaged
Chemical mediators
- Release after injury

Symptoms of inflammation
Redness
- Blood vessels dilate
Heat
- Due to increased blood flow
Swelling
- From water and proteins
Pain
- Nerve ending are stimulated by damage and swelling

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